1. Huangdi was an outstanding hero and leader in ancient China. His surname is Gongsun, his first name is Xuanyuan, and his name is Hao. Tomio Because he first laid the foundation of his career in Jishui (Qushui), he was also named Ji. Because he was born and lived mainly in the Loess Plateau in northern Shaanxi, he was honored as the Yellow Emperor. Five thousand years ago, the Yellow Emperor completed the transition from matriarchal clan to paternal clan, ended the barbaric era, and the Chinese nation began to step into civilization. The Yellow Emperor and Yandi defeated Chiyou, unified the tribes in the Central Plains, established the world's first master country, and promoted the formation of the Chinese nation. In the era of the Yellow Emperor, he made clothes, built ships, raised silkworms, made words, made medicines, set arithmetic, invented compasses, and so on. He was revered by later generations as the ancestor of traditional Chinese medicine. According to legend, Huangdi Neijing was edited by him through dialogue with his courtiers Qi Bo and others.
2. Qi Bo, the most famous doctor in ancient China. He is good at thinking and has great ambitions since he was a child. He likes to observe natural things and phenomena, such as the sun, moon, stars, weather, mountains and vegetation. He also knows music, can make musical instruments and measure the shadow of the sun. He is versatile and extremely clever. After seeing many people die of diseases, they decided to study medicine, visit mentors everywhere and become famous doctors. In order to cure diseases and save lives, Huangdi respected him as a teacher and discussed medical problems together. Most of the contents of Huangdi Neijing are written in the genre of Huangdi's answering questions. Zeebe is also known as Qi Shi Tian.
According to relevant historical records, there are about 8 kinds of Zibo's works: History of Han Art and Literature 1 contains ten volumes of Huangdi and Zibo Massage; 2. "Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi" contains "Qi Jingbo" in ten volumes; 3. The Book of the New Tang Dynasty Yi Wenzhi contains a volume of Qibo Moxibustion Classic (The Book of the Song Dynasty Yi Wenzhi contains the questions of the Yellow Emperor about Qibo Moxibustion Classic); 4. Yi Wenzhi, the History of Song Dynasty, contains a volume of Zibo Needle Sutra; 5. "Yi Wenzhi" contains two volumes of "The Yellow Emperor Qi Bo Zhen Lun"; 6. A Brief Introduction to Tongzhi Art and Literature contains a volume of Qi Bo Jing Ji; 7. Chongwen Mu Zong contains a volume of "The Yellow Emperor Qi Bo Acupuncture Essentials" (Song Shiyi Wen Zhi contains "Qi Bo Acupuncture Essentials"); 8. Zhu Tang Bibliography includes the five collections of Qi Bo.
Huang Qi, the collective name of Zeebe and Huangdi, is said to be the ancestor of doctors. Huangdi Neijing is the foundation work of medicine, and its main content is written in the question-and-answer genre between Huangdi and Qi Bo, so it was called Huangdi Neijing by later Huang Qi. And from this extension, it refers to orthodox Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine, and it is synonymous with Chinese medicine and Chinese medicine. At the same time, the new words of "Huang Qi" combination also have their corresponding meanings. For example, "the skill of Huang Qi" and "the way of Huang Qi" refer to the academic or medical technology and theory of traditional Chinese medicine; "Qihuangjia" refers to China doctors and Chinese medicine experts; "Huang Qishu" refers to the books of Chinese medicine; "Huang Qi industry" refers to the Chinese medicine industry and so on.
3. Emperor Yan, namely Shennong, was originally the leader of the Jiang tribe in the river basin. Later, he invented wooden barriers as agricultural tools, taught people to grow crops, make pottery and textiles, and used fire. Because of his outstanding achievements, he attacked the king with fire, so he was named Emperor Yan, the world number Shennong, and once built the capital of Qufu, Shandong Province, and was honored as the god of agriculture by later generations.
Shennong once waded through mountains and rivers, tasted all kinds of herbs, and looked for a good medicine to cure diseases and detoxify, in order to save his life. Later, he died of heartbroken eating "fire zi zi" by mistake. Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica was written according to his works. Emperor Yan Shennong reigned 120 years. Therefore, Yan Di is regarded as the ancestor of TCM.
4. Zhang Zhongjing (A.D. 150-2 19) was a great physician in ancient times. A native of Nanyang County in the Eastern Han Dynasty, he was the hometown of Zhang Zhongjing, a medical saint in Nanyang, Henan. According to historical records, Zhongjing "studied medicine in Zhang Bozu, the same county, and learned from others." According to legend, at the beginning of Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty, Zhang Zhongjing was promoted to Xiaozong, and during the Jian 'an period, the official residence was Changsha Taishou. Treatise on Febrile Diseases (volume 16), written at the beginning of the third century (200-2 10), is the first clinical medical work in the world to sum up experience. It is the first step of syndrome differentiation treatment and the main body of TCM clinical medicine. Since the Tang Dynasty, Zhongjing's theory has spread all over the world and enjoyed a high reputation in the international medical community. People in Japan, Korea and other countries call him a "teacher" of medicine, while people in the motherland call him a "medical sage". There is a saying that "the Zhongjing of the medical school is also the Confucius of the Confucian school".
Zhang Zhongjing's medical work Treatise on Febrile Diseases.
Zhang Zhongjing wrote a book called Treatise on Febrile Diseases, with sixteen volumes, based on his years of experience in syndrome differentiation and treatment.
Treatise on Febrile Diseases systematically summarizes the medical theory and clinical experience before the Han Dynasty, and is the first masterpiece of clinical therapeutics in China. It records various treatment principles and methods of diseases and various infectious diseases, laying a foundation for TCM therapeutics. In the book, diseases are divided into several items. Each item first introduces the clinical manifestations, then defines it as a certain syndrome according to the dialectical analysis, and finally puts forward the treatment and prescription according to the syndrome. A systematic theoretical system of TCM syndrome differentiation treatment has been established, which has become a model of TCM syndrome differentiation treatment in past dynasties. The principle of "syndrome differentiation and treatment" established by him is a bright pearl in the great treasure house of Chinese medicine, which makes the traditional Chinese medicine unique in the world medicine. * * Together with Huangdi Neijing, it laid the theoretical system of TCM, making it a complete science. Jin Jing, a medical school in the Qing Dynasty, commented on the book: "The ancient scriptures can't be used, and since then there have been laws and regulations, and it is a holy book of sincere medicine." In the process of circulation, it was lost. After the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was divided into Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. Together with Huangdi Neijing and Shennong Materia Medica, these two books are called "Four Books of Traditional Chinese Medicine". Zhang Zhongjing alone has two books, which occupies a special position among the most influential works in the history of medical development in China. It is still an important book for studying the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and clinical treatment of traditional Chinese and western medicine. 1700 For more than 700 years, these two works have not only been highly praised by doctors in China, but also Zhang Zhongjing's works and theories have spread abroad since the Sui and Tang Dynasties, enjoying a high reputation in the world medical community. From the Jin Dynasty to the present, Chinese and foreign scholars have compiled, annotated, researched and developed Treatise on Febrile Diseases and synopsis of the Golden Chamber, with more than 1700 works, leaving nearly 1,000 kinds of monographs and monographs, which is also rare in the world history.
Zhang Zhongjing's life story is very rich, but unfortunately most of it has been lost, leaving only Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Synopsis of the Golden Chamber. Zhang Zhongjing is the founder of TCM clinical medicine. In order to commemorate Zhang Zhongjing's contribution to medicine, he was called "medical sage" by later generations. Zhong's Treatise on Febrile Diseases and his thought of syndrome differentiation and treatment have extensive guiding significance for today's clinical practice. Zhang Zhongjing's academic thought and rich clinical experience have become the common wealth of all mankind.
5. Huangfu Mi (2 15-282), a doctor in Wei and Jin Dynasties, was named Shi 'an, with the name Mr. Xuanyan. Born in Chaona Town, northwest of Pingliang County, Gansu Province. He is knowledgeable and versatile, and has high attainments in the history of Confucian classics and literature. He was also the first scholar in China to study population issues. Middle-aged people studied medicine assiduously and compiled A Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, which summarized the achievements of acupuncture and moxibustion before the Jin Dynasty. It is a classic work of acupuncture and moxibustion. Therefore, he is regarded as the first master of acupuncture in traditional medicine in China.
6. Hua Tuo (about 14 1~208) was a physician in the late Eastern Han Dynasty. Pei Guoqiao (now Bo County, Anhui Province) was born. Hua tuo has been practicing medicine all over the world all his life, with a good reputation and many achievements in medicine. He is proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and acupuncture, especially in surgery. According to "The Biography of Hua Tuo in the Later Han Dynasty", "If the disease occurs inside, acupuncture and medicine can't reach it, so the numbness will be dispersed with wine first, and the drunkenness will not be felt, and it will be cut due to a broken abdomen. If it is in the stomach, cut it off and wash it to get rid of the disease. Then sew it again, it will be fine in four or five days, and it will be calm in January. " Huatuo used Mafeisan to treat diseases such as "gastrointestinal stagnation" and performed abdominal surgery after anesthesia. This is the earliest record of general anesthesia surgery in the world medical history, which is earlier than that in the west 1600 years. Hua Tuo attached great importance to the prevention of diseases and emphasized physical exercise to enhance physical fitness. Thought: "The human body should work, but not use its ears." Shake it, the valley gas will disappear, the blood will circulate, and the disease will not be born. For example, the household pivot will be immortal. He imitated the movements and postures of tigers, deer, bears, apes and birds, and created the "Five Birds Play". His books have always been anecdotes. The existing Sino-Tibetan Scriptures are masterpieces of later generations.
7. Wang Shuhe (3rd century AD) was born in Mingxi and Gaoping, Shandong. Date of birth and death is unknown.
Wang Shuhe once served as the doctor's order of Wei Tai, saying, "He has a calm temperament, understands the classics and is reasonable, is poor in studying the pulse, is careful in diagnosis and treatment, and knows the way of keeping in good health." (Tang Gambo's Biography of Famous Doctors) Wang's Pulse Sutra 10 is the earliest extant monograph on pulse science in China. He compiled Zhong Jing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases and Miscellaneous Diseases, which has been handed down to this day and contributed to the development of traditional Chinese medicine. In addition, there are 6 volumes of Pulse Tactics, Pulse Fu 1, 3 volumes of Pulse Tactics and 6 volumes of Treatise on Febrile Diseases, all of which have been lost.
Wang Shuhe's main contribution to TCM lies in his study of pulse science and the compilation of Treatise on Febrile Diseases. He summed up the pulse science and compiled the Pulse Classic. Inherited the achievements of predecessors in the study of pulse science, collected early famous medical works and related documents of famous doctors in past dynasties, and combined with my own experience, wrote a book "Pulse Classic", which made the theory and method of pulse science systematic and standardized, promoted the progress of traditional Chinese medicine, and also had a certain impact on world medicine. He advocates early treatment and disease prevention. "Everyone has a disease, from time to time, that is, illness, poor in Hebei, so that it becomes a chronic disease. If the time is not harmonious, it is easy to talk early, find out its evil cause, and treat the unreasonable people at that time, which is hard to cure. The patient endured for a few days, saying that evil spirits were out of control. " Wang Shuhe's Treatise on Febrile Diseases emphasizes the importance of early diagnosis and treatment. Advocating hygiene and opposing overeating are of great significance to preventive medicine.
8. Sun Simiao (about 58 1~682) was a medical scientist in China in the Tang Dynasty. Jingzhao Huayuan (now Yaoxian County, Shaanxi Province) was born. Sun Simiao was ill since childhood, and spent almost all his money on nourishing soup and medicine, but he was smart and insisted on learning classics, history, medicine and other scientific knowledge. Sun Simiao achieved fame and fortune all his life. When Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty recruited him as a doctor, Emperor Taizong wanted to give him a title, and Tang Gaozong asked him to be an remonstrator, but he declined them all. His ambition is to be a medical scientist who helps the living. In the process of studying medicine, Sun Simiao not only studied medical works, but also paid special attention to seeking experience from the people and collecting prescriptions extensively. In medical activities, he attaches great importance to the moral cultivation of doctors. He stressed that doctors should treat patients' pain as their own pain, and patients should make house calls, regardless of cold and heat, day and night, and should not be afraid of obstacles on the road, regardless of hunger, thirst and fatigue. He believes that medicine is a subtle cause, and if you want to be a real doctor, you must study hard and work hard. Sun Simiao's major works include 30 volumes of Emergency and 30 volumes of Wings of a Thousand Girls. There are many other books, such as "A Thousand Daughters Follow the Prescription", "On Fulu", "A Record of Photographic Life", "Plain Book in Pillow", "On Three Religions" and "Taichang Prescription and Medicine". These are all lost. Sun Simiao's great contribution to medicine made him loved by people of all ages and was honored as the "King of Medicine". Many places in China have temples of Sun Simiao to feel his noble character and immortal achievements.
Sun Simiao embodies the spirit of treating diseases with benevolence. He wrote in the book "Great Doctors Sincerely": "A great doctor must treat a disease with peace of mind, have no desire or desire, show great mercy first, and swear to save the suffering of the general spirit. If someone is sick and asks for help, don't ask him if he is poor or rich, always young, hates friendly friends, is ignorant or vulgar. These are all like the thoughts of his closest relatives. Never look back and forth, worry about good or bad, and save your life. Seeing his distress, if you have it, it is deep sorrow. Don't avoid danger and evil. You are hot and cold all day, hungry, exhausted, bent on saving, and have no intention of making any efforts. This can be a lifelong doctor, but he is a spiritual thief. The doctor's body has come to the patient's home again, and the front is everywhere. Don't look around; Silk and bamboo make up the ears, and there is nothing like entertainment; Precious shame and repeated recommendations are tasteless; Look at Lu and Chen and see if there is anything. A husband is a doctor's law, so don't make jokes, tell jokes, talk about right and wrong, talk about human feelings, show off your reputation, corrupt doctors, and be proud of your own virtue. If he is treated carelessly, he will be cocky, but he will look confident. His name is a Chinese odyssey, and the doctor's ointment is blind. " These words have shown Sun Simiao's noble medical ethics. Sun Shi thought that "human life is the most important thing, and there is precious gold, while helping it, the virtue is more than that", so he named his two works "Thousands of Women" and "Thousands of Women Belong to the Party" and "Thousands of Women Return to the Wing". The achievements of these two books are as follows: First, there is an in-depth study of Zhang Zhongjing's Treatise on Febrile Diseases, which provides a way for future generations to study Treatise on Febrile Diseases, especially for generalized typhoid fever. He founded the method of studying Treatise on Febrile Diseases from three aspects: prescription, syndrome and treatment, which initiated the precedent of taking prescription as evidence in later generations. Qian Jin Fang Yao is the earliest medical encyclopedia in China, with complete theories, methods and prescriptions. One is recorded in ancient books, and the other is folk unilateral. Widely absorb the strengths of all aspects, suit both refined and popular tastes, and have appropriate priorities today. Many contents are still instructive and of high academic value, and are indeed valuable wealth of traditional Chinese medicine. Qian Jin Fang Yao is a great contribution to the development of prescription science. This book brings together the clinical experience of hundreds of years' achievements in prescription and medicine from Zhang Zhongjing's time to Sun Simiao. After reading Zhongjing's prescription, watching Qian Jin Fang can really open your eyes and broaden your mind, especially the prescriptions from different origins, which shows that Sun Simiao has a wide range of medical sources and superb medical skills. Later generations called Fang the ancestor of magic.
9. Li Shizhen (15 18— 1593) was a great physician and naturalist in Ming Dynasty. The word Dongbi,No. Linhu, is from Qichun, Hubei. Li Shizhen was born into a family of doctors. Father Li Yanwen is a famous local doctor, and Li Shizhen is deeply influenced by his father. He loved medicine since he was a child. Although he was urged by his father to read the Four Books and Five Classics and the legend of tomb robbery, he had no intention of becoming famous and eventually embarked on the road of studying medicine and nature.
His greatest achievement is compiling Compendium of Materia Medica, a natural history book with world influence in ancient China. In his book Compendium of Materia Medica, he adopted the way of "right and wrong" to correct and distinguish the mistakes of predecessors, most of which are well-founded and scientific. This style is also original in materia medica, which shows his profound knowledge and solid foundation in natural science. In order to make drugs play a greater role in the treatment of diseases, he advocated further transforming the nature of drugs and transforming the natural properties of drugs by artificial methods. Such as the ups and downs of drug properties, advocate taking some measures to make it obey the needs of treatment. If you think that the original drug with sinking property can be induced by wine, it will rise to the top; However, the drugs originally ascending can be induced to the lower coke by salty and cold drugs. In this way, he came to the conclusion that man can not only "see heaven and earth", but also "reach the right of nature" and transform and dominate nature. Li Shizhen looked at food with scientific criticism, and he hated the superstition of immortals. For example, when talking about feeding on gold and silver in ancient times, he thought that "flesh and blood, for the sake of lai, how can it be so heavy and stay in the gastrointestinal tract for a long time?" Seek immortality and die. It can be said that it is a fool. "("Compendium of Materia Medica, Jinshi Jinjin ") He also said:" (Silver) is just violent, and taking it can hurt the liver. Those who become immortals by holding the clouds of Puzi silver water are also illusory and untrustworthy. " ("Compendium of Materia Medica". It is "heresy" and "fantasy talk" to think that you can live in water and walk on it. He denounced the exposition of taking food in Ben Jing and Ge Hong as "the crime of mistaking the world, which is universal" and thought that drugs "can cure diseases, but can't be taken." ("Compendium of Materia Medica". Li Shizhen is not only a pharmacologist, but also a naturalist. He is very good at biology, geology and other disciplines, and has some experience in chemistry, astronomy, calendar and meteorology. Li Shizhen is an outstanding medical scientist. In his own works, he has collected quite a few cases, all of which are records of his own treatment. His achievements in various disciplines of natural science, as well as his intensive research and rich practice in medical theory, have made him achieve good results in medical activities. He was once called to Thai Hospital. His solid theoretical foundation comes from classic medical works such as Neijing, Difficult Classics and Treatise on Febrile Diseases. However, his materialistic attitude towards natural science and simple dialectical thought made him admire Neijing even more. Since then, medical thoughts and achievements, especially since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, have been deeply influenced by four schools, especially Zhang, Zhang, Zhang and Zhang. People think that Zhang is "the only person who promotes medical science spiritually". "He flexibly applied his achievements in pharmacology to therapeutics. In addition to following the traditional medical theory for strict syndrome differentiation and treatment, he also paid special attention to the analysis of meridian tropism of drugs and attached importance to sexual taste, enriching and developing the theoretical content of materia medica, thus improving the therapeutic effect of drugs. Li Shizhen also has a deep understanding and research on pulse theory and meridian theory. These solid basic theoretical knowledge are also indispensable conditions for his medical and pharmaceutical achievements. In addition to the landmark natural history book Compendium of Materia Medica, his works also include Hu Ling Maixue and Qi Jing Ba Mai Kao. In the book, Li Shizhen summed up the pulse conditions commonly used in traditional Chinese medicine with concise and clear poems, which is very convenient for beginners to remember and is conducive to popularizing pulse condition knowledge; The Eight Classics is a summary of the meridian system outside the twelve meridians. " Hu Ling Pulse was translated into German and published abroad. In literature, Li Shizhen is also a poet, and his Pulse by the Lake is written in rhyme. Unfortunately, only a few of his poems are preserved in the literature.
Li Shizhen was also a representative and outstanding scientist in ancient China. It has a high reputation and great influence at home and abroad.
10. Ye (1667- 1746), a native of Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, was an outstanding physician in Qing Dynasty and one of the main representatives of typhoid fever school. Ye was born in a medical family. His grandfather Ye and his father Ye are proficient in medical skills, especially in pediatrics. Ye Gui began to study medicine with his father at the age of 12. /kloc-when he was 0/4 years old, his father died, so he took his father's favorite pupil Zhu as his teacher and specialized in medical skills. Ye Shi Tian's intelligence is extraordinary, and he can understand the super image at one point; Especially open-minded and eager to learn. Whenever I hear that a doctor has expertise, I worship him as a teacher and follow his brother. In ten years, I have changed seventeen teachers, and he can understand everything. Therefore, his medical skills have advanced by leaps and bounds and his reputation has greatly improved. Shen Deqian, the prime minister, once made a biography for him, saying: "So the masterpieces of the ruling and opposition parties, that is, the peddlers, were all transported to foreign clothes in neighboring provinces. From the facts to the names, it is known that there is Mr. Ye Shi Tian." Ye is not only proficient in medical skills, but also pays attention to macro-exploration and exposition in his scholarship. He is a meticulous scholar, which brings out the best in medicine and scholarship. He believes that "there is no end to learning, and reading can't be light." Therefore, although it enjoys a high reputation, it can't put it down and learn from others. Ji Huang's Preface once said: "The higher a gentleman's name is, the better he is at walking, and a gentleman never reads." He is a person who is "prepared internally and externally, makes friends, confides in each other, helps them with everything, and has no worries". He is a doctor, but he doesn't like to call himself a doctor. Before he died, he said to his son, "They can't do what doctors can do. They must be gifted and sensitive, and then they can learn from thousands of books to help the world. Otherwise, there are few people who don't kill people and use drug bait as the blade. When I die, my descendants should be careful not to talk lightly about medicine. "
Ye was too busy diagnosing all his life to write anything by himself. Clinical Guide Medical Records consists of ten volumes, followed by Pediatric Psychotherapy and Warm Therapy. Three volumes of Ye Yi's medical case preserve the truth. According to the records, it was his master and descendants who arranged the records. Among them, Warming Therapy is the crystallization of Ye's oral experience and clinical experience, and it is a very important and precious document on febrile diseases. This paper mainly discusses the way of feeling, the law of transmission and change, the treatment method and the syndrome differentiation of defending qi and nourishing blood, as well as the syndrome differentiation method and diagnostic significance of tongue, teeth and spots as a guide to the diagnosis and treatment of febrile diseases, and discusses the syndrome differentiation and treatment of febrile diseases suffered by women before and after pregnancy and when water is suitable for diagnosis and treatment. It is said that his master Gu recorded Ye's dictation when he went down to Dongting Lake with Ye. Clinical Guide to Medical Records was compiled by Wuxi Huayuyun, who collected and classified Ye's medical records in his later years. There are 89 kinds of diseases, each of which was written by its owner, with a discussion, followed by comments on Xu Ling's fetus. Volumes 1 to 8 record miscellaneous symptoms and cases of internal medicine; The ninth volume is gynecology; Volume 10 is pediatrics; The index of the prescriptions used is attached at the end of the book. Zhang Nan changed the name of Pediatric Heart Therapy after it was handed down by Ye Gui, and mainly discussed the syndrome differentiation and treatment of pediatric diseases, especially the syndrome differentiation and treatment of exogenous diseases in spring and summer and autumn dryness. Ye's Medical Records Preserve the Truth was compiled by Ye's great-grandson Ye in the way of family heirloom. The first volume is mainly miscellaneous diseases; The second book has many warm medical records; The third volume is the case study of Zhong Jingfang. Another master, Zhou Linyi, copied the Unfolded Ye Medical Case and so on. In addition, there are many medical records and writings of the Ye family, such as Jingyue Opera, Ye's Medical Balance, Secret Biography of Medical Principles, Prescription of Medical Skills, Treatment of Gynecological Diseases and so on.
Ye is an outstanding medical scientist in the history of Chinese medical development. The program of syndrome differentiation and treatment of epidemic febrile diseases established by him laid a solid foundation for the formation of theoretical system of epidemic febrile diseases. Many new ideas and prescriptions he put forward for miscellaneous diseases still have important guiding significance and practical value in clinic.
Ye, as a great fever expert in the history of Chinese medical development, integrates internal medicine, pediatrics, gynecology, surgery and five sense organs, and is immortal with his outstanding medical thoughts, superb medical skills and rich clinical experience.