The Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were one of the golden periods of great changes and development in China's history, which wrote a glorious chapter in human history. During this period, Qi was the most dynamic country, maintaining political clarity, active thinking and economic prosperity for a long time, becoming the first of the "Five Overlords in the Spring and Autumn Period" and the first of the "Seven Heroes in the Warring States Period". From the perspective of world history, Qi and ancient Greece are at the same stage, and they are two bright pearls in the ancient world. Throughout the historical records, the reasons for the prosperity of Qi are mainly manifested in five aspects.
Three aspects. Chenjunming county
The heyday of Qi was mainly in the period of,,, and administration. During these periods, the political situation of Qi appeared.
Jiang Taigong was the founding strategist of Zhou Dynasty and the founder of Qi hegemony. He is a politician and strategist with both wisdom and courage. According to history, Zhou Xing said, "There are three points in the world, two minutes in the week, and there are many plans for the squire"; King Wu founded the country, "the teacher is still the father and seeks the majority." Therefore, "the words of later generations and the yin force of Zhou are all based on the plan of Taigong ("Historical Records of Zhou Benji "). After Zhou Wuwang destroyed the business, he awarded the hero counselor, "The title is still in the camp, and it is neat. "(ibid.). The history book says, "Taigong went to the country to repair politics, because of its vulgarity, simplicity and courtesy, industry and commerce benefited from fish and salt, and the people returned to Qi, making Qi a big country." (Historical Records Qi Taigong Family) The foundation of Qi's hegemony was thus laid.
His talent made Qi the first of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period. He took Guan Zhong, who had killed himself, as a photo and became a historical story. Guan Zhong used to be Miyako's teacher. In the process of Gong Zijiu and Qi Huangong (son Xiaobai) competing for the throne, Guan Zhong once shot Qi Huangong with an arrow. After he ascended the throne, Guan Zhong was appointed Prime Minister at the suggestion of Minister Bao, and entrusted with an important task. During his tenure as prime minister, Guan Zhong showed gratitude and made great achievements. He "connected the soldiers of five families", "set the interests of fish and salt" and "hoped for poverty and recorded talents, and everyone was happy." History says that "Guan Zhong used it, but unified it, but dominated it, and nine kings ruled the world together, and Guan Zhong's plan was also" (Historical Records, Qi Taigong Family).
Qi Jinggong is a renaissance master after Qi Huangong. The reasons for the revival are as follows: firstly, Gong Jing was more enlightened and better at persuasion; The second is the appointment of Yan Ying. Yan Ying was the prime minister of three monarchs, namely Qi Linggong, Qi Zhuanggong and Qi Jinggong, and was in power for more than 50 years. Yan Ying often "offends your face" by giving advice to you. Yan Ying remonstrated with Qi Jinggong, with undisguised words, sharp words and best decission. When Gong Jing heard the news of Yan Ying's death, he "looked around and began to cry". When evaluating Yan Ying, Sima Qian said, "I am loyal to my thoughts, but I have made compensation for my thoughts." "I am here for Yan Zi. Although I hold a whip for it, I envy it.".
Qi Weiwang was a respected monarch of all countries during the Warring States Period. At this time, Qi was not only the strongest among the seven countries economically and militarily, but also famous for its virtue. He took Zou Ji as the phase, Tian Ji as the general and Sun Bin as the strategist. He took care of courtiers, recruited talents, and punished traitors, making Qi the "strongest vassal" ("Historical Records Tian Family"). Qi Weiwang regards talent as a treasure. When Zou Ji, the Prime Minister, met with him, he treated him with the theme of "Governing the country with harps and instruments", and Wei appreciated talents. "Zou Ji's son was impressed in March" ("Historical Records: The End of Tian Family"). Among them, Zou Ji satirized Chabr, the king of Qi, and was passed down as a historical story.
Qi Xuanwang was an accomplished monarch in the late Qi Dynasty. He was famous for accepting sages and listening to rumors. He successively took Zou Ji, Tian Ji, Sun Bin and Tian Ying as leaders, which was the primary factor of his career success. History says that "the princes are kings" when they are called kings, and "all the kings of the Three Jin Dynasties have left because Tian Ying hopes to be the king of Qi" (Historical Records Tian Wan's Home). Another characteristic of Wang Xuan is that he is good at listening to rumors and likes to argue. He listened to the opinions and suggestions of Yan Shu, Tian Guo, Wang Dou, Qiu Ju, Xiang Ju and others, and finally made Qi rule.
Although the relationship between the wise monarch and the sage is complementary, the wise monarch should be the key. Generally speaking, only a wise monarch can have a virtuous appearance, and only a British Lord can have a good minister. For example, Jiang Taigong's "Taste things, but there is no way out" lobbied the princes, but nothing happened, but he died in the west and returned to Zhou Xibo ("Historical Records Qi Taigong Family"). Another example is Yan Ying, who served the monarch for three generations. Although he worked hard, his achievements were different. There are always good ministers, but a wise monarch and an English grandfather are rare. You regard the capacity of benevolence as Britain and the principle of good judgment as Ming. I do my best to promote the good while reserving the evil. time-varying
Keeping pace with the times is an important feature of Qi history. The most prominent are three major changes.
First, Jiang Taigong's "simplicity due to customs" and "trade workers, then fish and salt". After Jiang Taigong was named the ancestor of Qi, he reported to the Duke of Zhou for five months, arguing that "politics is not simple but not easy, and the people are not close; People, people will return to it "("Historical Records and Biography of Duke Zhou of Lu "). At the same time, industry and commerce will also benefit from fish salt and adopt the nine-yard circle method. Nine-house circle method is a method that money helps industry and commerce and benefits fish and salt. History shows that Taigong first established the "Nine Mansion Circle Law" in the Zhou Dynasty and "returned to Qi". He regards the law of money as "a man who knows the art of opening a fortress, and he takes the world as a whole, which is also the main purpose of politics." Xunzi commented on this, "make full use of the circulation of wealth and goods, if there is one in the four seas." ("Tongdian Food Goods") After the reform of Taigong, "the people belong to Qi, and Qi is a big country".
Second, Qi Huangong used Guan Zhong to carry out political, economic and military reforms. First, the administrative management system was reformed. "The country thinks that there are 21 townships: the hometown of industry and commerce is six; Scholar farmer 15; There are five townships of public handsome, five townships of national handsome and five townships of high school handsome. When I served my country, I thought there were three officials, three butchers, three families, three towns, three dangers and three balances. " This reform has many advantages: by bringing people together to specialize in production and similar teaching, it is beneficial to skills; Classify the affairs so that the people will not be confused; Through the combination of military and agriculture, agriculture and war, the country is prosperous and the people are safe. Secondly, reform the system of selecting officials, and select officials at all levels through three links: township election, official election and monarch election. It advocates "judging materials, measuring energy and seeking morality", and stipulates that primary election personnel must go to their hometowns to inspect and "go back to their hometowns to see what they can do without great efforts" before they can take up their posts. Reform the tax system again, break the "forced labor tax" and levy taxes according to different land grades and products, so that "the land will decline and the people will not move." At the same time, we should reform tariffs, "close them without levying them" and encourage trade between countries, so as to "bring fish and salt from Qi to the East". These reforms enabled Qi to "accumulate wealth on the seashore with a small amount of money and make Qiang Bing rich" (Biography of Historical Records and Yan Guan).
Third, the reform of official administration in Qi Weiwang. At the beginning of Qi Weiwang's accession to the throne, he was faced with a national crisis of "all the governors were fighting together, and China was killed". He was trapped in internal and external affairs and besieged on all sides for nine years (Historical Records Tian Family). Wang Wei in order to save the country, first of all, from the bureaucracy, personally inspected bureaucracy. He sent messengers into the village, observed the wind on the spot, visited incognito, got the truth, and then rewarded them. Among them, Dr. Jimo, who is pragmatic and loves the people, is not good at fishing for fame and reputation, and has been repeatedly vilified, and was awarded a knighthood; Cook and kill the doctor who bribed and stole his name and didn't do civil affairs or national defense. And take this as an opportunity to amend the law to supervise traitors. Before Wang Wei rewards and punishments them, there is one thing worth pondering. He said to Dr. Jimo: "Since my son lives in Jimo, it will be abolished." However, I made people see Jimo, the land was opened, the people gave it, the officials left nothing, and the East was peaceful. It's my son who doesn't care about me for fame. "He said to Dr A," I have always been loyal to my son, and I have been praised more and more. "However, the fields are not cultivated and the people are poor. Before Zhao attacked Zhen, he could save him. Wei took Xue's knowledge. It is the son who pursues fame with a lot of money. "Wang Wei shocked the world through the reform of official administration." So Qi was stunned, and everyone dared not pretend to be wrong, but tried their best. Qi dazhi. The princes heard about it and dared not send troops to Qi for more than 20 years. " (Historical Records Tian Zhongjing's Family)
Keeping pace with the times is the objective requirement of the development and change of things. The law has been harmful for a long time. Everything comes from variation, change is meaningful, and the general rule is long. Only in this way can we achieve spiral development. Change and innovation are twins. Without change, there is no innovation, and without innovation, there is no change. Change and innovation are both ways of things' development and movement, and the soul of a nation's development and survival. Value the people and be pragmatic
The practicality of Qi administration is mainly reflected in the measures of governing the country, such as "according to the people's customs", "valuing the people" and "enriching the people before governing the country".
The first is "because of folk customs". Jiang Taigong's "industry and commerce must have the benefits of fish and salt" and "persuading women workers to perform unique skills" is precisely because he pays attention to "folk customs" in order to give full play to the advantages of Qi's geographical location and folk customs. This is one of the main reasons why "the people belong to Qi State and Qi State is a big country". The success of Qi Huangong and Guan Zhong's reform is also due to their adherence to the principles of "following people's desires according to the customs" and "following the customs and rejoicing, following the customs and hating". The history book says: "Guan Zhong is also in this position, ... he gives whatever the people want; If you don't do what is vulgar, you will die ",and" humble and easy to do "(Biography of Historical Records and Yan Guan).
Secondly, "people-oriented". The first thing is to pay attention to the cultivation of people. Emphasize that the way to make money is not to miss the four seasons and not to seize people's rights; Take it moderately and use it moderately, which is the way to use money. Guan Zhong's famous saying is that "the land sometimes makes money, and the people are tired and hard", "Take a measure from the people and use it for the people once. Although the country is small, it will be safe. Take it from the people and use it inexhaustible. Although the country is big, it will be in danger "("Pipe Repair "and" National Reserve "). The second is to regard talents as national treasures. Regard talents as the foundation of all undertakings. For example, talk to Liang about national treasures. Liang regards pearls and jade as treasures and talents as treasures.
The third is to enrich the people first and then govern the country. Guan Zhong believes that "any way to govern the country must enrich the people first. The rich are easy to cure, but the poor are difficult to cure. " "Those who are beneficial to the country must enrich the people first and then govern the people." This is because "the country is rich and the people come from afar, and the land supports the people", "the granary knows etiquette, food and clothing honor and disgrace", "the people are rich and respect their sins", and "the people are poor and afraid of nostalgia, and they dare to bully and violate the law". Under the guidance of this thought, Qi has always adhered to the principle of putting the cart before the horse, combining agriculture with industry, and complementing industry and commerce. In particular, it emphasizes that "there is no market, and the people can't make a living", and has always adhered to the squire system and "established the benefits of fish and salt merchants" (Volume 7 of Yanzi Chunqiu).
Being close to the people and being pragmatic is the basic magic weapon to enrich the people and rejuvenate the country. The history of Qi tells us that any measures to enrich the people and rejuvenate the country must be based on attaching importance to the people and being pragmatic. Lu and Qi are enfeoffment countries at the same time. Why is Lu not among the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and the seven heroes in the Warring States Period? There may be many reasons, but "courtesy cannot stand on its own feet" and "courtesy harms the country" should be an important reason. Cultural compatibility
The basic connotation of Qi culture can be roughly summarized as: advocating reform, respecting the rule of law, attaching importance to industry and commerce, respecting academics and benefiting at the same time. It can be seen that it combines the ways of a hundred schools of thought, with both the light of pragmatism and the color of idealism, and is a collection of outstanding human thoughts. The compatibility and openness of Qi culture benefited from the two great creations of Qi State and the promotion of historical trends.
The first great creation was to combine the system of Zhou Dynasty with the customs, traditions and geography of Qi State. This combination began in Jiang Taigong and was inherited by later generations. The second pioneering work is the establishment of Xia Ji Gong Xue, which has become a fertile ground for promoting the openness and compatibility of Qi culture. Xia Ji Gong Xue was founded in Qi Huangong period and revived in Qi Xuanwang period, which lasted 1450 years. This academic and consulting center brings together hundreds of scholars from various countries, including Taoism, Legalism, Confucianism, Fame, Military Science, Agronomy, and Yin and Yang Studies. Celebrities of all factions are free to speak, debate, write books and make statements, and use words to control chaos? Lu Wei? Hello? Ben silver u faded? Noon? Hey? What about instantaneous climb and harmonic protection? Wake up with a gauze? ü? Sue? P⑾ ч？ Thumb and lips? Hey hey? Nanqun Sakura? Call? Like what? Mou? ⅲ? Hey? What's the matter with you? Forcing Moro art
The so-called historical trend promotion means that the historical trend of great changes and the era of hegemony have accelerated the openness and compatibility of Qi culture. When the pattern of Zhou kings was broken, the history of China entered the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. This is a historical period with a high rhythm of life and death, a historical period with a fast rhythm of ups and downs, a historical period in which a country cannot slack off, its monarch cannot be happy, and its ministers cannot be satisfied. In order to survive, prosper and strive for hegemony, all countries are striving for development. At that time, Qi was the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period and the champion of the Warring States Period. Whether in the process of hegemony or in order to consolidate its established position, it will promote the openness and compatibility of Qi culture in breadth and depth. It is manifested in two aspects: first, it respects the rule of law and worships ethics. Guan Zhong is a typical legalist, but he respects Confucianism and the thoughts of Mencius and Xunzi. Second, it pays attention to Wang Ba's political and livelihood skills. This openness and compatibility is the main reason why Qi became the first of the five tyrants in the Spring and Autumn Period and the first of the seven heroes in the Warring States Period.
The compatibility and openness of Qi culture not only promoted the great changes of Qi politics, economy, military, ideology and culture, but also represented the direction of social development. Practice has proved that cultural compatibility is the necessity of historical development and the objective requirement of governing the country and safeguarding the people. To manage the country and society requires the combination of etiquette and law, Wang Ba and reality, and it is against the objective law to govern the country and the people with a closed culture and a single means. Practice has proved that the trend of the times and making great efforts to govern are the driving force of open mind and the premise and means of cultural compatibility. Without openness, it is difficult to be compatible. Wang Zun Lilin
The so-called respect for the king's neighbors means respect for the Zhou room and courtesy to the ministers. This is Qi's political strategy of pursuing hegemony, aiming at seeking its own development and creating a relaxed and favorable political environment. The more heroes and sages in history, the more attention is paid to this strategy. The essence of courtesy to neighbors is to establish a United front, and the essence of respecting the king is to pursue order and orthodoxy, and to speak with confidence.
Qi's strategy of respecting the king and treating him with courtesy runs through various fields and links such as politics, economy, military affairs and diplomacy. Jiang Taigong is a master who respects the king politically. Although he once assisted King Wen and King Wu with Duke Zhou at the same time, during the regency of Duke Zhou, he was unconventional and reported to Duke Zhou for five months, while Duke Lu's son did not report to Duke Zhou for three years. Taigong used this to prove the sincerity of respecting the king. So did Qi Huangong, the first overlord in the Spring and Autumn Period. Under the political situation that Zhou Wang lost respect and the royal family declined, he always respected Zhou Wang (then King Xiang of Zhou). Twenty-three years, "Yan Jun was ordered to return to the government (the ancestor of Yan State) and pay tribute to Zhou" (Historical Records Qi Taigong Family). Qi Weiwang respected the king and preached virtue in the world. During the Wang Wei period, the Zhou Dynasty declined further, and the governors did not go to the dynasty. However, Wang Wei is unique, and Zhou in the Western Zhou Dynasty is called a saint in the world.
The so-called vassal ceremony is to have a good relationship with the vassal. According to historical records, Qi Huangong "worried about the world's princes" and helped neighboring countries in times of political, economic and military difficulties, or sent troops, or made money, or ceded land, or sent missions, "to capture princes for profit, make them believe and show their martial arts", so many princes "believed in their benevolence for profit and feared their martial arts" (Chyi Yu, the official language). The other two proprieties belong to Guan Zhong and Yan Ying. Guan Zhong suggested that Qi Huangong "pro-neighboring countries", and the measures were "reviewing our battlefield, but invading our country; It's not its funding, but its government; The most important thing is leather coins (money and gifts), so that you can suddenly hire a prince (visit each other) and keep your neighbors safe, and then the neighbors will kiss me. " Yan Ying is not only a saint, but also a famous diplomat. In North Korea, he advised the monarch to be polite to his neighbors. Visit, don't insult life. His deeds are mostly contained in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Yan Zi.