Franz schubert (1797- 1828)

Great Austrian composer, one of the pioneers of romantic music. At the age of eight, I began to learn violin and piano from my father and brother. 181/kloc-0 wrote his first song "Hager's Sorrow", 14 wrote his first symphony, and 17 composed Goethe's poems "Gretchen by the Spinning Wheel", "Wild Rose" and "Devil". He/kloc-completed the second and third symphonies, two mass songs, five operas and more than 40 songs at the age of 0/8. Schubert uses color changes in harmony to describe personal psychological activities in various musical genres, which is full of harmony and vitality of nature. He put the momentary reverie into the music score and turned everything he felt into a musical image, which constituted his unique romantic melody. He had a far-reaching influence on the later development of romantic music. Although he died at the age of thirty-one, he left a lot of musical wealth to future generations, especially his songs, which were called "King of Songs". A total of 14 operas, 9 symphonies, 100 choruses and 567 songs were created. Among them, the most famous ones are: unfinished symphony, symphony in C major, death and maiden quartet, trout quintet, vocal suite Beautiful Mill Girl, Winter Journey and Swan Song, and drama rosamond.

[Life Story]

First of all, the days in chorus school

Franz schubert's father is a primary school teacher in the suburb of Vienna, and his mother used to be a cook. The Schubert family is a big happy family. His first piano teacher was his brother lgnaz, who was twelve years older than him. But not long after, Franz declared that he would never learn anything new from his brother again. When he was eight years old, his father began to teach him to play the violin, but Franz soon surpassed his father. Because the child has a lovely soprano voice, his father eagerly took him to the emperor's choir. A little later, Mr. holzer, a kind teacher in the chorus school, reported that he had never taught such a student: "Whenever I want to teach him something new, I find that Franz already knows. I can only look at him in surprise and silence. " When Schubert started playing the violin with the orchestra, he immediately caught the attention of Spaun, the leader of the orchestra and the biggest boy in the school. In this way, the 20-year-old youth and the 1 1 year-old boy formed a deep friendship. Franz's family is poor. He can't afford employee paper. He told Spang that he likes composing music, and he can write a song every day as long as he has staff paper, so Spang has been providing little Franz with manuscript paper during his study.

Second, family bands.

Family life is pleasant. After his mother died, his father married a kind and lovely woman and became the children's second mother. In the evening, they often have a "family quartet": Schubert's two brothers play the first violin and the second violin, Franz plays the viola and his father plays the cello. When his father made too many mistakes, Franz would patiently say, "Father, there must be some mistakes." Franz wrote many quartets and played them at home almost before the ink dried. Schubert's quartets have always been loved by performers and listeners, perhaps because they are not written for professional musicians, but for ordinary music lovers who are willing to play.

Third, special teachers.

After Schubert left school, salieri, a famous composer and conductor who once opposed Mozart, gave him lessons for several years. Sally Ellie is too famous and too old, so she won't be as jealous of Schubert as Mozart, perhaps because she knows that Schubert may be dead when he becomes famous. Even so, when Schubert later applied for the position of organist, Sally Ellie wrote a letter of recommendation for him, but recommended another person for a higher position, so that Schubert did not reach that position. When Schubert was a student, Sally Ellie couldn't praise Schubert more: "He can write anything. He is a genius! He writes songs, mass, opera quartets, symphonies ... anything you can imagine! "

Fourth, Schubert's friend.

He has many friends, including young poets, artists, musicians and music lovers. In order to show their respect for Schubert, they formed a society called Schubert School. As long as any one of them has some money, they will have a formal dinner and go to the opera. Even if they don't have money, they can have the same happiness on crusty rolls. Sometimes they go for an outing in the countryside, sometimes they dance and play games in other people's homes and have a happy evening. They always sing or play Schubert's latest songs and waltzes. They all have nicknames. Schubert is called "Kann-er-was" because whenever this circle accepts new members, Schubert always asks, "Kann er was?" "What can he do?" Although Schubert's friends are many and loyal, they are not rich and do not occupy an important position, which is not enough to help his music become famous and improve Schubert's poor life. They did what many friends can do: they sent some songs to a music publisher, but the publisher returned them; Sometimes they will give Schubert some opportunities, such as performing some of his works in a noble's living room, but Schubert doesn't care about socializing with nobles and often runs away.

Fifth, the unfortunate musical genius.

Schubert's friends think that if they raise enough money to publish a collection of songs, the money they sell may be used to publish a second collection, and so on. The plan is going well. After only one evening concert, one hundred copies of The Devil's Music were sold. Within a few years, Schubert got a small amount of remuneration from the royalties of song printing, but there was no definite income yet. At that time, a greedy publisher was willing to give him a sum of money to buy the copyright of all his songs. It seemed that the money could be taken away at once, so Schubert accepted it without consulting his smarter friends in business. Because of his generosity and love of entertainment, his money soon ran out, and he was still as poor as before. While Rossini, an Italian, is winning unprecedented wealth and admiration from audiences all over the world with his operas, Schubert, with the encouragement of his friends, tried to do the same thing. But most people think that Italian opera was the only good opera at that time. Besides, most of Schubert's operas were written by his friends. Although those friends are good people, those stories are so lame that Schubert's musical talent can't make them succeed. After hard work and painful hopes and fears, those operas failed one after another. What people hear now is the ballet of Rosamund.

Schubert spent his second summer in Easthaji Manor, when he fell ill because of depression and poverty. Six years later, Caroline, the younger sister of the manor owner's two "good children", is already a beautiful girl of seventeen. As a music teacher, Schubert and the beautiful young students spent a lot of time walking around the manor happily, even more time in front of the piano. Their fingers say things in music that their lips will never say.

One day, Caroline asked Schubert, "Why don't you dedicate your lovely music to me?" Schubert replied, "When everything I do is dedicated to you, why should I say dedicated to you?" Maybe Caroline returned his love because she didn't get married until 16 years after Schubert's death. But a poor young music teacher, whose position is not much higher than that of a servant, is afraid to say anything to a woman with status and wealth, even if she has sweet words. Schubert can only make his heart speak through his music. It is precisely because of his love for Caroline and his happy mood when playing beside her that he has given us more and more beautiful piano duets than any other composer.

Six, die young

Schubert is a prolific composer. He sends a lot of songs to publishers, many and fast, and each song is only worth 20 cents. Therefore, although immortal works emerge one after another, Schubert can't even solve the problem of food and clothing. Once, Schubert was hungry and cold, but he was penniless. He had to walk into a restaurant and write a song on the menu. At first, the restaurant owner thought he was a beggar and wanted to drive him away. Later, when he saw the music, he knew he was a composer. So the boss took the music and gave Schubert a plate of potatoes for free. This song is the famous lullaby.

Schubert had planned to write more great works like symphonies, but he felt that he should have a deeper understanding of counterpoint. He bought some books and was about to learn from a famous teacher when he suddenly fell ill and got typhoid fever. Schubert was sent to the home of his loyal brother Ferdinand and spent his last days under his meticulous care. Schubert died on 1828 1 1 month 1 day. No other great musician died so young, and no one can do so much in such a short time. Even among Mozart's best works who died at the age of 35, many were written in the last five years of his life. If Beethoven died at the age of 3 1 like Schubert, people today will never know the name Beethoven. At the last moment of Schubert's life, he often mentioned his beloved Beethoven and said that he would like to be with Beethoven. After the death of his brother, the poor and loyal Ferdinand spent all his meager savings and bought a cemetery for Franz, close to Beethoven, the master he once worshipped. Schubert was resting there, and on his tombstone, a sentence written by one of his friends was engraved:

Music once buried a precious fortune here, but what is more precious is hope.

[melody master]

First, the king of art songs

Just as Haydn's name is closely related to symphony, Schubert's name is also closely related to the music genre of "art songs". Art songs are different from traditional folk songs or segmented songs. The latter has two or three melodies, and many lyrics or stanzas are sung in the same tune. Accompaniment in art songs not only helps the singer by filling chords and melodies, but also draws a music collection or background, making accompaniment almost as important as the singer. For example, in the song "The Devil", Schubert hinted at horses running in the wind-swept forest with thick and fluffy notes and fanatical minor bass melody. The music written for the singer conforms to every emotion in the lyrics. It shows the tone of the devil coaxing and commanding children, the anxious mood of the father riding a horse, and the tone of the frightened child crying in his father's arms. Art songs are like small musicals or stories, in which the music is always changing to adapt to the emotions expressed by the lyrics. They sound more interesting than all those old songs whose lyrics, whether happy or sad, are sung in the same tune. At the same time, it is much more difficult to learn and sing art songs. They are written more for trained singers and listeners than for many people to sing together. Therefore, art songs and traditional folk songs have their own place in music, because as long as we all like to sing together, we will sing those old and simple songs whether our voices are trained or not.

No one ever wrote so many songs, about 600, as Schubert did in his short life. From Devil, one of the original schools, to Serenade, one of the last schools, people love it. But for a long time, no one published them or sang them, because Schubert was unknown at that time and had no rich and powerful friends to support him.

Second, the birth of the "devil"

One night in April, 178 1, in Cunitz village, Thuringia, a farmer rode to Jena with a seriously ill child, and asked a doctor for treatment, but the doctor could do nothing about the disease, so the farmer had to leave with the child in his arms. The child died on horseback before he got home. Later, the poet Goethe (1749 1832) came to Cunitz, and when he heard this sad thing, he couldn't help thinking of the folklore that the fog king took the children away in the dark, and the Danish folk song "The Devil's Daughter" came to mind. Inspired by this Danish folk song, the poet linked the true story he heard with the folklore about the fog king, and wrote the famous narrative poem "The Devil" here.

18 15 One afternoon in winter, Schubert's friend Shi Baoen came to Schubert's home at Tianmen Street 10 in Vienna. He saw Schubert pacing the room with a book in his hand, reading aloud Goethe's narrative poem The Devil, and suddenly sat down and wrote a ballad. But he doesn't have a piano at home, so he can't try. So that night, Schubert took the manuscript and his friends to Conway Kurt School, where his friend Holchappfer auditioned. Even Schubert's young friends can't accept this song because of its dramatic and novel expression. When the child exclaimed "Dad, my dad" three times, three discordant voices (sophomore and junior) met together, which sounded a little harsh and everyone talked about it. Ruzizka repeatedly played these discordant sounds on the piano, defending Schubert, saying that in order to express the content of the lyrics, these sharp sounds were absolutely necessary, and they were properly used and solved naturally. Ruzizka is an admirer of Coetzee Luke (1752 18 18), Kolomai (1760 183 1) and other composers of the older generation. It is very rare to appreciate the original works of young Schubert now.

Schubert was a young man of 18 years old when he wrote The Devil. He respectfully copied a score and sent it to Goethe, but Goethe was careless and didn't even reply to a letter. It was not until his later years that Goethe heard the soprano Madame Devlyon (1804 1860) sing this song at a concert. He was so moved that he applauded warmly and burst into tears. But the composer had died at that time, and Goethe could not thank Schubert for composing for him.

3. Where is "Listen, Listen, Lark" written?

1one day in the summer of 826, Schubert and some friends returned to Vienna from Potzrendorf, passed by Willing and decided to stop and have a rest. They walked into a hotel and saw Dize (Schubert's friend) sitting in the garden of the hotel with Shakespeare's cymbeline on the table. Schubert opened it and just turned to the morning song "Listen, Listen, Lark" sung by Kloton (the son of the queen and her ex-husband) in front of the boudoir of Imogen (the daughter of the king and former queen) in the third scene of the second act. He can read god, and suddenly he shouted, "If only I had five lines of paper and such a good melody in my head!" " "His friend Doppler quickly drew five lines on the back of the menu. Soon, a wonderful song was finished.

This beautiful legend is still talked about by music lovers today. In fact, Schubert's "Listen, Listen, Lark" is written in his notebook, and other works are also written there. However, facts turn into facts, and people are still fascinated by the above legends. At the corner of Linwei gnc Street and Kere Street in the reservoir area, a hotel has been opened since 1885. There is a sign at the door that says, "Listen, listen,1the lark wrote it here on a Sunday night on July 26th, 826". There is a garden in the shop. There are seats for beer in the garden. There are also signs nailed to the tree that say "1July 26th, 826" and "Schubert". This hotel and its garden are of course designed according to the above legend.

So, where exactly did Schubert write this song? A more credible story is that when Schubert wrote this song in a moonlit room of his friend Schwend's house near Karl Church, Schwend was painting. Schubert lives next door to Schwend's house and Carl's church. Schwend is a painter and a member of the literary circle centered on Schubert. He has several paintings depicting the activities of this literary circle: one painting depicts a music gathering in Spoen's home, Schubert is playing the piano, and baritone singer vogel is singing beside him; Another painting depicts Beethoven's chorus "Fantasia" (Op.80), in which Schubert stands next to vogel, Lachner conducts, Mrs. brentano plays the piano, and Schwend plays music for her.

Fourth, Schubert, an "impostor"

/kloc-at the beginning of the 0/9th century, two musicians were called "franz schubert": one lived in Vienna, Austria, and he was the author of the Unfinished Symphony; The other lives in Dresden, Germany, and is the chief violinist of the local court band. Schubert of Dresden, up to now, almost no one knows his name except an occasional violin solo "Bees". But at that time, the author of "Unfinished Symphony" was still unknown, and the author of "Bees" was already famous. 18 17, Breitkop and Hertel Music Publishing Company in Leipzig, Germany received the manuscript of the song "Devil" from Vienna, and the author signed it "franz schubert". The publisher is puzzled: Schubert is clearly in Dresden, how can this manuscript be sent from Vienna? So I wrote to ask the violinist. The violinist lost his temper when answering. He wrote: "I was surprised to receive the letter and the attached soundtrack of Devil, saying it was my work. I didn't write this song. You must make it clear that you gave you such a poor thing in my name! " In fact, it is not in the name of being taken, nor is it an inferior product.

Five, Beethoven's final prediction

German pianist and conductor Schindler (1795 1864) is not only a close friend of Beethoven, but also a bosom friend of Schubert. /kloc-at the end of 0/826, Beethoven came home from a trip to Sendorff and was very ill. The next year, in June 5438+10, the news that the giant was dying spread all over Vienna. Schindler took advantage of the fact that he had just finished taking the medicine and his condition had improved slightly. He chose 60 Schubert songs for Beethoven. Some of these songs have been published and some are manuscripts, including: Evy Elf, Human Realm, Almighty, Young Nun, Viola and Beautiful Mill Girl. Beethoven knew little about Schubert's works at that time and was very surprised when he saw these songs. He was even more surprised when he learned that there were at least 500 similar works by Schubert. He said, "How can he have time to write such a long poem, some of which have more than a dozen paragraphs?" Beethoven also repeatedly said, "If I see this poem, I will compose it"; "Really, Schubert contains a sacred flame." Beethoven read these songs for days on end. He wanted to see Schubert's operas and piano works, but he couldn't because of his serious illness. In the last few days of Beethoven's life, he often talked about Schubert, saying that he knew Schubert and hated him late, and predicted that his concerts would shock the world. Schubert listened to these touching words, and his desire to meet the people he admired became more urgent. Schubert visited Beethoven twice on his deathbed. The first time I went with my friends, Austrian composers Anselm Xutong brenner (1794 1868) and Schindler. Schindler told Beethoven that they were coming and asked him who to let in first. Beethoven said, "Please Schubert come in first." In this meeting, Beethoven said, "Ansam, you have my Esther, but Franz has my Seele." The second time, I went with Joseph Xudun brenner and the painter Cerce. This time Beethoven was too ill to speak. They stood beside Beethoven's bed, and Beethoven felt them coming. He stared at them and made some gestures, but no one understood what the gestures meant. Schubert left the room in tears. Three weeks later, on March 26th, Beethoven died. On March 29th of the same year, Schubert attended Beethoven's funeral with a torch. The next year, Schubert also died, and he was buried next to Beethoven's grave.

Six, industrious cultivators

Schubert is a genius, but his inspiration still comes from diligence. Once, Schubert invited a friend to have coffee at home. There is only an extremely shabby coffee mill in his house. Schubert poured some coffee beans in it and ground them. Suddenly, Schubert threw away the mill and cried happily, "I've been thinking about the music for days, and it only took me a second to find it!" " This wonderful piece is the theme of his string quartet in D minor.

18 17, Schubert wrote "Trout" for a poem by German poet Schubart (1739 1), which showed his indignation at those who fish in troubled waters by deception. Schubert often watches people fishing in the suburbs of Vienna. He said, "I envy that cheerful fish. When they are caught ashore, they will be pitied. I tried to pour this feeling into the song, which is a blessing to the brilliant life and a mourning for the tragic death. " After Schubert wrote Trout, he copied four music scores and distributed them to his friends. 1865438+Late at night on February 2, 2008/kloc-0, he copied a trout and tried to suck up the ink. At that time, there was no blotting paper, but fine sand was sprinkled on the paper to absorb ink. After working hard all day, he was in a trance. He mistook the ink bottle for a bottle of sand, poured it on the paper and stained the music. This score was copied to his friend Joseph Hutton brenner, and the original is still preserved today.

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