Now there is another kind of colored peanuts, also called colorful peanuts, colorful peanuts, colorful peanuts.
References for this article:
China Broadcasting Network r.cn/zgnc/zf/t20051109 _ 504125032.html.
Colored peanut is a common peanut, which produces many colors due to the color change of kernel skin. Colored peanuts are mainly divided into selenium-enriched black peanuts, white jade peanuts, pearl peanuts and other varieties, among which they can be divided into black, purple-black, white, purple-red, red and white, colored particles and other color systems according to the kernel color. Colorful peanuts have black, snow white, red pattern on white background, yellow pattern on black background, black pattern on yellow background and other colors. The vines that grow out are no different from ordinary peanuts, except that the leaves are slightly larger. According to the grain color, it can be divided into two black grains, four black grains, two color grains, four color grains, two flower grains and two white grains.
efficacy
Vitamin K in peanuts can stop bleeding. The hemostatic effect of peanut red coat is 50 times higher than that of peanut, and it has good hemostatic effect on many hemorrhagic diseases.
Peanut contains vitamin E and a certain amount of zinc, which can enhance memory, resist aging, delay the decline of brain function and moisturize skin.
Vitamin C contained in peanuts can lower cholesterol and help prevent and treat arteriosclerosis, hypertension and coronary heart disease.
Selenium, a trace element in peanuts, and resveratrol, another bioactive substance, can prevent and treat tumor diseases, and are also chemopreventive agents for preventing and treating atherosclerosis and cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
Peanut also has the functions of strengthening body resistance, invigorating spleen and regulating stomach, moistening lung and resolving phlegm, nourishing and regulating qi, inducing diuresis to reduce swelling, stopping bleeding and promoting lactation, clearing throat and stopping malaria.
Applicable people
Suitable for all ages.
Eating peanuts after illness, recovery period of surgical patients, pregnancy and postpartum have nourishing effects.
The dosage is 80-100g per day.
It is especially recommended that peanuts and red dates be matched, which can not only replenish deficiency, but also stop bleeding, and is most suitable for bleeding patients with weak body.
After peanuts are fried or fried, they are too hot to eat.
There are many ways to eat peanuts, and stew is the best. This not only avoids the destruction of famous nutrients, but also has the characteristics of tepid, moist taste and digestible rotten mouth, which is suitable for all ages.
Health traffic lights Peanut contains a lot of oil, which needs to consume more bile when digested, so it is not suitable for patients with gallbladder disease.
Peanut can promote blood coagulation and thrombosis, and people with high blood viscosity or thrombosis should not eat it.
Peanut mildew contains a lot of carcinogens-aflatoxin. Don't eat moldy peanuts.
Main nutrients
vitamin
(mg) A (μ g) B 1B2B 12 (μ g) C D (μ g) E
60.850. 10.46- 14-2.93
Biotin (microgram) Potassium (microgram) Phosphorus (microgram) Carotene Folic Acid (microgram) Pantothenic Acid Nicotinic Acid Mineral Element
(mg) calcium
- 100-0.0 176 17 14. 18
Iron, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, copper, magnesium, zinc (microgram) and selenium (microgram)
Peanut is a leguminous crop and one of the main oil varieties of high-quality edible oil, also known as "groundnut" or "longevity fruit". Peanut is millet. Originated in tropical and subtropical areas of South America. /kloc-was introduced to China in the 6th century, and/kloc-was developed at the end of the 9th century. Now it is planted all over the country, mainly in Liaoning, Shandong, Hebei, Henan, Jiangsu, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Sichuan and other provinces (regions). Shandong province has the largest planting area and the largest output.
Laixi City is an important peanut planting and processing place in China. The planting area of Laixi peanut is 335,000 mu, and the annual output is as high as 1 1 10,000 tons. The planting area and output rank second in China, and the per capita output ranks first. Known as "the hometown of peanuts in China", the direct export volume accounts for nearly 20% of the total national export volume. It is an important peanut export base in China.
The fruit of peanut is pod, which is usually divided into three types: large, medium and small, with cocoon shape, beaded shape and curved stick shape. Cocoon pods usually have 2 seeds, beaded and stick pods, and generally have more than 3 seeds. The color of the shell is mostly yellow-white, but also yellow-brown, brown or yellow, which is related to the variety and soil quality of peanuts. The seeds in peanut shells are generally called peanuts or kernels, and consist of seed coat, cotyledons and embryos. The seed coat is light brown or light red in color. The seed coat has two cotyledons, ivory or ivory.
Peanut fruit has high nutritional value and is rich in fat and protein. According to the determination, the fat content of peanut fruit is 44%-45%, the protein content is 24%-36%, and the sugar content is about 20%. It also contains thiamine, riboflavin, nicotinic acid and other vitamins. Mineral content is also very rich, especially containing essential amino acids, which can promote the development of brain cells and enhance memory.
Peanut seeds are rich in oil, and the oil squeezed from peanut kernels is light yellow, transparent and fragrant, which is a high-quality edible oil. Peanut oil is difficult to dissolve in ethanol. People can identify whether peanut oil is pure by injecting it into 70% ethanol solution and heating it to 39-40.8 degrees to see its turbidity.
peanut oil
Peanut oil is made by soaking peanut kernels. Peanut oil belongs to non-drying oil, with light yellow color, good transparency, delicate fragrance and delicious taste. It is an excellent edible oil.
Peanut is a kind of nutritious food.
Peanut is a nutritious food, containing 25% ~ 36% protein and 40% fat. Peanut is also rich in vitamins B2, PP, A, D, E, calcium and iron.
Peanut is an important raw material for 100 kinds of food. In addition to squeezing oil, it can also be fried, fried and boiled to make peanut cakes, as well as various sweets and cakes. Because peanuts will volatilize some aldehydes such as carbon dioxide, vanillin, ammonia gas and hydrogen sulfide during baking, it constitutes the special aroma of peanuts.
Peanut endothelium contains anti-fibrinolytic enzyme, which can prevent and treat various traumatic bleeding, liver disease bleeding, hemophilia and so on.
However, peanuts are easy to get damp and mildew, and produce aflatoxin with strong carcinogenicity. Aflatoxin can cause toxic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis and liver cancer. This toxin is resistant to high temperature and cannot be decomposed by cooking methods such as frying, frying, boiling and frying. So be careful not to eat moldy peanuts.
There are about 60 ~ 70 species of peanut, and 2 1 species has been collected and identified so far. Most of them are diploid species (2x=20). Cultivated peanuts are two autotetraploid species (2x=40), and their diploids naturally double. According to the concentration of peanut varieties, the Tahe River basin in southern Bolivia, northwestern Argentina and Lapola at the foot of the Andes may be the origin centers of peanuts.
The earliest record of peanuts in European literature is Spain's General History of West India. China's records about peanuts first appeared in Jia Ming's Diet Notes in the late Yuan Dynasty and early Ming Dynasty. Later, many books not only have the biological characteristics of peanuts, but also have geographical distribution. It can be seen that the literature on peanuts in China is about 100 years earlier than that in Europe.
There are more than 100 countries producing peanuts in the world, and Asia is the most common, followed by Africa. However, there are only more than 65,438+00 countries producing commodities. Among the major producing countries, India and China have the largest planting area and output, with the former being about 7.2 million hectares and 5.6 million tons, while the latter being 3.553 million hectares and 6.757 million tons respectively (1.985). Other countries include Senegal, Nigeria and the United States.
Peanuts are widely distributed in China and planted everywhere. The main producing areas are Shandong, eastern Liaoning, Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong, Yellow River and Huaihe River Basin, and hilly and sandy areas along the southeast coast. Shandong province accounts for about 1/4 of the national production area and 1/3 of the total output. Peanut produced in Longyan, Fujian is full, crisp and delicious, which should be the local characteristics of domestic peanut varieties.
Morphological characteristics: The root system of peanut is conical, which can reach 2 meters into the soil, but it is mainly distributed in the plough layer about 30 cm from the ground. Rhizobia of cowpea with a diameter of 65438±0 ~ 3mm were planted in the roots. The main stems are erect and green, and some varieties have anthocyanins in different shades. The middle and upper parts are angular and hollow. The height of the main stem varies with varieties and cultivation conditions, and the height can reach more than 1 meter. The main stem has the 1 th branch, and its included angle with the main stem varies with varieties, about 30 ~ 90. Generally, the main stem of erect peanut is higher than the branches, while the branches of creeping peanut or semi-creeping peanut are longer than the main stem. 1 secondary branches and inflorescences are attached to it. Leaves alternate, with four leaflets and even pinnate compound leaves. Some varieties can also see multi-lobular malformed leaves, including petioles and stipules. Leaflets are oval, oblong, obovate and broadly obovate, with slender lanceolate leaflets. The leaves are smooth, the back of the leaves is slightly gray, the main veins are obvious, and there is fluff. The petiole and the base of the lobule both have leaf pillows, which can feel the stimulation of light, change the swelling pressure of the parenchyma cells of the leaf pillow, and cause the lobule to open during the day.
Raceme, each inflorescence can generally bear 4 ~ 7 flowers, up to 10 or more to form a long flower branch, iris, orange, with different shades of purple stripes on the flag petal. Stamens10,2 degenerated, with 8 anthers. The stigma is pinnate, and the base of the ovary has an ovary stalk. After fertilization, a group of meristem cells divide rapidly, and after about 3-6 days, they stretch to form a green purplish rod, which is called a fruit needle and is generally 10 ~ 15 cm long. Sometimes it can be seen that the base of calyx tube is sheathed at the tip of fruit needle, and the withered flower organ is planted after fertilization. At this time, the ovary is located at the tip of the fruit needle and protected by several layers of cell caps. The fruit needle grows upward after being elongated, and the ovary is sent into the soil. After reaching a certain depth, the ovary began to grow and develop laterally, forming pods. Dark conditions are needed at this time. The pod itself also has a certain absorption function, and the calcium needed for its development is directly absorbed from the soil by the pod. The difficulty of burying fruit needles is related to the position of flowers on plants. The flowering position is too high, or because the stems and branches are too delicate, it is easy to shift when encountering wind and rain, thus affecting the angle between the fruit needle and the ground, making it difficult to bury. The fruit needles of creeping peanuts are close to the ground, and the angle is appropriate, and the pod setting rate is the highest. Erect or clustered peanuts with short internodes, multiple branches at the base of main stem and continuous flowering will have higher pod setting rate.
The pod shell is hard, does not crack after maturity, and there is no transverse partition between chambers, but it is constricted (fruit waist). There are 2 ~ 6 seeds in each pod, of which 2 are common, axe-shaped, gourd-shaped or cocoon-shaped. More than 3 pods per pod are curved or beaded. The weight of 100 grains is generally 50-200g. The surface of the shell has a net texture. The seeds are triangular, peach-shaped, cylindrical or oval, generally the bottom is blunt or slightly flat, and the radicle at the top is prominent. The seed coat is white, pink, red, reddish brown, purple, red and white or purple and white. Cotyledons account for more than 90% of the total weight of seeds. The germ is hidden between two thick cotyledons and consists of the main bud and two lateral buds of the cotyledon.
Types and Varieties Peanut varieties in China can be divided into four types: ① Common type. Inflorescences alternate on lateral branches, with many branches and obovate leaves. Dark green. Plants are erect, clustered and even creeping. The fruit shape is larger. Seeds long cylindrical. The growth period is longer. ② Dragon-born type. Plants prostrate, alternate flowering, hairy, with anthocyanins, pods with keel (back) and hook mouth, showing a curved rod shape. The reticulation of fruit shell is deep, and the fruit needle is fragile and easy to break. ③ Pearl bean type. The lateral branches are close to the main stem and can bear several inflorescence nodes continuously, with only a few secondary branches. Leaf blade elliptic, light green or green. Plants erect or clustered. The fruit shape is small. The seeds are peach-shaped. Weak dormancy. ④ Polymorphism. The lateral branches can bear inflorescences at each node, with few secondary branches, and the main stem has inflorescences. The plant is tall and has obvious anthocyanins on its stems and branches. Pods are rod-shaped, with 3-4 seed pods accounting for the majority. The seeds are cylindrical. There are different types of varieties cultivated on a large scale in China, most of which are clustered peanuts of pearl bean type and common type. The two types of hybrid varieties showed certain advantages in production. At present, the variety with the highest yield, stable yield and the largest popularization area in the world is the American "Flora Manson", which is also an interspecific hybrid, accounting for more than 90% of the current peanut production area in the United States. "Makuluhong" is also resistant to leaf spot, and was once a widely used variety in the world. Xiekangqing in China has good resistance to peanut bacterial wilt.
Physiological characteristics Peanut has certain adaptability to slightly acidic soil and is a pioneer crop in developing red loam soil. However, high soil acidity requires the application of calcareous fertilizers such as lime to neutralize short-day crops, but it is not sensitive to photoperiod. Only when the daily average temperature is stable above 65438 02℃ can sowing be carried out; The main growth period requires a temperature of 20 ~ 28℃. In autumn, when the temperature drops to about 1 1℃, the pod stops developing. The average accumulated temperature of peanut in China is around 3500℃. The growth period is 100 ~ 150 days, and individual late-maturing varieties can reach 180 days. Generally, the seed dormancy period of early-maturing varieties is short, the dormancy period of late-maturing varieties is long, and Longsheng varieties are the strongest. The dormancy of peanut seeds is not only affected by the seed coat, but also related to some hormones in the embryo. Using chemicals such as ethephon and kinetin, seeds can be dried and germinated at a suitable temperature, which can relieve dormancy.
Peanut rhizobia in soil are attracted by root exudates, and enter cortical cells through epidermal cells to divide and reproduce, so that cells are stimulated to form nodules. This period is a parasitic relationship, and then the nitrogen fixation activity of rhizobia is strengthened before it becomes symbiosis. At the end of peanut growth, rhizobia returned to the soil for saprophytic life due to broken roots and broken nodules. The suitable temperature for rhizobia propagation is 18 ~ 30℃, the water content is about 60% of the maximum soil water holding capacity, and the pH value is 5.5 ~ 7.2. When there is too much nitrate nitrogen in the soil, it will inhibit the nitrogen fixation of rhizobia, so the amount of nitrogen application should be properly controlled in the early stage of growth. Adding phosphorus, potassium and calcium fertilizers can promote the propagation of rhizobia and improve the nitrogen fixation ability.
Peanut and other crops in different areas of China form a planting system of one crop a year, three crops a year and two crops a year, which can be divided into spring peanut, wheat peanut, summer peanut and autumn peanut, and winter peanut can also be planted in some areas of Guangdong. In recent years, some peanuts have been planted in rice fields, forming a peanut-rice or rice-peanut rotation system. In some places, the growing season is longer, the rice variety is suitable, and it can also be rotated with double cropping rice. The autumn peanut pods planted in Guangdong and Fujian are reserved for the second spring sowing, which can improve the emergence rate and ensure the whole seedling in Miao Zhuang, commonly known as "turning over the autumn seeds" or "spring sowing" Loose sandy soil, sandy gravel soil or sandy loam soil are needed for underground pod setting, which is beneficial to the penetration of fruit needles, the development and harvest of pods. Deep ploughing and deep ploughing are beneficial to the growth and development of peanuts.
Seed germination needs higher temperature, and the suitable temperature for pearl bean type is 12 ~ 15℃, and for common type is 15 ~ 18℃. Some varieties have strong dormancy and are difficult to germinate at low temperature. In addition, after the seeds absorb water, the contents are converted into sugar, which is easy to attract underground pests such as ants to eat. Therefore, mastering timely sowing is the key to the whole seedling. Don't cover the soil too thick, and 5 ~ 7 cm is appropriate when the soil moisture is good. When the thickness of covering soil exceeds the normal extension length of hypocotyl, it should be removed. "Clearing trees and squatting seedlings" is a measure to dig the soil surface with a hoe after emergence, so that cotyledon nodes are exposed from the soil surface, which is beneficial to the growth of the first pair of lateral branches and more flowers and fruits. In principle, the planting density should not only keep the field ventilated and transparent, but also cover the ground in the late growth period to prevent soil moisture evaporation and inhibit weed growth. Under the general production conditions, the average peanut 1.2 ~ 1.5 million in the northern area, and the bean flower should be slightly dense; There are1.8 ~ 22,000 pearl bean varieties per mu in southern China.
Nitrogen application at seedling stage should not be too much. The effect of applying trace elements such as boron according to soil conditions is remarkable. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and boron can all be topdressing outside the roots. When the yield per mu is about 250 kg, pods with a yield of 100 kg absorb about 5-7 kg of nitrogen, 0/-1.2 kg of phosphorus and 2-3.5 kg of potassium, and the demand for calcium is second only to that of potassium. Calcium fertilizer can regulate soil acidity, improve the nutritional status of peanuts, promote nitrogen metabolism, reduce empty shells and improve the full fruit rate. The absorption and utilization functions of calcium in different organs of peanut are different, and what is absorbed by roots can only be transported upward, and rarely can be transported to pod development. In order to make fruit needles and pods directly absorb and utilize calcium in the soil, calcium fertilizer should be spread in the soil in the pod-bearing area. Different types of varieties have different requirements for calcium, the pearl bean type is lower and the common type is higher.
Peanuts are drought-tolerant, but they need a lot of water. For every 1 kg dry matter produced, about 225 kg water is needed. The water demand at flowering and pod-setting stages is the largest and has the greatest impact, accounting for about 50% of the total water demand. Drought at this stage will affect flower bud differentiation, flowering, fertilization and fruit needle elongation. The dry ground also prevents the fruit needles from entering the soil. Drainage should be paid attention to in rainy areas in the south, so as not to affect the normal development of pods.
The maturity time of pods is very inconsistent. Pods can be peeled off according to the degree to which the inner wall color changes from white to brown-black. Generally speaking, harvest begins when the inner wall or endocarp of most pods changes from brown to black. Varieties with late harvest and weak dormancy are easy to germinate in the field; Some varieties are easy to break fruit stalks and it is difficult to harvest them cleanly. Large-scale production uses harvesters to dig over the sun, and then uses fruit pickers to pick, clean and dry fruits. The water content of safely stored pods is 10%. It is very important to dry in time, otherwise it will be hot and moldy. Aflatoxin B 1 and B2 produced by aflatoxin pollution have carcinogenic effects.
Common pests and diseases include peanut rust, early leaf spot, brown spot and late leaf spot. When peanut rust is prevalent, its influence on yield is greater than leaf spot disease, especially in the production area south of the Yangtze River in China, where there is more rain and the humidity in the field is too high. Early and late leaf spot occurs late, which has a chronic impact on plant growth and development. Because peanuts have entered the mature stage, it is easy to ignore its harm. Peanut bacterial wilt and root-knot nematode disease are also very serious in some concentrated producing areas. Reasonable rotation is an effective control method. Peanut virus diseases in China mainly include witches' broom, mosaic and dwarf disease. The witches' broom disease is more serious in the southeast coast. When it happens, the fruit needle is hook-shaped rather than ground-shaped, commonly known as "peanut man" Early sowing of spring peanuts and late sowing of autumn peanuts have the function of avoiding diseases. Mosaic disease and dwarf disease are more common in the north. Others such as root rot, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, shell rot, crown rot and leaf rot will also occur. Generally, comprehensive measures such as crop rotation, disease-resistant breeding, seed selection, strengthening management and paying attention to drainage are adopted for prevention and control.
There are many pests in peanuts. Underground pests include grubs, crickets, cutworms and breeding flies, all of which are effectively controlled by poisonous soil, poisonous valleys and poisonous baits. Alfalfa aphid, cotton bollworm, Spodoptera litura and leaf curl are all harmful to leaves, which can be controlled by chemical agents. Spodoptera litura has phototaxis and can be trapped and killed.
The oil content of used seeds is 45-55%, a few varieties can reach about 60%, and the protein content is 25-30%. Peanut oil is a glyceride mixture of 80% unsaturated fatty acids and 20% saturated fatty acids. Among the fatty acids, oleic acid accounts for 33.3 ~ 6 1.3% and linoleic acid accounts for 18.5 ~ 47.5%. It is of good quality and fragrant. In addition to food, it can also be used as emulsifier in printing and dyeing, papermaking industry, lubricant in textile industry and quenching agent in machinery manufacturing industry. It has certain curative effect on simple dyspepsia in children, and has antitussive and expectorant effects. Peanut cake, a by-product of oil pressing, can be processed into defatted protein powder, which can be made into peanut protein powder after puffing. In addition, peanut seeds can be fried, fried or made into candy cakes such as peanut candy and peanut crisp, as well as peanut butter. Stem and leaf are high quality feed. Pod shells can be used as raw materials for viscose. After dry distillation and hydrolysis, acetic acid, acetate stone, activated carbon and other 10 products can be obtained. Seed coat can be used as medicine and has hemostatic effect on various hemorrhagic diseases.
The main source of income for farmers in many northern areas is planting peanuts or processing peanuts.
Since the Happy Boys Talent Show was held, fans in Chen Chusheng have called themselves "peanuts".
Peanut (longevity fruit) is "plant meat"
Peanut is known as "plant meat", and its oil content is as high as 50%, which is more than twice that of soybean and more than 20% higher than that of rape. Apart from soybeans, there is no other food in protein like peanuts, with a content of more than 30%, which is twice that of wheat, 2.5 times that of corn and 3 times that of rice. Protein in peanuts is easily absorbed by human body, and the absorption rate is about 90%. Therefore, peanuts are well-deserved to be called plant meat.
The nutritional value of peanuts is so high that even some animal foods, such as eggs, milk, meat and so on. Known as advanced nutrition, it is candidly admit defeat in front of peanuts. The calorie output of peanuts is higher than that of meat, 20% higher than that of milk and 40% higher than that of eggs. Others such as protein, nucleoprotein, calcium, phosphorus and iron are also higher than milk, meat and eggs. Peanut also contains a variety of vitamins such as A, B, E and K, as well as lecithin, protein amino acids, choline and oleic acid, arachidonic acid, fatty acids and palmitic acid. It can be seen that the nutrition of peanuts is very rich and comprehensive, and they can be eaten raw, fried and cooked, especially fried peanuts, which are crispy and delicious.
Peanut is also a traditional Chinese medicine. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that peanuts are suitable for malnutrition, spleen and stomach imbalance, cough with excessive phlegm and asthma, and lack of milk. Peanut leaf, peanut coat, shell, peanut oil, etc. Can be used as medicine.
Folk commonly used unilateral are:
Treatment of thrombocytopenia: Peanut (even clothes) is decocted and taken, 60 grams each time, three times a day, and 7 days is a course of treatment.
Treatment of hypertension: Peanuts should be soaked in vinegar for 7 days, and taken 10 capsules every morning and evening.
Treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis: raw peanuts, 4-5 times a day, each time 10-20 capsules. If you see a bloody person, take food and clothes.
Treatment of persistent cough: take peanuts out of the tip of your tongue and fry them with slow fire.
Treatment of low milk: 90 grams of peanuts and 1 pig's feet are stewed together.
Treatment of hyperacidity: Eat peanuts, 20-30 capsules three times a day. 2-3 weeks is a course of treatment, which can obviously reduce gastric acid secretion.
It should be noted that although peanuts are nutritious, moldy peanuts are inedible and can cause cancer.
People should not eat a lot.