Spring wheat has strong drought resistance, short ear and short growth period, which is suitable for spring sowing. Spring wheat is planted in very cold places in winter. Because it is too cold to sow in winter, it is planted after spring. Spring wheat is mainly distributed in the north of the Great Wall. The temperature in this area is generally low and the production season is short, so it is mainly harvested once a year. The main producing provinces are Heilongjiang, Xinjiang, Gansu and Inner Mongolia. So planting spring wheat depends on the region. The sowing of spring wheat in Tianjin can generally be completed before the first ten days of March, and the first step in fertilization is to apply sufficient fertilizer. Because spring wheat is more sensitive to phosphorus and grows faster than winter wheat, ear differentiation begins at the trilobal stage, and reproductive growth and vegetative growth go hand in hand, which requires absorption of a lot of fertilizers. Therefore, the base fertilizer must be fully applied when sowing, and special attention should be paid to increasing the application amount of phosphate fertilizer and potash fertilizer. In terms of fertilization methods, it is advisable to master shallow fertilization with a depth of 7- 10 cm. You can use a double-box seeder, sowing fertilizer before and sowing after. Or stand-alone replay, sowing fertilizer first and then sowing. The second is to use fat water skillfully. Pay attention to watering and topdressing, and topdressing ammonium carbonate is 35-45 kg per 667 square meters in combination with watering. If there is no watering condition in spring, 20-30 kilograms of urea can be applied at a time when sowing. Due to the heavy autumn rain in the winter wheat area of Huanghuai last year, a large number of lake depressions and cotton fields delayed wheat sowing due to autumn water accumulation or late crop rotation. Many farmers' friends called to ask if there were any crops planted in spring and matured in summer that would not delay the summer harvest. Spring wheat is a suitable crop, but as far as I know, there are few varieties of spring wheat suitable for planting in Huanghuai winter wheat area. The author talks about how to use semi-winter varieties to grow spring wheat well for farmers' reference. First, understand that after the seeds of winter and spring wheat germinate in the soil, they must go through a certain period of low temperature conditions before they can get up and develop into fruiting organs. This period is called vernalization stage of wheat. The temperature required for winter varieties to pass the vernalization stage is relatively low, generally at 0℃ ~ 3℃ for 40 ~ 45 days. Generally, the temperature required for semi-winter varieties to go through vernalization stage is 3℃ ~ 6℃, and the duration is 10 ~ 15 days. Semi-winter varieties can also pass vernalization above 8℃, but the plant heading is slow. The temperature of vernalization stage of spring varieties is relatively high, generally at 7℃ ~ 65438 05℃, and it can pass vernalization in 5 ~ 8 days. Therefore, in the absence of suitable spring varieties, it is appropriate to choose semi-winter varieties. Second, solve the vernalization problem In order to make the wheat pass the vernalization period as soon as possible and mature in time, the following methods can be adopted: 1. Sow early. Before and after the Spring Festival, when the temperature is high and the local surface frost is about 6 cm deep, you can seize the opportunity to sow. In the future, when the temperature changes alternately, wheat seeds will germinate through vernalization and generally mature in time. 2. Before sowing, treat the germinated seeds at low temperature of 0 ~ 5℃ 10 ~ 25 days, and then sow. Pay attention to the ventilation of seeds during cold treatment, and it is not advisable to wrap them too tightly with airtight things such as plastic sheets, because the breathing intensity of seeds increases after germination. Third, understand the growth characteristics of spring wheat 1. The growth period is short, and it takes about 90 days from sowing to harvesting of spring wheat. 2. The vegetative growth period is short, the spring sowing temperature of spring wheat is from low to high, and the sunshine is from short to long. Through vernalization period, it will soon enter the light period, and it will take about 20 days from seedling emergence to single ridge period. 3. The tillering period is short, and the time from emergence to jointing is very short, with few tillers and low tillering rate. 4. The root system is shallow and weak, and it is prone to premature aging due to lack of fertilizer and water in the later stage. 5. Ear differentiation is early. Generally, 4 leaves enter the two-edged stage, and 5 leaves differentiate. Key points of spring wheat cultivation techniques 1. Before sowing, apply the fertilizer strip to the ground 9 cm deep, and then sow it to a depth of 3 ~ 4 cm. When the nutrients of wheat grains are exhausted in the three-leaf stage, the fertilizer is just supplied. 2. Apply foot fat. If preparations are made before winter, 2000 kg of organic fertilizer, 2000 kg of ammonium phosphate 15 kg of urea 15 kg will be uniformly applied to the field, and ploughing will be carried out immediately, so that it will be "rich in the belly" and the ploughing depth will reach 20-25 cm. Do not make any preparations before winter, and apply 30 ~ 50kg of standard nitrogen fertilizer, 30 ~ 50kg of standard phosphorus fertilizer and appropriate amount of potassium fertilizer and microelement fertilizer per mu. 3. Broadcast in advance and narrow the line spacing. The earlier spring wheat is sown, the better. Wheat has good frost resistance in vernalization stage, and generally there will be no frost damage. Spring wheat has fewer tillers and smaller individuals, and higher yield can be obtained by close planting. Generally, the row spacing is about 17 cm, or large and small rows, with large rows of 20 cm and small rows of 13 ~ 15 cm. The sowing amount depends on the 1000-grain weight, germination rate and the number of ears per mu. Generally, the number of ears per mu is about 350 thousand, so the sowing amount is about 20 kilograms. If the soil fertility is poor or the soil moisture is poor, the sowing amount can be increased appropriately. 4. Early management. The endosperm nutrients of spring wheat are exhausted in the 3-leaf stage, and also in the ear differentiation and tillering stage, which requires a lot of nutrients. In spring, there is little rain, the wheat seedlings can't cover the ground, the ground is bare, and the soil moisture runs fast. Therefore, the management of spring wheat should be topdressing and irrigation early to promote early tillering. The two leaves are watered with one heart, and 35 ~ 40 kg ammonium bicarbonate or 0/5 kg urea/kloc is applied in combination with the water with poor soil fertility, and fertilization is postponed until jointing stage when the soil fertility is good. In principle, the top water should be followed by the second water with an interval of 10 ~ 15 days. After the second watering, water it slowly for the third time. The third watering should generally be formed in the second internode, and it should be carried out after the ineffective tiller dies. 5. Backwash the slurry. When grouting, be careful not to water in rainy and windy days to prevent wheat from lodging. After the wheat blooms, water is poured every 15 days or so. 6. Pay attention to insect prevention. Because spring wheat stems and leaves are tender than winter branches, they are more vulnerable to pests and diseases. Therefore, spring wheat should strengthen pest control more than winter wheat. (Wang Jinlong Sade Mountain, Crop Research Institute, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences) Excerpted from Hebei Science and Technology News: Spring Wheat 1 High-yield Cultivation Techniques. Soil preparation, soil preparation, and application of agricultural fertilizer (1) for soil preparation: In order to ensure the top sowing and seedling protection in early spring, all the wheat fields should be applied with agricultural fertilizer before winter, raked, trimmed, moist and free of weeds. (2) Border preparation: For irrigated land, the drainage system should be well matched, and the border should be well prepared for irrigation. Generally, the width of the boundary is 1.2- 1.3m and the length is 20-40m. The width and length of the border surface should be determined according to the topography and the degree of land leveling to ensure uniform and convenient irrigation. (3) Apply sufficient agricultural fertilizer. Apply more than 3000 kilograms of high-quality agricultural fertilizer per mu, rake it evenly and continuously border it. (3) Winter irrigation: During the winter solstice and light snow, about 80 cubic meters of water is irrigated per mu, and the water content of the upper soil reaches 17- 18%, and the water content of the lower soil reaches 20%. 2. Select improved varieties and do a good job in seed treatment. ① Selecting dwarf lodging-resistant varieties for irrigated land; Select drought-tolerant varieties in dry land. (2) Seed selection: winnowing and screening, or selecting seeds with salt water (18-20%) and muddy water (after selecting seeds with salt water, wash them with water for 2-3 times, and then dry them in the shade to sow). (3) seed drying: 7- 10 days before sowing, and 2-3 days in sunny days. Sundrying seeds can reduce pests and diseases, improve germination rate and enhance germination potential. ④ Seed dressing with chemicals to prevent diseases and insect pests ⑤ Germination test. 3. Sow in time to improve the quality of spring wheat. ① The suitable sowing date of spring wheat in our province is generally March 10 ~ 25. When the soil freezes 5 cm, you can sow. In the year when the temperature rises late, we should seize the origin of the temperature rise and grab the seeds before the cold current comes, and it is best not to plant April wheat. ② Determine the sowing amount. No less than 400,000-450,000 seedlings are protected in irrigated land, about 350,000 seedlings in dry land, and about 20-22 kilograms of seeds are used per mu. ③ Improve sowing quality and ensure reasonable density. The row spacing is 25-20cm, and the sowing depth is 3-4cm. Pick should be ditched to prevent ditching with different depths, prevent ditching from being too deep, and ensure the row spacing; Machine sowing should ensure a certain sowing width. No matter which ditching method is adopted, the ditching should be straight, deep and shallow, the sowing should be even and the soil should be tightly covered. After sowing, we should suppress it in time and strive for Miao rights, Miao Qi and Miao Zhuang. 4. Scientifically fertilize soil preparation without fertilization, and apply high-quality agricultural fertilizer 1000 kg when sowing. Apply 10- 15 kg of diammonium or 25-30 kg of compound fertilizer containing nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and various trace elements per mu. 1 heart 2 leaves with 50-60 kg nitrogen; Topdressing nitrogen fertilizer at booting stage 10- 15 kg. Spraying fertilizer on leaves from booting stage to flowering stage has obvious effects on prolonging leaf function, promoting early maturity and increasing grain weight. 0.2-0.3% of dipotassium phosphate or 1% of urea. Use 50 kilograms of fertilizer solution per mu and spray it 1-3 times. 5. Irrigate spring wheat in time. In arid areas, in some dry years in April and June, irrigation conditions should be well irrigated with high-yield water. Generally, it needs to be irrigated 4-5 times. The first water is early (2-leaf stage), the second water is clever (water saving), the third water and the fourth water are indispensable (booting stage and filling stage), and the yellow leaves of wheat should be mastered well. Irrigation at (1)2-leaf stage: When 2 leaves 1 kernel, young spike differentiation of wheat began, and rapid accumulation of fertilizer and water increased. Combining topdressing with irrigation can promote large panicle and lay a foundation for high yield. (2) jointing and water saving: the jointing stage of wheat is the floret differentiation stage, which determines the number of grains per spike. However, if the elongation between the first and second internodes of wheat is not fixed, flooding will easily cause the basal internodes to be too long, resulting in lodging. Therefore, when pulling water, you should irrigate it skillfully. If the plants are strong, the soil is fertile and the water content is good, there is no need for irrigation or less irrigation. Irrigation must be light, or delayed for 2-3 days. (3) Water content at booting stage: booting stage is the stage of differentiation and formation of male and female stamens in wheat. Timely irrigation can make it develop healthily, improve the seed setting rate and increase the number of grains per ear. (4) Filling water: it can prevent the upper leaves of wheat from withering prematurely, enhance the ability to resist dry wind and increase the 1000-grain weight of grains. (5) Wheat Yellow Water: Wheat is about to mature, which is in the high temperature season. Irrigation can improve field microclimate, increase soil and air humidity, and avoid high temperature ripening. After wheat heading, the center of gravity rises, the lodging resistance is weakened, and improper irrigation is easy to cause lodging. So pay attention to the amount of water after heading, and don't irrigate in windy days. 6. Strengthen field management (1): When the wheat seedlings grow to 2-4 leaves, loosen the soil horizontally 1-2 times with a depth of 2-2.5 cm. Wheat fields with poor soil preparation quality, many clods and high soil moisture are not suitable for growing wheat. (2) Pressing green seedlings to promote tillering: Pressing wheat seedlings can improve soil moisture and drought resistance, promote rooting and tillering, and prevent seedling loss. When the wheat grows to 2-3 leaves, step or press the green seedling 1-2 times. However, plots with weak seedlings and wet soil cannot be pressed against small seedlings. (3) chemical weeding and pest control; (4) Spraying Chlormequat chloride: In order to prevent lodging, 120g Chlormequat chloride should be used in wheat fields with high density or tendency to grow in vain, or varieties with poor lodging resistance, and 50 kg water should be sprayed. When the wheat seedlings have 3-4 leaves, the spraying effect is the best at the end of tillering and jointing stage. (5) Drainage: If there is too much rain after wheat filling and before maturity, the accumulated water in the field should be drained in time to prevent the roots from dying prematurely due to lack of oxygen. 7. The best time for timely harvest of wheat is wax ripening, when the dry matter accumulation of wheat grains is the largest and the quality of processed flour is the best. At the wax ripening stage of wheat, the ears of wheat turn yellow, the grains are full and pulpy, and the water content is about 16- 18%. At present, the wheat harvest is late in most places, and the nutrients of wheat grains return to the straw, which becomes soft and easy to fall, resulting in reduced production and affecting wheat quality. At the same time, the wheat harvest season is in the rainy season, and the wheat harvest should be harvested and threshed in time. Clear the wheat field, but also strive for farming time, grab the next crop.