Lesson One: The Prosperous Sui Dynasty

First, the unification of the Sui Dynasty.

1 and 58 1 years, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty established the Sui Dynasty, with Chang 'an and Luoyang as its capital. Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty was the Emperor Wen of the Sui Dynasty.

In 2.589, the Sui Dynasty destroyed Chen and the north and south were reunified.

Two. The opening of the grand canal

1. Objective: To strengthen the north-south traffic and consolidate the rule.

2. Three points: Luo Yang is the center, starting from Yuhang in the south and reaching Zhuo Jun in the north, with a total length of more than 2,000 kilometers.

Four sections: Yongji Canal, Tongji Canal, Hangou and Jiangnan River.

Significance: It has promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the north and the south of China.

Lesson 2: "The Rule of Zhenguan"

The establishment of Tang dynasty

1 year, the tyranny of Emperor Yang Di triggered a peasant uprising. In 6 18, Yang Di was killed and the Sui Dynasty perished.

In 2.6 18, Tang Dynasty was established by Li Yuan, with Chang 'an as its capital and Tang Gaozu as Li Yuan.

3. After the change of Xuanwu Gate, Li Shimin ascended the throne for Emperor Taizong.

Second, the rule of Zhenguan.

1, reason:

① Take Sui as a mirror and people as the foundation; (2) rashly developing production; ③ Diligent in politics and good at coachable; (4) get rid of graft and be clear; ⑤ Reuse talents

2. During the reign of Emperor Taizong, the social economy was prosperous, the politics was relatively clear, the society was stable, the economy developed rapidly, the national strength was gradually enhanced, and the people's living standards were improved. Historically, the rule at that time was called "the rule of chastity".

Wu Zetian is the only female emperor in the history of China. During her reign, she continued the policy of chastity, attached importance to production and selected talents. People call her rule "opening up a new era with politics and managing macro festivals".

Lesson 3: "Kaiyuan Shi Sheng"

First, "The Rule of Kaiyuan"

1. reasons: ① reuse talents; ② Clean management; ③ Advocating frugality.

Second, prosperous economy.

1, Agriculture: ① Tool improvement: Qu Yuan plough and new irrigation tool-truck.

(2) Lu Yu, the "tea god", wrote the Book of Tea, and tea production plays an important role in agriculture in the south of the Yangtze River.

2. Handicraft industry: ceramics industry: Yue kiln celadon, Xing kiln white porcelain and Tang tricolor.

3. Commerce: Metropolis in Tang Dynasty: Chang 'an, Luoyang, Yangzhou and Chengdu.

The Anshi Rebellion was the turning point of the Tang Dynasty from prosperity to decline. In 907, the Tang Dynasty perished.

Lesson Four: Establishment of Imperial Examination System

First, the birth of the imperial examination system

1, Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty began to select officials by means of subject examination, and the imperial examination system was born. When Yang Di established the imperial examination, the imperial examination system in China was formally born.

Second, the imperial examination system is perfect.

1. In the Tang Dynasty, there were many permanent examination subjects, among which Jinshi and Mingjing were the most important.

2. Emperor Taizong: ① greatly expanded the scale of Chinese studies; 3. During the reign of Wu Zetian: ① The imperial examination system was established; (2) setting up martial arts; 4. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty: ① Poetry and prose fu became the main examination content of Jinshi.

Third, the influence of the imperial examination system.

1, the imperial examination system has improved the employment system, enabling low-ranking scholars to learn to be officials according to their abilities. 2. The imperial examination system promoted the development of education. 3. The imperial examination system promoted the development of literature and art. 4. The imperial examination system lasted for 1300 years in the feudal society of China, and it was not abolished until the late Qing Dynasty.

Lesson 5: "Family Harmony"

1. In today's Xinjiang region, the Tang Dynasty successively established the Anxi Dufu and the Beiting Dufu, which became the highest administrative and military institutions to manage the western regions.

Second, the relationship between Tang and Tubo

1 and 64 1 years, Princess Wencheng and Songzan Gambu became close friends, which promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between the two sides.

At the beginning of the 8th century, Princess Jincheng married Kridê Zukzain, and Tang Fan was a family.

Three. Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty: Huiren Khan, the leader of Uighur, the king of Bohai County, and the king of Yunnan, the leader of Nanzhao.

Lesson 6: Friendly exchanges with foreign countries

First, the relationship between Tang and Japan

1, Japan has sent 10 batches of Tang envoys to China for study and visit.

2. The influence of the Tang Dynasty on Japanese culture:

(1) Follow the example of the Tang Dynasty to carry out political reform.

(2) refer to Chinese characters and create Japanese Chinese characters.

③ Learn from China in social customs.

3. During the reign of Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, Jian Zhen successfully crossed Japan through six efforts, which promoted the cultural exchange and development between China and Japan.

Third, the relationship between Tang and Silla

1. Trade: Silla products ranked first in the imports of the Tang Dynasty.

4. Xuanzang's Journey to the West: During the Zhenguan period of Emperor Taizong, Xuanzang traveled to Tianzhu and retrieved a large number of Buddhist scriptures. His book "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" is an important work to study the history and Buddhism of Central Asia, Indian Peninsula and Xinjiang.

Lesson 7: Brilliant Sui and Tang Culture (1)

I. Architecture

1. Architectural features of Sui and Tang Dynasties: large scale, vigorous momentum, neat but not rigid, gorgeous but not exquisite.

2. Representative: ① Zhao Zhouqiao designed and built by Li Chun in Sui Dynasty: it is the oldest stone arch bridge in the world; ② Chang 'an, Tang Dou: it was the largest city in the world at that time; (3) Daming Palace contains Yuan: magnificent.

Second, science and technology.

1. During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, woodcut printing was invented. The Diamond Sutra in Tang Dynasty is the earliest woodcut printing with exact date in the world. In the Tang Dynasty, Sun Simiao, the drug king, wrote Qian Jin Fang.

Third, poetry.

1, the characteristics of Tang poetry: rich in content, diverse in style and brilliant.

2. Li Bai, a poet in the prosperous Tang Dynasty, was called "Poet Fairy". His representative works include "The First Making of Baidicheng" and "Difficult Road to Shu". Poetry features: bold and unrestrained, fresh and elegant.

3. Du Fu was a poet who rose from prosperity to decline in the Tang Dynasty, and was known as a "poet saint". His representative works include Three Officials and Three Partings. His poems are characterized by bold and vigorous, gloomy and sad.

4. Bai Juyi, a poet in the Middle Tang Dynasty: His representative works are Qin Zhongyin and New Yuefu, which are characterized by poems that are straightforward and easy to understand.

Lesson 8: Brilliant Sui and Tang Culture (2)

First, calligraphy and painting

3. Calligrapher of the Tang Dynasty: ② Yan Zhenqing, whose masterpiece is "The Monument to Yan's Family Temple", is characterized by being bold and honest, and is called "Yan Ti".

(3) Liu Gongquan, as the representative of Mysterious Tower Monument, is characterized by graceful square folding and strong bones, and has its own "Liu style".

Painters in the Tang Dynasty: ① Yan in the Tang Dynasty was good at drawing characters' stories, with both characters and characters. His representative works included Statues of Emperors in Past Dynasties and Walking Maps; (2) Wu Daozi in the Tang Dynasty, known as the "sage of painting", created a great freehand brushwork for later generations, and his masterpiece is Born of Gautama Buddha.

2. Dunhuang Mogao Grottoes: Also known as Thousand Buddha Caves, most of them were excavated during the Sui and Tang Dynasties. It is one of the greatest art treasures in the world.

Third, the characteristics of music and dance in Sui and Tang Dynasties: magnificent, diverse in style, beautiful in harmony, sonorous and enthusiastic, and prosperous. Music of the King of Qin, Colorful Feathers and Hu Xuan Dance.

Lesson 9: the era of coexistence of state power

One? The establishment of state power

Time capital, founder of political power and country

During the Sui and Tang Dynasties, Bao Ji, a native of Liao Qidan, went to Beijing.

Zhao Kuangyin in the Northern Song Dynasty and Tokyo in 960.

Xixia Tangut Yuan Hao165438+Celebrations in the Early 20th Century

Jin Nvzhen Yan Hong A Gu Da 65438+ Huining in early 2002

Nansonggou 1 127 Lin 'an.

Lesson 10: the economic center of gravity moves south

First, the development of agriculture in South China

1, the performance of agricultural development: ① Zhancheng rice was introduced from Vietnam in the Northern Song Dynasty and popularized in Jiangnan; "Suzhou and Huzhou are ripe, which reflects the high yield of Suzhou and Huzhou. (2) Cotton planting expanded from Fujian to the Yangtze River valley in Song Dynasty; (3) The cultivation of killing number has developed, and tea gardens have newly split in the hilly areas of the south of the Yangtze River.

Second, the handicraft industry in the south is booming.

1. Silk industry: During the Northern Song Dynasty, the silk industry in the south developed greatly, and Sichuan silk products were "the best in the world".

2. Cotton textile industry: The cotton textile industry, which started from Hainan Island, has developed to the southeast coastal areas in the Southern Song Dynasty.

3. Porcelain industry: ① Jiangnan became the focus of porcelain industry in the Southern Song Dynasty; ② Ice-cracked porcelain fired by Zhejiang Geyao; ③ Jingdezhen became the porcelain capital.

4. Shipbuilding: the shipbuilding industry in the Song Dynasty ranked first in the world, and the shipbuilding industries in Guangzhou and Quanzhou were developed.

Third, the prosperity of southern commerce.

1. Commercial cities: Kaifeng and Hangzhou.

During the Northern Song Dynasty, Jiaozi appeared in Sichuan, which was the earliest paper money in the world.

Fourth, the economic center of gravity moved southward from the middle and late Tang Dynasty, and finally completed in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Lesson 11: the social characteristics of the song dynasty with a myriad of weather

I. Wazi and Festivals

1. With the prosperity of urban economy, the citizens' class in the Song Dynasty has been growing, and the cultural life of citizens has become increasingly rich. There are many entertainment and business places in Tokyo called "Wazi". There are many circles in the tile for performance, which are called "Goulan".

Today's traditional festivals, such as Spring Festival, Lantern Festival, Dragon Boat Festival and Mid-Autumn Festival, were all held in Song Dynasty. The Song Dynasty called the Spring Festival New Year's Day.

Lesson 12: The Rise of Mongolia and the Establishment of Yuan Dynasty

1. Genghis Khan unified Mongolia: 1206, Temujin unified Mongolia and established Mongolia. He is honored as Genghis Khan.

Second, the establishment of the Yuan Dynasty.

1, Kublai Khan succeeded to Yuan Shizu and established the Yuan Dynasty on 127 1, with 1272 as its capital. 1276 destroyed the southern song dynasty.

2. Social and economic development in Yuan Dynasty ○ 1 Harnessing the Yellow River and popularizing cotton planting ○ 2. Two new artificial canals (Huitong River-Tonghui River) were opened. The heads of most countries are doing brisk business. Frequent foreign exchanges. 3. Measures to strengthen the rule of the Yuan Dynasty: ○ 1 Establish a provincial system (

In order to strengthen the rule of Tibet, the central government established yuan.

Third, national integration.

1, showing: ① all ethnic groups in the frontier moved to the Central Plains; 02 Khitan, Jurchen and Han nationality merged; The formation of the Hui nationality.

2. Function: It has promoted the economic and cultural development and integration of all ethnic groups.

Lesson 13: Brilliant Culture of Song and Yuan Dynasties (1)

First, in the Northern Song Dynasty, movable type printing invented by Bi Sheng was economical and time-saving, which greatly promoted the spread of culture. Movable type printing did not appear in Europe until the15th century, about 400 years later than China.

Second, the invention of compass and gunpowder.

1, Sina was invented in the Warring States period, and the compass was invented in the Northern Song Dynasty and began to be used for navigation. Gunpowder was invented by an alchemist in ancient China. Gunpowder weapons were widely used in wars in the late Tang Dynasty and in song and yuan war. Gunpowder and gunpowder weapons were introduced into Arabia and Europe in 13 and 14 centuries.

3. Printing, compass and gunpowder, together with papermaking, are the "four great inventions" of the ancient people in China, and are the great contributions of the Chinese nation to the development of world civilization.

Lesson 14: Brilliant Song and Yuan Culture (2)

1. Zi Zhi Tong Jian, written by Sima Guang, a historian of the Northern Song Dynasty, is a masterpiece of general history arranged in chronological order, which describes the history from the Warring States to the Five Dynasties.

Second, Song Ci and Yuan Qu

1, Ci is the main literary form in Song Dynasty, which flourished in Tang Dynasty and Song Dynasty.

2. Su Shi's bold school in the Northern Song Dynasty is the representative of the bold school, and his masterpiece is Nian Nujiao. Chibi nostalgia. 2. Li Qingzhao, a poetess in Song Dynasty, is euphemistic in style, sincere in feelings and good at using spoken English, which makes her look particularly fresh and natural.

The drama in Yuan Dynasty was developed, and Yuan Qu was composed of zaju and Sanqu. The representative work of Guan Hanqing, a playwright of Yuan Dynasty, is Dou Eyuan.

Third, painting and calligraphy.

1. Painting: Painting in Song and Yuan Dynasties is embodied in landscape painting, flower-and-bird painting and genre painting. (1) The Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival by Zhang Zeduan, a painter in the Northern Song Dynasty (reflecting the bustling scene on both sides of the Bianhe River in Tokyo in the Northern Song Dynasty); ② Zhao Mengfu, a painter in Yuan Dynasty, called Zhao Mengfu's works "miracle" in "Drinking Horses in Autumn Suburbs".

2. Calligraphy: Running script prevailed in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. Huang Tingjian, Mi Fei, Cai Xiang and Su Shi in Song Dynasty were called "Song Sijia". Zhao Mengfu's calligraphy in Yuan Dynasty was vigorous and powerful, with profound skill.

Biology:

Review outline of the second volume of the seventh grade

:: An overview of human origin and evolution.

Humans and modern apes have the same ancestor as forest apes.

Modern apes include gorillas, chimpanzees, gibbons and orangutans.

The major events of human development and evolution are: walking upright-making and using tools-further development of the brain-the production of language. Walking upright is the basis of evolution and development.

* Give examples of human influence on the biosphere.

After deforestation, it leads to natural disasters such as soil erosion and sandstorm;

Too much waste water and waste are artificially discharged into the lake, which leads to the crazy growth of phytoplankton in the lake because of its rich nutrition and affects the life of other creatures in the water;

Excessive discharge of harmful gases such as sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere can easily lead to acid rain, which is very harmful to all kinds of creatures and buildings. Excessive carbon dioxide emissions will also lead to global temperature rise, forming a "greenhouse effect."

Solid wastes and industrial wastewater containing tributes, silver and cadmium can cause various diseases, such as water diseases and painful diseases.

* Formulate an action plan to protect the local ecological environment.

* Summarize the structure and function of male reproductive system (complete the right picture).

Structural function

Sperm transport in vas deferens epididymis stores and transports sperm.

The urethra discharges semen and urine. Testis (the main sex organ of men) produces sperm and secretes androgen.

* An overview of the structure and function of the female reproductive system.

Structural function

Ovary (the main sex organ of women) produces eggs and secretes estrogen.

Oviduct transports egg cells

The place where embryos and fetuses develop.

The passage of vaginal sperm entry and fetal production

* Describe the fertilization process

Sperm produced by testicles and eggs produced by ovaries are germ cells. The place where sperm and eggs are fertilized is the fallopian tube.

* Describe the process of embryonic development.

Development: the process of forming an embryo from a fertilized egg and growing into a sexual mature individuals

1, fertilized eggs continue to divide and develop into blastocysts in the process of moving into uterus. After moving into the uterus, it is implanted into the endometrium, which is called pregnancy;

2. The place where the fetus and the mother exchange substances is the placenta.

3. After 40 weeks of pregnancy, the fetus is basically mature and discharged from the mother's vagina. This process is called delivery.

* Describe the developmental characteristics of adolescence.

(1) suddenly increased;

(2) The functions of nervous system, heart, lungs and other organs are obviously enhanced;

(3) The sexual organs develop rapidly, accompanied by some physiological phenomena. Under the action of gonadotropin secreted by pituitary gland, sexual organs develop rapidly, boys have nocturnal emission, girls have menstruation, and secondary sexual characteristics appear under the action of sex hormones, such as boy's Adam's apple.

* Cultivate the health habits of teenagers.

Nocturnal emission is a normal phenomenon. "Exhaustion", excessive discharge of semen.

Girls should pay attention to maintain a good mentality during menstruation, adhere to appropriate exercise and pay attention to personal hygiene.

Establish lofty ideals, conduct normal interpersonal communication, and achieve self-respect and self-love.

* Name the main nutrients the human body needs.

Six nutrients: sugar, protein, fat, water, inorganic salts and vitamins.

Fat: The main energy storage substances in the human body are foods rich in fat: peanuts, animal (plant) oil, fat meat, soybeans and so on.

Sugar: The main energy-supplying substances in the human body are foods rich in sugar: sucrose, rice, wheat, steamed bread, potatoes, sweet potatoes and so on.

Protein: The raw materials for the growth, development, repair and renewal of damaged cells are rich in protein's food: milk, eggs, fish, meat and other water, which is the main component of cells, accounting for about 60%-70% of the body weight.

Vitamins: The human body needs less energy, but it is essential for life activities.

Inorganic salt deficiency symptoms vitamin deficiency symptoms food source

Rickets containing calcium and inorganic salts, osteoporosis, vitamin A night blindness, liver, dairy products, fish, tomatoes, carrots, etc.

Phosphorus-containing inorganic salts anorexia, anemia, myasthenia, vitamin B 1 neuritis, beriberi, brown rice, peanuts, lean meat, yeast and bayberry.

Iron-containing inorganic salts, iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin C, scurvy, fruits and vegetables, etc.

Iodine-containing inorganic salts endemic goiter vitamin D rickets osteoporosis animal liver and milk.

Inorganic salts containing zinc are poorly developed.

* Describe the composition of the human digestive system.

The digestive system consists of digestive tract and digestive glands.

1, the digestive tract from top to bottom is:

(1) Oral cavity-Chewing of teeth grinds food, and stirring of tongue mixes food with saliva.

(2) The pharynx and esophagus-the passage of food, have no digestive function.

(3) Stomach-By peristalsis, food and gastric juice are mixed and preliminarily digested.

(4) Small intestine-the main place for digestion and absorption (the duodenum is the initial part of the small intestine)

(5) large intestine-food scraps are pushed to the anus (the initial part of the large intestine is the cecum)

(6) anus

2. Digestive gland

(1) Salivary gland-secretes saliva, and salivary amylase can preliminarily digest starch (starch maltose).

(2) Stomach gland-secretes gastric juice, which can preliminarily digest protein.

(3) Intestinal gland-secretes intestinal juice and can digest sugar, protein and fat.

(4) Pancreas-secretes pancreatic juice and can digest sugar, protein and fat.

(5) liver-secretes bile, does not contain digestive enzymes, and can emulsify fat.

Note: Salivary glands, pancreas and liver are located outside the digestive tract, and digestive juice secreted by pancreas and liver is injected into duodenum to contact with food. Gastric glands and intestinal glands are located in the digestive tract. The liver is the largest digestive gland.

* Summarize the process of food digestion and nutrient absorption.

1, food digestion

Protein: Digestion begins in the stomach and eventually turns into amino acids.

Sugar: Digestion begins in the mouth and is eventually digested into glucose.

Fat: Digestion begins in the small intestine and is eventually digested into glycerol and fatty acids.

Step 2 absorb

Small intestine is the main organ to absorb nutrition, and the structural characteristics that determine this function are: 1) The adult small intestine is generally 5-6 meters, which is the longest section in the digestive tract; 2) There are many folds in the small intestine, and there are many villous protrusions on the folds, which greatly increases the absorption area of the small intestine. After amino acids, glucose and other nutrients are absorbed, they are immediately absorbed by the capillaries on the inner wall and transported to the whole body.

* Well-designed recipes

The energy of breakfast, lunch and dinner should account for 30%, 40% and 30% respectively. Three meals should be on time.

It can be compared to a "balanced diet pagoda", which reasonably supplements five kinds of foods necessary for human body.

* Pay attention to food safety.

Soak, rinse or peel vegetables and fruits before eating them;

When buying food, we should pay attention to whether the inspection is qualified or not, whether it is spoiled, etc.

Do not eat toxic foods such as sprouted potatoes and poisonous mushrooms;

* Describe the composition of the human respiratory system (complete the right picture)

The respiratory system consists of respiratory tract and lungs.

The respiratory tract, from top to bottom, is nasopharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchus, which is the passage for gas to enter and leave the lungs. It can clean, warm and moisten the air.

Formation of phlegm: There are cilia on the inner surface of trachea and bronchus, which can continuously send dust particles and bacteria. It enters the pharynx with mucus and is discharged by coughing.

The lung is a place for gas exchange, located in the chest cavity, with two lobes in the left lung and three lobes in the right lung, and the composition unit is alveoli. Take about 16 rhythmic breaths per minute.

* Summarize the gas exchange process between human lungs and tissues and cells.

1, gas exchange in alveoli

Because the alveolar wall and capillary wall are flat epithelial cells, when the inhaled air reaches the alveoli, the oxygen in the air permeates.

Alveolar wall and capillary wall enter the blood; At the same time, carbon dioxide in the blood also enters the alveoli through the capillary wall and alveolar wall, and is excreted with the exhalation process.

2. Gas exchange between blood, tissues and cells

Oxygen in blood is transported to tissue cells. Through gas diffusion, oxygen can enter tissue cells through thin blood vessel walls, and carbon dioxide gas produced by cells also enters blood through diffusion. Oxygen entering the cell eventually participates in respiration in the mitochondria of the cell, decomposes organic matter and provides energy for life activities.

3. The process of gas exchange between lung and the outside world.

1) diaphragm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

2) Various types of diaphragm _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* Describe the composition of human blood circulation system.

The blood circulation system consists of heart, blood vessels and blood.

1. Blood: It consists of plasma and blood cells. There are three kinds of blood cells: red blood cells (containing hemoglobin, transporting oxygen and part of carbon dioxide), white blood cells (phagocytizing bacteria) and platelets (stopping bleeding and accelerating blood coagulation).

2, blood vessels:

(1) Arteries, blood vessels that transport blood from the heart to various parts of the body. Features: thick wall, small lumen, high elasticity, fast blood flow and continuous branches.

(2) Veins: Blood vessels that send blood from all parts of the body back to the heart. Features: thin wall, small elasticity, small lumen, slow blood flow, and generally venous valve.

(3) Capillary: connected between the smallest artery and vein. Features: only red blood cells are allowed to pass through in a single row, which is composed of a flat layer of epithelial cells with slow blood flow.

3. Heart: The wall of the left ventricle is the thickest.

Four ventricles: the atrium above and the ventricle below. The artery is connected with the ventricle, and there is an arterial valve between the artery and the ventricle, so that blood can only flow from the ventricle to the artery; The vein connects with the atrium. The atrium and ventricle on the same side are connected, and there is an atrioventricular valve between them, so that blood can only flow from the atrium to the ventricle.

* Overview of blood circulation

Circulation route: systemic circulation refers to the blood starting from the left ventricle and returning to the right atrium, and pulmonary circulation refers to the blood starting from the right ventricle and returning to the left atrium.

The direction of heart blood flow: vein → atrium → ventricle → artery.

The route of systemic circulation: left ventricle → aorta → all parts of the body and visceral capillaries → superior and inferior vena cava → right atrium.

The path of pulmonary circulation: right ventricle → pulmonary artery → pulmonary capillary → pulmonary vein → left atrium.

Pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation meet in the heart.

* Describe the composition of the human urinary system.

It is composed of kidney (forming urine), ureter (conveying urine), bladder (temporarily storing urine) and urethra (excluding urine).

* Describe the process of urine formation and excretion.

1, glomerular filtration: In addition to blood cells and macromolecular protein in plasma, some substances, such as water, inorganic salts, glucose, urea, etc., enter the renal capsule cavity through the glomerular and renal capsule wall to form protourine. The human body forms about 150 liter of raw urine every day.

2. Renal tubular reabsorption: When urine passes through the renal tubular, all glucose, most water and some inorganic salts are reabsorbed into the capillaries around the renal tubular. The remaining water, inorganic salts and urea form urine. The urine discharged every day is about 1.5 liter.

3, urine discharge: urine first reaches the bladder through the ureter, when the urine in the bladder is stored to a certain amount, urine is discharged through the urethra.

4. Significance: discharge waste, adjust the balance of water and inorganic salts in the body,

Maintain normal physiological functions of tissues and cells.

Look at the picture and complete the problem.

(1) If the picture on the right is a blood vessel in the alveoli, I means _ _ _ _ root blood vessel, and III means _ _ _ _ _ _ _ root blood vessel, and there are _ _ _ _ _ root blood vessels flowing in it;

(2) If the picture on the right is a blood vessel in a tissue cell, I stands for _ _ _ _ _ root blood vessel, and III stands for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ root blood vessel, in which _ _ _ _ _ _ root blood vessel flows.

(3) As shown in the picture on the right, the blood vessels at the nephron, I stands for _ _ _ _ _ root blood vessels, III stands for _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

* Describe the route of excretion.

Excretion: The process by which carbon dioxide, urea and excess water are excreted. Sweating, breathing and urination are the ways of excretion.

Pay attention to the difference between it and exclusion: the process of expelling the residue formed after food digestion is exclusion.

* Describe the composition of the human nervous system.

The nervous system consists of brain, spinal cord and its nerves.

The brain and spinal cord constitute the central nervous system; The cranial and spinal nerves form the peripheral nervous system.

Brain: including the left and right hemispheres, the surface is the cerebral cortex, and there are functional areas of life activities such as feeling, movement and language-the nerve center.

Cerebellum: make movements coordinated and accurate, and maintain body balance.

Spinal cord: It has reflex and conduction functions. It can respond regularly to external or internal stimuli, and it can also transmit the response to these stimuli to the brain, which is the communication channel between the brain and the trunk and viscera. )

Nerves: The nerves from the spinal cord are called spinal nerves, which are distributed in the skin and muscles of the trunk and limbs. The nerves emitted by the brain are called cranial nerves, which are mostly distributed in the sensory organs, skin and muscles of the head.

Neuron: Also called nerve cell, including cell body and process. Neurons are the basic units that constitute the structure and function of the nervous system. There are many protrusions on the cell body, including long protrusions and short protrusions.

* Summarize the basic ways of human neuroregulation.

The basic way of neuromodulation is reflex. Structural basis of reflection-reflex arc. Reflex arc should include five parts: receptor, afferent nerve, nerve center, efferent nerve and effector.

The reflex arc of knee jerk reflex: knee ligament (receptor) → afferent nerve → spinal cord (nerve center) → efferent nerve → thigh muscle (effector).

Simple reflex: people are born with it, such as hand retraction reaction, blink reaction, urination reaction, knee jumping reaction and so on.

Complex reflection: formed through the accumulation of long-term life, such as: looking at plum to quench thirst, smelling the bell entering the classroom. The reflection related to language and writing is complex and unique to human beings, such as talking about plum blossoms and talking about the fear of tigers.

* Summarize that the human body obtains information through sensory organs such as eyes and ears.

Eyes: cornea, iris, pupil, lens (ciliary muscle), vitreous body, retina, choroid and sclera.

The formation process of vision: the light reflected by external objects passes through cornea, pupil, lens and vitreous body in turn, is refracted by lens, and finally falls on retina, forming an object image. There are photosensitive cells on the retina, and people have vision by transmitting image information to the visual center of the brain through the optic nerve.

Myopia formation: the anterior and posterior diameter of the lens is enlarged (excessively convex), and the object falls in front of the retina, forming myopia. It can be adjusted by concave lens.

Hyperopia formation: the anterior and posterior diameter of the lens is reduced (excessively concave), and the object image falls behind the retina, forming hyperopia. Can be adjusted with a convex lens.

External ear: auricle (collecting sound waves), external auditory canal

Middle ear: tympanic membrane (vibrates when stimulated), ossicles and tympanum.

Ear: semicircular canal

The change of vestibular sensory head position is related to maintaining body balance (such as carsickness)

Cochlea of inner ear: there are sensory cells sensitive to sound waves, which can transmit sound wave information to the auditory pathway of the brain through the auditory nerve.

Eustachian tube: it communicates with the pharynx and regulates the pressure difference between the two sides of the eardrum.

Note: When encountering a loud noise, quickly open your mouth and open the eustachian tube to keep the air pressure inside and outside the tympanic membrane balanced to prevent the tympanic membrane from rupturing.

Nose: There are many cells in the mucosa at the upper end of the nasal cavity that are very sensitive to odor.

Tongue: There are many protrusions on the upper surface and sides, which are very sensitive to taste and can distinguish sour, sweet, bitter, spicy and salty.

Skin: the function of feeling the stimulation of external cold, heat, pain, touch and pressure.

* Give examples to illustrate that hormones in the human body participate in the regulation of life activities.

Hormones are secreted by endocrine glands, and the hormones secreted by endocrine glands directly enter the capillaries in the glands without passing through the catheter and are transported to various parts of the body with blood circulation.

Pituitary gland: secretes growth hormone and promotes the growth and development of living things. Abnormal condition: excessive childhood, gigantism; Too few children, dwarfism.

Thyroid gland: secretes thyroid hormone and promotes biological development. Abnormal: childhood loss, developmental retardation, dementia; Too few adults lead to big neck disease. Iodine deficiency can be treated by eating foods containing iodine. Like kelp.

Islet: distributed in the pancreas, secreting insulin and regulating the absorption and digestion of sugar in the body. Lack of insulin will weaken the ability of cells to absorb and utilize blood sugar, leading to diabetes. It can be treated by injecting insulin preparation.

Ovary: secreting estrogen, etc.

Testis: secreting androgen, etc.

The regulation mode of human life activities is mainly neuroregulation, and it is also regulated by hormones.

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