(7) Long summer
On May 5th of the Gregorian calendar every year, the long summer is located at 45 degrees of the yellow meridian of the sun. "Summer" originally meant "big". Everything grew up here, hence the name Long Summer. People are used to taking the long summer as long summer. At this time, the temperature rises obviously, the summer heat is coming, thunderstorms increase, and plants enter the peak season, which is an important solar term. After the long summer, the average temperature in most areas can reach about 65438 08℃, and the highest temperature can reach above 35℃.
The third class of Changxia is: "Isophon; Second, wait for the earthworm to appear; Wait for Wang Guasheng. " That is to say, in this solar term, first of all, you can hear the crotchers chirping (frogs), and then you can see earthworms digging in the soil, and then the vines of melon begin to climb and grow rapidly.
(8) Xiaoman
Every year on May 2 1 day of the Gregorian calendar, it is full at 60 degrees of the yellow meridian of the sun. Since Xiaoman, summer crops such as barley and winter wheat have borne fruit and full seeds, but they are not yet mature, so they are called Xiaoman. In ancient times, there was a proverb that "a big fall is full, and a small fall is full". "Falling" means rain. The more rain, the greater the future harvest. This solar term is in Jiangnan. The average temperature is about 22℃, and the highest temperature can reach above 35℃. This solar term is abundant in rain, sunshine and temperature, which is beneficial to wheat filling and spring sowing crop growth. However, in some years, there is little precipitation and frequent dry and hot winds, which is very unfavorable to crop growth, especially wheat filling. Sometimes strong winds are accompanied by thunderstorms.
Xiaoman third class: "A bitter vegetable show; Second, waiting for grass to die; When the autumn wheat arrives. " In other words, in the Xiaoman solar term, you can first see that bitter vegetables are lush and edible. Then some grass with soft branches in the shade began to die in the strong sunlight, and then the wheat was ripe and ready for harvesting.
(9) Miscanthus
It is located at 75 degrees of the yellow meridian of the sun, which is about June 5 of the Gregorian calendar. It means that crops with awns (mainly wheat) begin to mature and harvest, which is also the sowing season of summer crops. At this time, it is most suitable for sowing grain crops with awns, such as late rice, millet and millet. At this time, it has entered a typical summer, and farming is bounded by this season. After this solar term, the survival rate of crops is getting lower and lower. That's what the agricultural proverb "busy planting" says.
The third phase of the summer heat is: "When the wind is warm; Second, wait for crickets to live in space; The third waiting eagle began to crow. " It means that in the summer solar term, there is no cool wind on the earth, and all winds carry heat waves. The words describing crickets in the Book of Songs in July are "Wild July, August, September at home, October in bed." The August mentioned in this article is the June of the summer calendar, that is, the summer solar terms. Because of the hot weather at this time, the crickets left the hot fields and went to the corner of the courtyard for the summer. In this solar term, you can see eagles flying in the sky to practice their tactics. That is to say, eagles are in the cool high air movement because the ground temperature is too high.
Before and after heading sowing, the rainfall in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River in Central China increased, the temperature rose, the air was very humid, the weather was extremely hot, and all kinds of utensils and clothes were prone to mildew. Generally speaking, this period is called rainy season, because it is the time when plums turn yellow and mature, so it is also called rainy day or Huang Meiyu. The rainy season lasts about a month, and the number of rainy seasons is of great significance to the harvest of grain, so it is highly valued by the people.
(10) Summer solstice
At 90 degrees of the sun's longitude, around June 2 1 in Gregorian calendar. "Summer solstice" is the highest point of the anode as its name implies. Summer is when the sun is strong, and the shade is second. The so-called "life-and-death struggle between Yin and Yang" season means that creatures who like Yin begin to reproduce, while those who like Yang will gradually die. From the summer solstice to the hot season, everything in the world grows most vigorously at this time. Therefore, in ancient times, this day was called the northern solstice, which meant that the sun moved to the northernmost day. After the summer solstice, the sun gradually moves southward, and the days in the northern hemisphere become shorter and the nights become longer. From the solstice of summer, the temperature in China began to enter the hottest stage. Due to the strong convection and small rainfall range in some areas from summer to the future, there is a saying that "summer rain divides fields".
The three stages of the summer solstice are: "Antlers will be released; Second, wait for cicadas to start singing; Third-class Pinellia ternata. " Although Mi and Lu belong to the same family, the ancients thought they belonged to Yin and Yang. The deer's horn faces forward, so it belongs to Yang. On the solstice of summer, Yin Qi was born, and Yang Qi began to decline, so the front antlers began to fall off. Because mi is cloudy, it falls in the corner of the winter solstice. The second cicada began to sing, which wrote the ancient "Xun". There are many kinds of cicadas, such as good cicada (colorful cicada), big cicada in Tang Dynasty, cold cicada (autumn song) and Xia Chan (summer song). Xia Chan is also called cicada, and the male cicada flaps its wings from summer to the future. Pinellia ternata, born on the solstice of the third summer, is a shade-loving herb, named after being born in swamps or paddy fields in midsummer, and is also a negative plant. It can be seen that in the hot summer, some yin-loving creatures began to appear, while positive creatures began to decline.
(1 1) Slight summer heat
It is at the longitude of the sun 105 degrees, that is, around July 7 of the Gregorian calendar. At this time, the weather is hot, but it has not yet reached the extreme, so it is called "small summer heat". In the light summer, it is already shaded by trees, and the feeling of heat is gradually coming up. The highest temperature can reach above 40℃. Little summer is the solar term with the most precipitation in the whole year, and there will be heavy rain, lightning and hail. The agricultural proverb "Big summer and small summer will kill mice" means that there is a lot of rainfall during this period.
The three stages of mango seeds are: "When mantis is born; Second, migratory birds began to sing; The third-class tongue is silent. " That is to say, in this solar term, the eggs laid by mantis in late autumn last year, because they felt the birth of Yin Qi, broke their shells and gave birth to little mantis. Then shrike, who likes shade, began to appear on the branches and sing in the shade. On the contrary, mockingbirds, who can learn from the songs of other birds, stop singing because they feel the appearance of Yin Qi. It can be seen that in our traditional philosophical theory, everything in the world is considered to be prosperous for a long time. When the weather is hot, it is also the time when Yin Qi was born.
Major Heat
It is at the longitude of the sun 120 degrees, that is, around July 22 of the Gregorian calendar. The great summer heat is the hottest solar term in a year, even hotter than the small summer heat, so it is called the great summer heat. At this time, before and after the dog days, high temperature weather above 40℃ often occurs in many places in the Yangtze River Basin. In this hot season, heatstroke prevention and cooling can not be ignored. There is a lot of rain in this solar term, and the proverb says, "A little summer heat, a big summer heat, drowns mice."
The third phase of the Great Summer is: "A rotten grass is a firefly; Second, wait for the soil to moisten and cool off the heat; It will be fine when it rains. " There are more than 2000 kinds of fireflies in the world, which are divided into aquatic and terrestrial. Terrestrial fireflies lay eggs on hay. In summer, fireflies ovulate, so the ancients thought fireflies were made of rotten grass. The shortest riddle in a dream of red mansions is "flower", and the answer is "firefly", which means "grass becomes firefly". The second weather is that the weather becomes sultry and the land is wet. The third kind of weather is frequent thunderstorm, which weakens the heat and humidity, and the weather begins to transition to beginning of autumn.
3. Climatic characteristics of six solar terms in autumn
In beginning of autumn, summer heat, white dew, autumnal equinox, cold dew and first frost are all in autumn. In autumn, the climate changes from hot to cool, and it enters the transitional stage of "Yang disappears and Yin grows". During this period, the characteristics of each solar term are described as follows:
Beginning of autumn.
August 7 or 8 in the Gregorian calendar, 135 degrees. "Li" means beginning, and beginning of autumn is a symbol of the beginning of autumn. The crops are almost ripe at this time.
Beginning of autumn means that the grain is beginning to ripen. From this day on, it began to enter autumn. Autumn is crisp, the moon is bright and the wind is clear, and the temperature drops gradually from the hottest. There is a proverb: "beginning of autumn is cool", that is to say, the beginning of autumn is the beginning of the cool season. At this time, the sultry weather in summer is gone forever, and people no longer feel sultry. Although the weather is still hot, the hot weather called "autumn tiger" is different from the dull summer heat.
Beginning of autumn's third class is: "When the cool breeze comes; Second, wait for the white deer to be born; Third-class chilling. " This means that after beginning of autumn, people will feel cool when it is windy, and the wind at this time is different from the hot air in summer. Then, there will be fog on the ground in the morning, and cicadas will begin to sing in autumn when they feel gloomy.
scorching summer sun
It is August 23rd or 24th of Gregorian calendar, at 150 degrees. "Chu" means hiding, ending, and the second time. The hot summer means that the hot summer is about to pass and will soon hide; It also contains the meaning of hot climate in autumn and summer, second only to summer, commonly known as "autumn tiger"
Gu Tieqing, the author of Jia Qinglu, described the summer heat: "After the summer heat, the weather is still gloomy, and it will take about 18 days to cool down;" As the saying goes, eighteen pots of summer heat means eighteen days of bathing. "This means that after the summer heat, you will have to sweat for about 18 days.
The three waiting periods in summer are: "One waiting for the eagle as a sacrificial bird; Second, wait for the beginning of heaven and earth; Three Hou Wonaideng. " In this solar term, eagles began to hunt birds in large numbers and display them as sacrifices before eating. Then everything between heaven and earth began to wither and filled with cold air. In ancient times, there was a saying of "autumn decision", that is, to execute the death penalty in order to adapt to the cold of heaven and earth. Lu Chunqiu said, "Heaven and earth cannot win." That is to warn people that autumn is a season of convergence, and there is no arrogance and extravagance. The third term "Henaideng" refers to millet, millet, rice and sorghum crops, and "Deng" means maturity.
(15) Millennium
It is on September 8 or 9 of the Gregorian calendar, at 165 degrees. At this time, the crops are about to mature, the "autumn tiger" will also die, and the climate will turn cold. The temperature difference in the morning, middle and evening of a day will change greatly, and it will be cool in the morning and evening and hot at noon. Because the temperature drops rapidly, the temperature has reached the condition of white dew at night, so the dew condenses more and more heavily, showing the shape of white dew, hence the name.
White dew three waiting: "Hongyan comes; Second, wait for the bird to return; Three waiting birds raise shame. " In other words, this solar term is the time when migratory birds such as Hongyan and Swallow fly south to avoid the cold, and hundreds of birds begin to reserve dried fruit food for the winter. It can be seen that the Millennium is actually a symbol of cold weather.
(16) autumnal equinox
Gregorian calendar on September 23rd or 24th at 180 degrees. At this time, the sun is facing the equator, that is, at the intersection of the yellow equator, and the day and night are equally divided, so it is called the autumnal equinox. It is a solar term for the mature harvest of crops. Due to the cold weather in the northern hemisphere, migratory birds, such as geese, swallows and cuckoos, began to fly in droves from the gradually cold north to the south.
After the autumnal equinox, the daily precipitation is not very large, and the probability of heavy rain and heavy rain is very small, but the number of precipitation increases. It is "one autumn rain and one cold, and ten autumn rains wear cotton well."
The three stages of the autumnal equinox are: "Wait for the thunder to stop; Second, wait for scorpion blank households; Wait until the water is dry. " The ancients thought that it thundered because the yang was strong and the yin began to flourish after the autumnal equinox, so it stopped thundering. The word "blank" in the second stage means fine soil, that is to say, due to the cold weather, dormant insects began to hide in caves and sealed the hole with fine soil to prevent the cold from invading. "Water begins to dry up" means that the rainfall begins to decrease at this time. Due to the dry weather, the water vapor evaporates quickly, the water volume of lakes and rivers decreases, and some swamps and puddles are in a dry state.
(17) cold dew
It's at1October 9th 10 or Gregorian calendar 10, and it's at longitude 195 degrees. At this time, the temperature is low, there is more dew, and the climate gradually turns cold from the cool in mid-autumn, and there is the possibility of freezing dew, which is more obvious in the morning and evening, so it is called cold dew.
After the white dew, the weather turned cold and dew began to appear. When the dew is cold, there is much dew and the temperature is low. So some people say that cold is dew, white first and then cold, indicating that the climate is getting cold. Frost will appear in some parts of our country at this time. It's late autumn in the north, with white clouds and red leaves and occasional early frost. Autumn is getting stronger in the south, and cicadas are dying. Because there are few cloudy days and plenty of sunshine at this time, it is the solar term with the largest sunshine rate in the whole year, and it is known as the crisp autumn.
Cold dew three waiting: "Hou Hongyan guest; The second waiting sparrow is a clam; Three chrysanthemums have yellow flowers. In this solar term, geese move southward in a line or herringbone. The "flood" in the second season refers to the sea. In ancient times, it was said that clam shells by the sea were made by three kinds of birds diving into the water. In the cold late autumn, all the birds disappeared. The ancients saw a large number of clams suddenly appearing on the seashore. The stripes and colors of shells were similar to those of birds, and they thought they were birds. The third stage of "Chrysanthemum begins to blossom" means that the chrysanthemum has opened in a large area at this time. The ancients thought that Jiqiu was the season of virtue and earthy yellow, so the flower of this season was Huang Juhua. Chrysanthemum is a flower with a long history in China. There is a sentence of "tolerate chrysanthemum" in Xia's September, which is the word for chrysanthemum in ancient times, indicating that chrysanthemum blooms in September.
The first frost
It is Gregorian calendar 10 year 10 on 23rd or 24th, at 2 10 degrees. At this time, the climate has gradually turned cold, with frost at night and cold in the morning, and frost began to appear. The temperature difference changes greatly during the day, and cold air often invades, which makes the temperature drop sharply.
At this time, the weather turns cold and dew condenses into frost, so it is called the first frost. The first frost is the last solar term in autumn, and it is an excessive solar term from autumn to winter. The lowest temperature can reach about 0℃.
Frost is an ice crystal formed by water vapor in the air near the ground directly condensing on the ground or plants. The color is white and the structure is loose. First frost is covered with vegetation and rocks, commonly known as frosting, and frosted vegetables are particularly delicious. We don't like frost very much in our culture. Huainanzi said: "In autumn and March, the girl is snowed, the frost is sad, the yin is condensed, and everything is sad." Therefore, the ancients also called the daughter of the deceased a legacy cream.
The third class of frost first is: "the first class is to sacrifice animals;" Second, the vegetation is yellow; Three waiting insects are salty. " This means that in this solar term, jackals will show their prey before eating, the leaves on the ground will turn yellow and fall off, and all the insects will not eat in the cave and hang their heads into hibernation.