Expert: The largest area of ginger in northern China is covered with plastic film, followed by open field cultivation, and there are small areas of medium and large arch shed cultivation.
Open field cultivation is a traditional cultivation mode, which is usually sown in long summer (early May) and harvested in the first frost (late June 65438+ 10). Due to the short frost-free period in northern China, ginger is not frost-tolerant, and the short growth period of open field cultivation is one of the important factors limiting ginger yield.
Plastic film mulching is a simple and protective cultivation method applied to ginger production in 1980s. Its advantages are that it can not only sow early, prolong the growth period and increase the yield, but also increase the temperature and humidity, inhibit the growth of weeds and reduce the number of intertillage, thus saving labor and reducing the cost. Using plastic film mulching can sow 25 ~ 30 days earlier, which is more than 20% higher than the control. The specific method is as follows: after sowing, cover the ridges on both sides of the ditch with mulch film with the width of 1.2 ~ 1.4m, borrow soil and compact the mulch film to keep the distance between the bottom of the ditch and the film at about 15cm, and cover two rows with one row of mulch film. After the seedlings are unearthed, when they come into contact with the plastic film, the seedlings are washed out. In late May, the temperature was already very high, and the plastic film was removed when the first side branch began to appear.
Generally, the seeds are sown from the end of March to the beginning of April in greenhouse cultivation, and the harvest is 5438+065438+ 10 in the first half of June. It can not only sow early, but also delay the harvest, which can further prolong the growth period of ginger, so it has greater yield-increasing potential than plastic film mulching. However, due to the large investment in facilities and the great difference in ginger prices in different years, high yield in some years can not guarantee high efficiency, so the planting area in medium and greenhouse is not large.
4. Moderator: What we are discussing today is mainly the planting of ginger covered with colored plastic film, so why should we cover with colored plastic film?
Expert: Color plastic film mulching cultivation is combined with transparent plastic film mulching, that is, black plastic film is covered on the basis of transparent plastic film mulching. Because ginger is not resistant to drought and high temperature. The main purpose of colored plastic film covering is to replace the traditional shading technology on the ground in the north. The theoretical basis of shading on the ground is that ginger always likes shading but is not resistant to strong light. However, through the research on the light requirement characteristics of ginger in recent years, it is found that ginger leaves may be inhibited by light to a certain extent under the strong light at noon, but a relatively perfect light protection mechanism has been formed in the long-term growth and development process. At present, the main function of ground shading is not only to reduce the light intensity, but also to obviously reduce the ground temperature and air temperature of plant canopy and increase the soil water content, which is more important for the growth of ginger. Therefore, after years of experiments, we have studied the technical measures of using colored plastic film instead of shading on the ground. This method is not only labor-saving, easy to operate and low in cost, but also has better cooling and moisturizing effect than above-ground shading, which can better improve the field microclimate and promote the growth and development of plants. According to statistics, using black plastic film instead of shading on the ground can reduce the cost by 80 ~ 3 10 yuan per mu, increase the yield by 8.0% ~ 30%, and significantly improve the economic benefits.
5. Moderator: What is the traditional cooling and moisturizing method in production?
Expert: The traditional method in the north is to shade the ground, that is, "shade grass", with straw, corn stalks and oak branches inserted in sparse flower columns. Usually, after sowing ginger, it is inserted into the south side (east-west ditch) or west side (north-south ditch) of ginger ditch when the soil is wet, with a height of 60 ~ 70 cm and a slight inclination to the north or east.
In the south, the method of building a shed for shade is commonly used, which is called "building a ginger shed". Generally, after the sprouts are unearthed, a shed is set up on the border, bamboo poles or small sticks with a thickness of 2 ~ 3 cm are inserted on both sides of the border, and small bamboo poles are tied horizontally at the position of 1.7 ~ 2 meters, covered with thatch or wheat straw, and then fixed with ropes.
This traditional shading method is a very complicated work, which is very labor-intensive and requires a lot of manpower and material resources every year. Moreover, with the continuous adjustment of agricultural industrialization structure and the improvement of mechanization, the cost of ground shading materials has increased year by year, and shading has gradually become one of the important factors limiting the yield of ginger and further improving its economic benefits. Therefore, we think that using colored plastic film to cover instead of traditional ground shading has a good promotion prospect.
6. Moderator: When will the colored plastic film be covered? How to cover it?
Expert: Color plastic film mulching is carried out on the basis of transparent plastic film mulching. At the beginning of May (before the emergence of ginger), a black plastic film with the same width as the transparent film was selected, covered on the original transparent plastic film, and plugged with the back of a sickle.
7. Moderator: I heard that in recent years, materials such as perforated black film and sunshade net have been gradually used for production in Jiangqu, Shandong Province. Compared with these shading methods, what are the advantages of black plastic film mulching?
Expert: Mainly to reduce costs. From the perspective of cooling and moisturizing effect, the cooling effect of black plastic film mulching is better than that of sunshade net, but slightly worse than that of perforated black film, but the moisturizing effect is obviously better than that of perforated black film and sunshade net, and the final yield is not significantly different from that of perforated black film sunshade net, but obviously higher than that of sunshade net.
8. Moderator: If you want to grow ginger well, you must know the main growth characteristics of ginger. Would you please talk about this?
Expert: OK. Ginger originated in the tropics, and has formed the characteristics of liking temperature but not cold in the process of development. The optimum temperature for plant growth is about 25℃.
Ginger is a mesophilic plant, which grows well under moderate light intensity, but different growth periods need different light intensity. The growth of ginger at seedling stage is small, and strong light is easy to cause high ground temperature and soil water shortage, so it is often characterized by short plants, twisted leaves and poor growth. But the vigorous growth period needs strong light.
Because the root system of ginger is underdeveloped, its water absorption capacity is weak and it is not tolerant to drought. Insufficient soil moisture will lead to short ginger plants, low yield, increased root fiber and poor quality. However, Jiang Ye is not tolerant of waterlogging. If the soil accumulates water, its growth and development will be hindered, which will easily lead to diseases such as ginger blast.
9. Moderator: Does ginger have any requirements for soil conditions?
Expert: Ginger has no strict requirements on soil quality. No matter sand, loam and clay can grow normally, but different soil qualities have great influence on their yield and quality. Loam is beneficial to plant growth and root system development, with high yield, especially heavy loam. In addition, ginger likes slightly acidic soil and grows well in the range of pH 5 ~ 7. Therefore, ginger planting should choose soil with deep soil layer, loose soil, rich organic matter and good ventilation and drainage, and saline-alkali waterlogged depression is not suitable for ginger planting.
10. Moderator: Does ginger need fertilizer?
Expert: Ginger is a fertilizer-loving and fertilizer-tolerant crop. Every 65,438 0.000 kg of fresh ginger absorbs about 6.34 kg of pure nitrogen, 0.57 kg of phosphorus, 9.27 kg of potassium, 65,438 0.30 kg of calcium and 65,438 0.36 kg of magnesium. Ginger absorbs most potassium, followed by nitrogen, followed by magnesium, calcium and phosphorus during the whole growth period. Ginger absorbs different nutrients at different growth stages, and the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium at seedling stage is relatively small, accounting for about 12% of the total absorption at the whole growth stage. During the vigorous growth period, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were absorbed more, accounting for about 88% of the total absorption during the whole growth period.
1 1. Moderator: Ginger is a plant vegetable, and the whole growth process is basically vegetative. How many periods should I manage in practice?
Expert: According to the growth characteristics and management differences of ginger, it can be divided into three stages: germination stage, seedling stage and vigorous growth stage.
12. Moderator: What are the growth characteristics of the three periods?
Expert: It takes about 50 days from germination to the first leaf, including two stages: accelerating germination and emergence. The germination period mainly includes bud formation, seedling formation and primary root formation. Complete germination, skin breaking and scaling before sowing. After sowing, scales continue to occur, buds elongate, and buds begin to take root at the base. At the same time, seedlings gradually emerged from the ground, the first leaf spread out quickly, and the germination period ended.
The period from the first leaf to the plant with two big branches (commonly known as "three branches") is the seedling stage, which takes about 60 ~ 70 days. The main growth parts in this period are the main stem and root system. Plant seedling growth requires strict water, so special attention should be paid to water management in cultivation.
It takes about 70 ~ 80 days from the "three branches" to the vigorous growth period of ginger. According to the different growth centers, this period can be divided into two periods: from the "three branches" to the beginning of September, it is the pre-growth period or the tree growth period. At this stage, the growth of new shoots is still dominant, and underground rhizomes have been formed, but the expansion rate is slow. After early September, the growth center shifts to rhizome, which is called the late stage of vigorous growth or rhizome expansion.
At this time, the growth on the ground is relatively slow, a large number of nutrients are transported underground, and the roots expand rapidly, which is the most important period for yield formation.
The nutrients needed for bud formation and growth in germination stage mainly come from the nutrients stored in ginger. Therefore, the quality of planting ginger and sowing quality are the main factors affecting the growth of ginger during germination. In the cultivation, it is necessary to strictly select seeds, scientifically accelerate germination, carefully sow seeds, create suitable growth conditions, and ensure that all seedlings are strong.
13. Moderator: Cultivating strong seedlings is the primary link for ginger to obtain high yield. So how to cultivate strong buds?
Expert: Cultivating strong buds includes three steps: drying ginger, selecting seeds and accelerating germination.
The first kind is dried ginger and trapped ginger. Generally, the seed ginger is taken out from the cellar 20 ~ 30 days before sowing, the soil on the ginger block is washed off, and it is spread flat on the straw mat or clean ground to dry 1 ~ 2 days, that is, "drying ginger". When the outdoor temperature is high (above 15℃), it should be carried out outdoors and brought indoors at night; When the outdoor temperature is low, it will be carried out indoors. After drying the ginger, put the planted ginger indoors for 2 ~ 3 days, and the pile of ginger is covered with grass, which is called "trapped ginger".