? Belly? I am full. The so-called fullness means that walnuts are fully ripe? Belly? It should feel full, round and regular. Removing the birth defects of some varieties is basically a sufficient? Mature? What about growing up? Natural damage? problem Some playmates think? Full is actually a whole body? Drum? Question? In fact, this understanding is not comprehensive. If walnuts are bulging, it will be bad. But what? Drum? Must be this place? Drum? , shouldn't it? Drum? Local governments must be firm, shouldn't they? Drum? . Do you like some? Hat? What kind of walnuts? Shoulder? The place must have a certain slope to look good, if it has to be raised, it will not look good.
? Edge? To be beautiful and generous, beautiful means a pair of walnuts? Edge? The curve extends to the bottom in a graceful, consistent, regular, natural and smooth way, and it should be as beautiful as a rainbow in the sky. What does generosity mean? Edge? The wider the better? Wide? And the thicker the better, the better the side of the edge has a certain texture, is it not simple? Two petals? .
4、? Sharp? To be complete and round, most varieties of walnuts are available? Sharp? Yes, probably among the varieties I have seen on the market, there are only common names, right? Monkey head? There is no obvious hint. ? Sharp? To some extent, it is an important feature of walnut appearance. ? Sharp? Sharp but not sharp, right? Positive? It should be round and thick with natural curves. Protect it? Sharp? It is very important to prevent falling, bumping and bumping. Raise the tip? . Protecting the leaf tip is the key to ensure the integrity of walnut products.
5、? Standing? Walnut with stable shape should be flat at the bottom and important at the tail. Some varieties, such as hats, are inward because the edges extend to the bottom. Hey? So the base can't be horizontal, and some of them are tilted back and forth, which should not affect the standing stability. Walnuts should not be taken lightly, regardless of height, they should be solid. Some Qiu Zi tail tips can't stand it, which should be within the normal range. "
6. Heteromorphic walnuts should have both form and spirit, focusing on pairing. The common olecranon, peanut and double petal in the market belong to the category of special-shaped walnut. I saw another one? Optimus Prime? , is a kind of Qiu Zi, like two sticks. The appearance of special-shaped walnut is more complicated, which can be summed up in two points: first, it should be worthy of the name, lifelike and lifelike; Second, good collocation, which is also the most important and difficult aspect of special-shaped walnuts. The quality of a pair of opposite-sex walnuts directly affects the value. A single walnut may be worthless, and once matched correctly, its value will double.
The nutritional value of walnuts is rich in nutritional value. Long live the son? Longevity fruit? Treasure of health? The reputation of. 86% of the fat in walnuts is unsaturated fatty acid. Walnut is rich in copper, magnesium, potassium, vitamin B6, folic acid and vitamin B 1, and also contains fiber, phosphorus, nicotinic acid, iron, vitamin B2 and pantothenic acid. Every 50g walnut contains 3.6% water, 7.2g protein, 3 1g fat and 9.2g carbohydrate.
Walnut contains 22. 18% crude protein, of which glutamic acid is the main soluble protein, followed by arginine and walnut aspartic acid. The crude fat content is 64.23%, of which the neutral fat content is 93.05%. Among neutral lipids, triacylglycerol accounts for 82.05%, sterol lipid accounts for 3.86% and free fatty acid accounts for 4.80%. The fatty acids in total fat and neutral fat are mainly sulfinic acid 64.48%-69.95%, oleic acid 13.89%- 15.36%. The fatty acid in triacylglycerol is mainly linolenic acid 69.98; What is the unsaponifiable part of sterol ester? -sitosterol, which contains a small amount of campesterol, stigmasterol, oat sterol -5- enol and stigmasterol -7- dilute alcohol; Sugar13%; A variety of free essential amino acids; Isoleucine, leucine, tryptophan, phenylalanine, valine, threonine and lysine. Its content accounts for 47.50% of the total amino acids.
Fruit contains 1, 4- naphthoquinone, juglone, 4- hydroxy-1- naphthyl-? -D- glucopyranoside, 4,8-dihydroxy-1- naphthyl-? D- glucopyranoside, potassium, calcium, iron, manganese, zinc, copper, strontium and other trace elements. Immature fruits are rich in vitamin C. The pericarp contains salicylic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, gentisic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid, erucic acid, protocatechuic acid, syringic acid and chlorogenic acid.
The exocarp of immature fruit contains? -Ammoniated juglone? Hydrogenated juglone? Hydrogenated juglone -4-? -D- glucopyranoside, 1, 4- naphthoquinone, 2- methyl-1, 4- naphthoquinone, juglone, 5- hydroxy -2- methyl-1, 4- naphthoquinone, 5- hydroxy -3- methyl-6544.
Types of Walnut Walnut's hometown is Iran in the west of Asia, and Zhang Qian brought it back to China after he went to the Western Regions in the Han Dynasty.
1, according to the origin, there are Chencang walnut, Yangping walnut and wild walnut;
2. According to maturity classification, there are summer walnuts and autumn walnuts;
3. According to the smoothness of the shell, there are light walnuts and hemp walnuts;
4. According to the thickness of the shell, there are two kinds of thin-shell walnuts and thick-shell walnuts.
Existing Walnut Varieties in China
According to China Walnut, the existing walnut plants in China (including natural hybrids introduced and discovered from abroad) are divided into 3 groups and 8 species.
Walnut group: walnut and iron walnut
Juglans mandshurica group: Juglans mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica, Keppel Juglans mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica.
Black walnut group: black walnut.
Walnut stratum
(1) Walnut, also known as walnut and peach, is one of the most widely cultivated varieties at home and abroad. Deciduous trees generally have a tree height of 10 ~ 20m, a maximum height of more than 30m, a trunk diameter of about 1m, a life span of one hundred and twenty years, and a maximum life span of more than 500 years. The crown is semicircular or round-headed, with a diameter of 6-9 meters. The bark is grayish white to dark brown, the bark of young trees is smooth, and the old trees have irregular shallow longitudinal cracks. The branches are thick and smooth, and the young branches are green when they are born, but they can also be slightly red in early spring, and turn bright gray or grayish brown after stopping growing, showing white lenticels. The annual branch pith is big and the xylem is soft, and the pith becomes smaller with age. The leaves are odd pinnate compound leaves, alternate, 30~40 cm long, with round petiole, thick glandular points at the base, and triangular leaves after shedding. 5-9 leaflets, oblong, obovate or broadly elliptic, short petiole, slightly prominent tip, whole leaf margin or slightly serrated.
The mixed buds are mostly round, and the vegetative buds are triangular and scaly, and they are inserted between the axils of leaves. The male inflorescence is catkin, 8- 12 cm long, and the perianth is 6-lobed. Thousands of florets per male inflorescence can reach more than 100, each floret has 12-26 stamens, the filaments are extremely short, and the anthers are apricot yellow when mature. Female flowers have 1-3 clumps, perianth 4-lobed, stigma 2-lobed, occasionally 3-4-lobed, pinnately curved, light green or pink, ovary densely villous outside, one room, low position. The fruit is beautiful, round or oblong, 4-5 cm in diameter, with thin exocarp, smooth or fluffy surface and green and yellow-white spots; Mesocarp is fleshy; There are grooves or wrinkles on the surface of endocarp bone (called fruit shell), and there are seeds in the fruit shell, called seed kernel, which are edible parts, brain-shaped, covered with a thin yellowish or yellowish brown seed coat, with obvious or inconspicuous veins.
(2) Iron walnut is also called Yangbi walnut, and its cultivation types are mostly called pickled walnut and tea walnut. The main difference between walnut and black walnut is that there are 9~ 13 leaflets, which gradually become smaller from bottom to top. The leaflets are oval and lanceolate, and the top leaflets often degenerate into linear bodies with a length of 1~ 1.5 cm, so the rows are like even pinnate compound leaves, and the leaf margins are whole or slightly serrated. The fruit is oblate and the shell is obviously wrinkled. Fruit shell can be divided into thin shell and thick shell, in which cultivated fruit shell is easy to crack and wild fruit shell is difficult to crack. Other morphological characteristics are similar to walnut.
Juglans mandshurica formation
(1) Juglans mandshurica
Also known as hickory, Juglans mandshurica, Juglans mandshurica and so on. Deciduous trees, trees up to 20 meters high. The crown is wide oval, the bark is gray or dark, smooth when young, and shallow longitudinal cracks when old. The buds are triangular and yellow-brown. Odd pinnate compound leaves, 60-90 cm long, 7- 17 leaflets, extremely short or sessile stalks, oblong or oval, serrated leaves, hairy back. The male inflorescence is 9- 12 cm long, and each floret is on a densely hairy floral axis. Female flowers are covered with fuzz, and the stigma is 2-lobed, purplish red or bright red. The fruit sequence is usually 4-7 fruits, the fruit is ovoid or ovoid, the apex is sharp, the shell surface has 6-8 ridges and irregular deep grooves, and the shell and internal partition wall are thick, so it is difficult to take kernels.
(2) Wild walnut
Deciduous trees or small trees, sometimes shrubby, 5-20 meters high or higher. Odd pinnate compound leaves can be as long as 1 m, with 9- 17 leaflets; The leaves are oval or oblong, 8- 15cm long, and the female inflorescence has 6- 10 florets in clusters. The fruit is ovoid, with sharp apex, small fruit, hard shell, 6-8 sharp edges, and there are bones in it, so it is difficult to take kernel.
(3) Walnut
Also known as Wan Wen Walnut. Mainly distributed in Beijing, Hebei, Liaoning and other places, it is a natural hybrid of walnut and Juglans mandshurica. Deciduous tree, tree height 10~20 meters, silver-gray bark. Odd pinnate compound leaves are 45~80 cm long, leaflets are 7~ 15, whole or shallowly serrated, with short hairs on the back. The male inflorescence is 20~25 cm long, and the female inflorescence is terminal, with 2~5 small flowers clustered. The fruit is round or oblong, with a sharp apex and a diameter of 4~5 cm. The shell thickness is not easy to crack, the internal partition bone is developed, and it is difficult to take kernel.
(4) Keppel Walnut
Also known as ghost walnut and Japanese walnut. Produced in Japan, it was introduced to China in 1930s and grew in Liaoning, Jilin, Shandong, Shanxi and other places. This tree is 20 ~ 25 meters high. 9~ 19 lobules, ovoid. Male inflorescence 15~20cm, female inflorescence terminal, with 5 ~ 20 small flowers strung together. Ovary and stigma are purplish red. The fruit is rectangular, with a sharp tip and dense glandular hairs. The shell has 8 obvious ridges and carved points, and the inner wall of the shell is bony, so it is not easy to take kernel.
(5) Heart-shaped walnut
Also known as Ji Walnut. Originally from Japan, it was introduced to China in1940s and cultivated in Liaoning, Jilin, Shanxi and Inner Mongolia. Its main morphological characteristics are similar to those of Keppel walnut, and the main difference is fruit reproduction. The fruit is flat and heart-shaped, the shell surface is smooth, the apex is sharp, the shell is thick, there is no internal partition wall, and the suture line is easy to crack, so it can be whole kernel.
black walnut
Black walnut includes 16 tree species, which are distributed in North America and Latin America. Among them, the most economically valuable tree species is the eastern black walnut (J.nigra), which is widely distributed in the eastern half of the United States and southern Canada. Nuts are the largest among 16 tree species, and wood is the best, which is used to make fine furniture and plywood.
Originated in North America, the introduction of black walnut in China began at 1984 and grew in Beijing, Nanjing, Liaoning, Henan and other places. The height of this tree can reach more than 30 meters. Bark is dark brown or grayish brown, with deep longitudinal crack. The shoots are pilose. 15~23 leaflets. Oval, with irregular serrations on the leaf margin, smooth surface of mature leaves and hairs on the back.
The male inflorescence is 5~ 12 cm long, the floret has 20~23 stamens, and the female inflorescence has 2~5 florets clustered at the top of the branch. The fruit is spherical with small protrusions and fluff on the surface. Nuts are slightly pointed at the top and have irregular deep grooves on the shell surface. The shell is thick and not easy to crack. Its endocarp is often used as decoration.
Carya cathayensis
Carya cathayensis , also known as Juglans mandshurica and Juglans mandshurica. It is a deciduous tree belonging to Carya of Juglandaceae. There are about 20 species, 4 of which are native to China. 1984 Zhejiang Forestry College discovered a new species in Jinzhai, Anhui Province. There are 65,438+065,438+0 species native to North America, and longevity fruit named Bigenguo is one of them.
Carya cathayensis, up to 10-20m, DBH 30-60cm；; The bark is smooth, gray and smooth; Branchlets thin, new branches dense, covered with peltate orange glands. Later, the glands gradually became sparse. 1 annual branches are purple-gray, the upper end is often sparsely pilose, and the lenticels are round and sparse.