Tea art originated in the Tang Dynasty, developed in the Song Dynasty, reformed in the Ming Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. It can be said that it has a considerable historical origin and is self-contained.
China's nationality is natural, modest and does not emphasize form. Therefore, whether it is the tea classics in the Tang Dynasty, the grand view of tea in the Song Dynasty or the tea sparseness in the Ming Dynasty, the article only talks in general terms. Ordinary people integrate tea into their lives without any ritual or religious color. Tea is a necessity of life, and they can drink it at will. We pay attention to the interest in drinking tea, such as "tired of singing", "talking in the middle of the night", "painting a boat in a small bridge" and "burning incense in a small courtyard", which are the best environment and opportunities for drinking tea. The realm of "tea is wine for guests on a cold night" not only shows the harmony and joy between host and guest, but also contains an elegant feeling.
Tea art is a beautiful artistic conception in the whole process of tea tasting, including the appreciation of tea tasting techniques and artistic operation means, and the beautiful appreciation of tea tasting environment. Its process embodies the mutual unity of form and spirit, and it is a cultural phenomenon formed in the process of tea drinking. It has a long history, profound cultural background and close relationship with religion. Tea art includes: tea selection, water selection, tea-making technology, tea art, environmental selection and creation, etc. The background of tea art is an important means to set off the theme, which renders the pure, elegant and simple temperament of tea and enhances the artistic appeal. Different styles of tea art have different background requirements, and only by choosing a suitable background can we better understand the taste of tea.
Where China people live, they have the habit of drinking tea; China people first discovered tea, and they are an ancient people who drink tea. When you come to Taiwan Province Province, a treasure island, you may see three or three old people sitting leisurely around a fist-sized and pleasing teapot with a cup in each hand, which is a traditional tea for the elderly in China. You may also see teahouses with tea signs hanging on the busy streets of Taipei metropolis, and a natural aroma of tea comes to your nose. If you are interested in stopping to have a taste, someone will tell you how to make a pot of easy-to-learn kungfu tea.
Tea is an indispensable part of people's daily life in China. China has a saying: "Seven things to open the door: rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea". The habit of drinking tea is deeply rooted in the hearts of China people and has a history of thousands of years. In the mid-Tang Dynasty, Lu Yu, who became a monk in his early years and later became a secular monk, summed up the experience of his predecessors and completed the world's first book on tea-Tea Classic. After that, the custom of drinking tea soon spread all over China, from emperors, ministers to vendors. Even Korean, Japanese, Southeast Asian countries and other ethnic groups close to China have learned this fashion. /kloc-At the beginning of the 7th century, the Dutch East India Company imported tea from China to Europe for the first time. By the middle of17th century, "drinking tea" had become a fashion in British aristocratic society. In China, due to cultural and geographical differences, "tea" has two pronunciations. North and TEE are pronounced CHA in the south. Therefore, countries that import tea from northern China, such as Turkey, are pronounced HAY, Russian CHAI and Japanese Cha; However, countries that import tea from the south of China by sea have different pronunciations. For example, Spanish pronunciation is TE, German pronunciation is TEE, and English pronunciation is TEA.
Fresh-sun-dried tea leaves are made of young leaves of tea trees. There are different kinds and names because of different production methods. The most important key of tea-making method is "fermentation". As a result of fermentation, tea will gradually turn red from the original bright green, and the more fermentation, the redder the color; The aroma will also change from leaf fragrance to floral fragrance, ripe fruit fragrance or maltose fragrance due to the different fermentation amount. Non-fermented tea is called green tea, and the brewed tea soup is green or yellow in green, with the aroma of fresh vegetables, such as Longjing and Biluochun. Fully fermented tea is called black tea, and the brewed tea soup is vermilion with the aroma of maltose; And semi-fermented tea is oolong tea. Oolong tea is a characteristic of China.
The most representative producing area of scented tea is Taiwan Province Province, China. Oolong tea can be divided into three categories: light fermentation, medium fermentation and heavy fermentation. Light fermentation, such as green tea, is characterized by high aroma, elegance and golden soup color. Moderately fermented foods, such as Tieguanyin, Narcissus, Frozen Top, etc. They are all brown, and they taste mature and steady, emphasizing "throat rhyme"; And heavy fermentation, such as Bai Hao Oolong, the soup is orange-red and has the aroma of ripe fruit.
If you want to make a pot of kung fu tea, you must pay attention to the water quality, water temperature, tea quantity, tea set and other factors. "Water quality" must use fresh soft water (the kind with less minerals) to avoid hard water; The "water temperature" changes with the brewing of different teas. For most kinds of tea, it is suitable to brew at a temperature close to 100 degrees Celsius. However, green tea and light fermented tea should not be too high, usually not exceeding 90 degrees; The placement of "tea quantity" varies with different types of tea, ranging from one quarter to three quarters of the capacity of the teapot. Pour it out about one minute after soaking, but it varies from tea to tea, and the time for re-brewing must be relatively extended; As for the "tea set", the purple clay pot is the best, the teapot size matches the appropriate cup, and the white in the cup better distinguishes the soup color.
"Drinking tea" has become a common leisure activity in Taiwan Province Province. People who love tea must also like to play with teapots. Nowadays, the method of making tea (Kung Fu tea) in a small pot is popular in ordinary families in Taiwan Province Province. This is a custom handed down from Zongshen in Ming Dynasty at the end of16th century, with a history of 400 years. Make tea in a small teapot. This tea tastes special. Sweet and fragrant, the teapot in Yixing, Jiangsu Province was the most famous in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. The works of famous artists are bought from all directions, and the price is higher than gold. Now, Taiwan Province ceramists have not only made exquisite teapots, but also developed many improved creative pots, which are loved by all parties. And "storing pots" or "raising pots" has also become an elegant atmosphere in Taiwan Province Province.
Tea is the "national drink" of China people, because it contains a variety of vitamins, theanine, essential oil, fluoride and other ingredients, and has the functions of improving eyesight, refreshing brain and diuresis. Therefore, people in China believe that a person who drinks tea regularly will prolong his life, and modern advanced science has also proved that tea has medical functions and is beneficial to human body, so tea is recognized as a natural healthy drink by all countries in the world.
In Taiwan Province Province, tea is not only a cash crop, but also an agricultural product that earns foreign exchange through export. Tea shops and tea houses all over the country are vigorously popularizing tea art, and many teahouses with classical and elegant indoor furnishings have also appeared with a brand-new look. Tea tasting competitions are also held regularly in each tea area to attract tea farmers, tea merchants and tea tasters. Once selected, the price of tea doubled, which made the tea ceremony show a vigor. Therefore, the fashion of drinking tea has become a high-level spiritual life in Taiwan Province Province, and this spirit of advocating nature and unrestrained tea art is just like the traditional human touch in China-mellow and warm.
Introduction to the reasons for the formation of tea art
China is the hometown of tea with a long history. According to Huayang Guozhi? Ba Zhi: "There are Fang Fei and fragrant teas in the Garden" records that China has cultivated and utilized tea trees artificially for more than 3,000 years. In this long historical development process, tea has become a part of the daily life of people of all ethnic groups in China. People often say: "Seven things to open the door in the morning, rice, oil, salt, sauce, vinegar and tea." It can be seen that tea plays an important role in daily life. Tea is widely used in daily life. People first regard it as a drink, and use the natural function of tea to clear the brain, improve intelligence and help digestion. Another important function of tea is spiritual. People pay attention to enjoyment in the process of drinking tea, and have higher requirements for water, tea, utensils and environment; At the same time, use tea to cultivate and cultivate one's own spirit and morality, coordinate interpersonal relationships in various tea tasting activities, gain self-confidence and introspection on one's own thoughts, and also communicate one's feelings and take tea as a friend. The existence of tea itself, from form to content, from substance to spirit, from the direct relationship between people and things to becoming the medium of interpersonal relationship, has gradually formed a wonderful flower of traditional oriental culture-China tea culture. The special natural function of tea makes tea culture occupy an important position in China traditional excellent culture.
Ancient China literati used tea to stimulate literary thinking; Taoism is used to cultivate the mind and cultivate the nature; Buddhists use it to relieve sleep, help Zen and so on. The combination of matter and spirit makes people feel a kind of beauty edification at the spiritual level. In the process of tea tasting, people and natural landscape are integrated and accept the rain and dew of the earth; Reconciliation of human disputes; Seek the special interest of seeing nature clearly and returning to nature. Therefore, tea tasting is very strict with the environment: under the turquoise river; Or in a quiet teahouse; Or a palace tea banquet; Or a teahouse in the city center, a roadside tea shop, etc. Different environments will produce different artistic conception and effects, render different themes and ideas, and the solemn and luxurious court is intact; Self-cultivation Zen master tea; Elegant and elegant Twain tea have different tea tasting environments. Different types of tea art need different styles of background to represent tea art that reproduces life products. The theme and expression form, through the background, enhance the appeal and reproduce the artistic charm of life tea. In the study of tea culture mining, it is necessary to explore what kind of environment is suitable for tea performance. The modeling of scenery in the background, the tone of color, the form and content of calligraphy, painting and music are all influencing factors for the formation of the background style of tea art.
The basic meaning and background of tea art
1. tea
It is a beautiful artistic conception in the whole process of tea tasting, including the appreciation of tea tasting techniques and artistic operation means, as well as the appreciation of the beautiful environment of tea tasting, and its process embodies the mutual unity of form and spirit.
As far as form is concerned, tea art includes a series of contents such as tea selection, water selection, tea brewing technology, tea art, environmental selection and creation. When tasting tea, you should first choose whether the pot and cup are simple and elegant or luxurious and noble. In addition, tea tasting should also pay attention to the harmony between personality and environment, literati emphasize quietness and elegance, and dignitaries pursue luxury and nobility. Generally speaking, traditional tea tasting needs a variety of interests and artistic conception, such as the breeze and bright moon, the song and bamboo rhyme, the plum blossom falling snow and so on. In a word, tea art is a perfect combination of form and spirit, which contains aesthetics and human spiritual sustenance. Traditional tea art uses dialectical and unified view of nature and people's own experience to identify related problems from the feeling of interaction between soul and body, so the techniques include not only the simple dialectical materialism in ancient China, but also people's subjective aesthetic taste and spiritual sustenance.
Tea art mainly includes the following contents:
First, the basic knowledge of tea. To learn tea art, we must first understand and master the classification of tea, the quality characteristics of main famous teas, the production process, and the identification, storage and purchase of tea. This is the basis of learning tea art.
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Second, tea art technology. Refers to the skills and techniques of tea art. Including the procedure of tea performance, the essentials of action, the content of explanation, the appreciation of tea color, fragrance, taste and shape, the appreciation and collection of tea sets and so on. This is the core part of tea art.
Third, tea etiquette. It refers to politeness and etiquette in the process of service. Including the requirements and skills of gfd in the process of service, welcoming, communicating and communicating with each other.
Fourth, the standardization of tea art Tea art should truly reflect the spirit of equality and mutual respect among tea people, so there are standardized requirements for guests. As a guest, we should demand ourselves with the spirit and quality of tea people and devote ourselves to tea tasting. As a service provider, we should also conform to the hospitality, especially the teahouse, whose service level is an important factor to determine the quality and level of service.
Fifth, enlightenment. Tao refers to a kind of practice, a way of life and direction, a philosophy of life, and Tao belongs to spiritual content. Enlightenment is the highest realm of tea art, and it is to realize life, realize life and explore the meaning of life through making tea and tasting tea.
2. Tea background
Broadly speaking, it refers to the whole tea culture background; In a narrow sense, it refers to the scenery of tea tasting places and the scenery that sets off the main things. The background of tea art is an important means to set off the theme, which renders the pure, elegant and simple temperament of tea and enhances the artistic appeal. As an art, tea tasting needs the cooperation of tea tasting skills, etiquette and environment, and different tea tasting methods and environments should have harmonious aesthetic artistic conception. Downtown, chanting is self-sufficient and not elegant; It is even more inappropriate to burn incense and sip in the study and sing some vulgar songs. The unity of tea art and its background style, different styles of tea art have different background requirements. Therefore, in the selection and creation of tea art background, we should design a suitable background according to different tea art styles.
How to understand tea ceremony
1. Simplicity is the organic combination of "tea" and "art". Tea art is the habit of tea drinkers to drink tea every day. According to the rules of tea ceremony, through artistic processing, tea drinkers and guests are shown the skills of making tea, making tea and drinking tea, which leads daily tea drinking to artistry, enhances the realm of tea drinking and endows tea with stronger spirituality and beauty.
Second, tea art is an art of life. Tea art is colorful and full of life interest, which is a positive way to enrich our lives and improve our life taste.
Third, tea art is a stage art. To show the charm of tea art, we need to rely on the close cooperation and reasonable arrangement of characters, props, stage, lighting, sound, calligraphy and painting, flowers and plants to give tea drinkers noble and beautiful enjoyment and bring vitality to the performance.
Fourth, tea art is an art of life. Life is like tea. When busy, make a pot of good tea, savor it carefully, enter the inner cultivation process through tea tasting, experience the ups and downs of life, and purify the soul.
Fifth, tea art is a kind of culture. On the basis of integrating the excellent culture of the Chinese nation, tea art has widely absorbed and borrowed from other art forms, and extended to literature, art and other fields, forming China tea culture with strong national characteristics.
Tea originated in China and is closely related to all levels of China culture. Mountain clouds produce good tea, while clear springs produce good tea. Tea art is not an empty metaphysics, but a substantial embodiment of the improvement of life connotation. Drinking tea can improve the quality of life and expand the field of art. Since ancient times, arranging flowers, hanging pictures, ordering tea and burning incense have been called the four arts, which are especially loved by literati. Tea art is also an elegant leisure activity, which can relax the spirit, narrow the distance between people, resolve misunderstandings and contradictions, and establish a harmonious relationship. All these put forward higher and deeper requirements for us to know and understand tea art.
Device for learn tea art and using method thereof
At the beginning of learning tea, we need to prepare the following basic uses: a kettle (making tea at will), a tea ceremony group, a tea boat, several colorless and transparent glasses, a teapot for four to six people, a fair cup, several sets of fragrant tea cups (including tasting cups and smelling cups), several large-covered bowls (making ceramic purple sand at will) and new tea towels (tea towels).
With these, we can combine most of the utensils needed for tea art, such as green tea art, red tea art, oolong tea art, flower tea art, Pu 'er tea art and so on.
What are the tea ceremony combinations?
Tea clips or tea tweezers shaped like clips; The name shaped like a spoon is tea spoon or Chaze; The circular bucket is called a tea bucket or a tea leak; The shape of thin-headed needle is called tea needle or tea tea pass; A wooden stick with a flat elbow is called scraping tea ware; A vase-shaped name is a tea bottle.
What are the functions of the kettle and these utensils?
Boiling the kettle is to make it easy for us to master the water temperature when making tea and make delicious tea; The function of the six-piece tea ceremony: tea clips are convenient to take when cleaning and recycling teacups, and some large pieces of tea (such as Pu 'er, etc.) can also be taken. ); The tea spoon is designed to be convenient and hygienic when putting tea in the teacup (teapot); Tea bucket (tea leakage) is to enlarge the teapot spout under the condition that the teapot spout is small, so that the tea leaves can enter cleanly and easily; The function of tea needle is to dredge the tiger's mouth when the spout is blocked; The function of scraping tea ware is to help clean the tea residue in the pot; Tea bottles (tea cones) are used to store the above five kinds of utensils.
A brief history of tea culture
First, the Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties-the brewing of tea culture
Tea is famous as a beverage, and tea culture is essentially a tea drinking culture, which is a cultural phenomenon formed in the process of tea drinking. Tea culture came into being after tea was used for drinking, and it was the brewing period of China tea culture in Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties.
(1) the origin and development of tea drinking
Tea was first used as food and medicine, and drinking was based on food and medicine. People in China have a long history of drinking tea, which can be traced back to Shennong period, but the history of drinking tea is relatively late. There may have been tea drinking in some areas (the origin of tea trees and its marginal areas) in the pre-Qin period, but there is still a lack of written and archaeological support. Tea drinking began in the Western Han Dynasty about the origin of tea drinking. So far, there are different opinions and disputes. Generally speaking, there are pre-Qin theory, Western Han theory, Three Kingdoms theory and Wei-Jin theory.
(2) Tea is attached to religion.
During the Han, Wei, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Taoism, an inherent religion in China, was formed and developed. At the same time, Buddhism originated in India also spread and developed in China. Tea is widely favored by religious people because of its light and quiet nature and the function of sleeping and treating diseases.
(3) Tea bud
Tea art is the art of drinking tea, and it is artistic. Including the procedures and skills of selecting tea, preparing utensils, selecting water, taking fire, waiting for soup and learning tea. Du Yu's Fu emphasizes the clear water of Minjiang River. Selector: "Tao Jian is selected from the East Corner", and porcelain produced in the East Corner (now Shangyu, Zhejiang) is selected as the tea set. Stir-fried tea: "The foam is ups and downs, as bright as snow, just like spring." Fried tea soup, the soup is floating, as bright as snow and as bright as spring flowers; Drinking tea: "Drink it in one breath and get Gong Liu." Divide the tea soup with a spoon. "Zhuan Fu" describes the embryonic form of Chinese tea art, which originated from Bashu.
Second, the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties-the first peak of tea culture
(1) Formation of tea drinking custom
Lu Yu's Tea Classic? "Six Drinks" is also called: "When you are immersed in customs, you think it is better to drink alcohol than in the house. "The Book of Tea believes that the wind of drinking tea spread among the people at that time, with Luoyang in the east and Chang 'an in the west, and Hubei and Shandong being the most popular. Tea was regarded as a household drink, forming a" drinking is better than the house. " The first draft of Lu Yu's Tea Classic was written in the first year of Daizong Yongtai, and the final draft was written in the first year of Dezong Jianzhong. The popularity of Tea Classic further promoted the formation of tea drinking custom. The custom of drinking tea in China was formed in the middle Tang Dynasty.
(2) Famous tea is in its infancy.
Mengding tea is the most famous tea in the Tang Dynasty, followed by Sun Zi tea in Huzhou and Changzhou. Other teas include Shenquan Xiaotuan, Changming Beastmaster, Bijian Yue Ming, Fangshan Lu, Tanhu Cream, Xishan Bailu, Huoshan Huangya, Qimen Fangcha, Qujiang Tablet, Qimen Tuanhuang, Yashan Hengtiao, Tianzhu Tea and Xiaoshan Tea.
Third, the Song and Yuan Dynasties-the second peak of tea culture
Popularization of tea drinking
Tea drinking became more and more popular in Song and Tang Dynasties. Song Mei Yao Chen's "Nanyoujiamingfu" says: "Huayi is quite a leopard, drinking all day long and not satisfied, rich and poor, and sometimes sipping endlessly." Song and Wu's "Dream" Volume 16 "Op" contains: "Those who can't afford to build a home every day, rice, oil, salt, sauce and vinegar tea." Since the Song Dynasty, tea has become one of the "seven things" to open the door. Tea plays an important role in society.