(1) Rhubarb is the root and rhizome of Rheum palmatum of Polygonaceae. Rhubarb is mainly distributed in Tibet, Gansu and Sichuan in China. Rhubarb mainly contains anthraquinone compounds, such as emodin, chrysophanol and rhein, in addition to rhein, sennoside, tannin, resin, sugar and other chemical components. Conjugated rhein such as sennoside in rhubarb can increase the tension and peristalsis of animal intestine, promote digestion and absorption and stimulate appetite. Tannin in rhubarb has astringent and wound healing effects. Some active components in rhubarb can also reduce capillary permeability, improve its brittleness, increase platelets and promote blood coagulation, so it has obvious hemostatic effect. Rhubarb decoction has good antibacterial and bacteriostatic effects, such as staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus, Escherichia coli and Shigella dysenteriae. It can also kill some pathogenic fungi. Recent research reports also show that rhubarb has good antiviral and antitumor effects. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, oral administration can prevent and treat turtle whiteboard disease and intestinal bleeding disease; External spraying can prevent and control white spot disease, white spot disease and skin rot of soft-shelled turtle.
(2) Coptidis Rhizoma is the rhizome of Coptidis Rhizoma of Ranunculaceae. Mainly distributed in northwest, southwest, east, central and south provinces of China. Coptis chinensis contains a variety of isoquinoline alkaloids, among which berberine accounts for 5% ~ 8%, and others include coptisine, methylcoptisine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine and magnoliaine. Phenolic components include ferulic acid and chlorogenic acid. The effective components of Huanglian decoction, such as berberine and coptisine, have strong inhibitory effects on gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, and also have good killing effects on some fungi and protozoa. Among them, coptisine has the strongest effect, and its mechanism is that it can effectively inhibit the synthesis of microbial RNA protein. Berberine quaternary ammonium base in Coptis chinensis has obvious anti-inflammatory effect. Berberine in Huanglian decoction also has obvious anti-ulcer effect. The effective components in Coptis chinensis also have good antiviral effect. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it can be used for exogenous diseases such as digestive tract diseases and rotten skin. However, when taken orally, due to the bitter taste of Coptis chinensis, if the proportion is too high, it will affect the eating of turtles, so it is best not to exceed 0.5% of the dry feed of the day. It is worth noting that berberine, the effective component in Coptis chinensis, can react with liquiritin in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, baicalin in Scutellaria baicalensis Fisch and tannin in rhubarb to form insoluble precipitate, so it should be avoided to be compatible with glycosides such as Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch, rhubarb and scutellaria baicalensis Fisch and traditional Chinese medicines with high tannin content.
(3) Paeonia lactiflora is the dry root of Paeonia lactiflora of Ranunculaceae. Mainly produced in China, Zhejiang (Paeonia suffruticosa), Anhui (Paeonia suffruticosa) and Sichuan (Paeonia suffruticosa), and also cultivated in Henan and Guizhou. Radix Paeoniae Alba contains paeoniflorin, tannin, benzoic acid, calcium oxalate, volatile oil and other components. Paeonia lactiflora decoction has a strong inhibitory effect on gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, and also has a good inhibitory effect on viruses and pathogenic fungi. Paeoniflorin has obvious protective effect on digestive tract ulcer. In addition, Paeonia lactiflora can also enhance the phagocytic function of macrophages. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it can be used for intestinal and liver diseases of turtle. However, it has the effect of regulating liver and blood for postpartum application of parent soft-shelled turtle.
(4) Cortex Moutan is the root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa of Ranunculaceae. It is cultivated in all provinces in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River in China. The root bark of Paeonia suffruticosa mainly contains paeoniflorin, paeonol, glucose, benzoic acid, volatile oil and other effective components. Paeonol has anti-shock, sedative and anti-stress effects. Peony bark decoction also has a good antibacterial effect, especially on Shigella dysenteriae, typhoid Bacillus, Vibrio cholerae, Bordetella, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pneumococcus and so on. In addition, it also has a strong killing effect on common dermatophytes. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, external spraying can prevent and control white spots and white spots of turtle seedlings; Oral administration can prevent and treat liver diseases and leukoplakia. In addition, feeding for 5 days before separate feeding, transportation and stocking can play an anti-stress and anti-injury role.
(5) Cortex Phellodendri is the bark of Cortex Phellodendri of Rutaceae. Mainly distributed in northwest, southwest, north, central and northeast China. Cortex Phellodendri mainly contains alkaloids such as berberine, and also contains components such as phellodendron lactone, phellodendron ketone, fatty oil and mucus. Cortex Phellodendri decoction has strong antibacterial effect, including killing Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli, and inhibiting some fungi. Berberine contained in Cortex Phellodendri can also enhance the phagocytosis of white blood cells in blood and improve the disease resistance of animals. Berberine has a protective effect on platelets in the blood, making them not easy to rupture. In addition, berberine also has the effect of reducing wound congestion. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, external use can prevent and treat scabies and rotten skin of turtles; Oral administration can prevent and treat enteritis.
(6) Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi is the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi of Labiatae. Mainly distributed in North China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Southwest China. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi mainly contains five flavonoids such as baicalin and wogonin, and also contains benzoic acid, baicalein and starch. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi decoction has a strong inhibitory effect on streptococcus A, pneumococcus, Vibrio cholerae, Shigella dysenteriae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and other pathogenic bacteria, in addition, it also has a good inhibitory effect on some viruses. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi can strengthen the cortical inhibition process, thus playing a sedative role. Studies have shown that Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi also has the function of protecting liver and benefiting gallbladder. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, external use can prevent and treat various skin diseases infected on the body surface. Oral administration can prevent and treat hepatobiliary diseases, viral diseases and various bacterial infections. Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi tastes bitter, with high content of lignin and crude fiber, which is not suitable for oral administration of fry weighing less than 50 grams.
(7) Astragalus membranaceus is the root of Astragalus membranaceus in Leguminosae. Mainly distributed in northeast, northwest and north China. Astragalus mainly contains flavonoids, glucuronic acid, astragaloside IV, soybean saponin, linoleic acid, choline and amino acids. Astragalus membranaceus can strengthen normal cardiac contraction and has a cardiotonic effect on heart failure. Astragalus decoction has a good inhibitory effect on a variety of pathogenic bacteria, such as Shigella flexneri, hemolytic streptococcus A, pneumococcus, Bacillus subtilis and so on. The polysaccharide in Astragalus membranaceus has the functions of improving immunity and strengthening physique. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it can be used for postpartum nutrition of female turtles to prevent bacterial infection in adult turtles.
(8) Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch is the rhizome of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Mainly distributed in northeast, northwest and north China. Licorice is rich in glycyrrhizin, glucuronic acid and glucose, and also contains effective components such as glycyrrhetinic acid, glycyrrhizin, glycyrrhizin, malic acid, vitamins and amino acids. Glucuronic acid in glycyrrhizin can strengthen the detoxification function of liver through physical and chemical precipitation, adsorption and combination. Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch decoction can obviously alleviate liver injury and liver degeneration and necrosis, restore or approach normal glycogen and ribonucleic acid content accumulated in liver cells, and significantly decrease serum alanine aminotransferase activity. Glycyrrhetinic acid in Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch has a strong inhibitory effect on cancer cells. In addition, licorice has good antibacterial and protective effects on digestive tract mucosa. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it can be used to prevent liver diseases.
(9) Galla chinensis is a cysticercosis of Rhus chinensis, Populus deltoides and Populus deltoides of Uraciaceae. Mainly distributed in northwest, southwest, east China, south China and other provinces, of which Guizhou has the largest output. Galla chinensis mainly contains tannins, accounting for about 70%, and most of them are hydrolyzed tannins. Others include gallic acid, tannic acid, fat, wax and starch. Galla Chinensis tannic acid can coagulate the protein of skin, mucosa, ulcer and other local tissues, showing convergence. It can accelerate blood coagulation and stop bleeding. Tannic acid in gallnut can precipitate alkaloids, so it can relieve alkaloid poisoning. Galla chinensis decoction has good antibacterial effect, such as staphylococcus aureus, hemolytic streptococcus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the prevention and treatment of soft-shelled turtle diseases, it can be used to prevent and treat white spot disease and white spot disease of soft-shelled turtle at seedling stage. It is worth noting that gallnut should not be used for oral administration as far as possible, because the hydrolyzed tannins in gallnut have a strong damage to the liver.
(10) One flower and seven leaves is the rhizome of one flower and seven leaves in Liliaceae. Mainly distributed in southwest China, South China and other places, there are many artificial cultivation in China at present. Seven leaves and one flower mainly contain steroidal saponins, alkaloids, amino acids and other effective components. Qiye Yihua Decoction has a strong inhibitory effect on Shigella dysenteriae, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella. Steroid saponins contained in the flower of Hedysarum septemloba can reduce the free activities of animals. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it is mainly used to prevent and treat furuncle and white spot disease of turtle.
(1 1) Radix Isatidis is the root of Isatis indigotica, a cruciferous plant. There are more Anguo in Hebei and Nantong in Jiangsu in China. Wild ones are also distributed in northeast, northwest and north China provinces. Radix Isatidis is rich in effective components such as indirubin, indirubin, glucosinolate and indirubin B. The decoction of Radix Isatidis has good antiviral and antibacterial effects, and has good inhibitory effects on pathogenic bacteria such as Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and typhoid Bacillus. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it is mainly used to prevent and treat turtle red and white diseases.
(12) Mume (Prunus mume) is the fruit of Prunus in Rosaceae. Mume contains benzoic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, succinic acid, wax alcohol and triterpenes. The synthetic components of ebony have antiallergic effect, and ebony also has negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae and typhoid Bacillus in the antibody, and also has the effect of inhibiting fungi in vitro. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine, Mume has the functions of promoting fluid production, quenching thirst, expelling worms and stopping dysentery. In practice, ebony can control white spot disease, white spot disease and rotten skin disease of soft-shelled turtle. Oral administration combined with other drugs can treat the initial attack of red background disease. In the prevention and treatment of turtle body surface diseases, every cubic meter of water can be sprinkled with 10g of traditional Chinese medicine decoction. If it is used with the same amount of Hedysarum hedysari, it will be effective to treat white spot disease of soft-shelled turtle if it is taken orally for 3 days at the amount of water per cubic meter12g. If it is mixed with the same amount of agrimony, amaranth and Euphorbia humifusa, and ground into fine powder, and fed continuously for 5 days at the ratio of 1.5% dry feed, it also has a good curative effect on intestinal bleeding of soft-shelled turtle.
(13) Forsythia suspensa is the fruit of Forsythia suspensa of Labiatae. Mainly distributed in northwest, north, central and east China. Forsythia suspensa shell contains forsythol, oleanolic acid and sterol; The seeds contain triterpenoid saponins; Branches and leaves contain forsythin and ursolic acid; Flowers contain rutin; The whole plant also contains vitamin P and so on. Forsythia suspensa decoction has a good inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella dysenteriae, Bacillus thuringiensis, pneumococcus and other bacteria. Forsythia suspensa can obviously alleviate the liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride in adult animals, restore the contents of hepatic glycogen and ribonucleic acid accumulated in hepatocytes to normal, and obviously decrease the activity of serum alanine aminotransferase, indicating that the effective chemical components in Forsythia suspensa have anti-liver injury effects. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it can be used to prevent and treat turtle fatty liver and hepatitis. In addition, it can also be combined with other traditional Chinese medicines for external use to prevent and treat turtle white spot disease.
(14) Atractylodes macrocephala is the rhizome of Atractylodes macrocephala in Compositae. Mainly distributed in the Yangtze River valley of China. But it is cultivated all over the country. Atractylodes macrocephala is rich in effective components such as atractyl alcohol, atractylone, vitamin A and mannan. Atractylodes macrocephala decoction can promote disease resistance and enhance vitality. It can activate reticuloendothelial system and enhance its phagocytosis. Atractylone in Atractylodes macrocephala has obvious protective effect on liver injury caused by carbon tetrachloride. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract of Atractylodes macrocephala has a good cholagogic effect. The effective components in Atractylodes macrocephala can reduce lipid peroxidation, LPO content, increase SOD activity and increase the ability of the body to scavenge free radicals. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it can promote growth, improve disease resistance and protect liver and gallbladder in rapid and long-term culture.
(15) Lonicera japonica Thunb is the bud of Lonicera japonica Thunb. Honeysuckle is distributed all over China, and now it is mostly cultivated artificially, with the largest output in Henan and Shandong. Honeysuckle mainly contains chlorogenic acid compounds, flavonoids, inositol, volatile oil and other effective components. The aqueous extract of Flos Lonicerae has a good inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus and hemolytic streptococcus. The effective components in Flos Lonicerae have inhibitory effects on viruses such as cold virus and herpes simplex virus. Chlorogenic acid contained in honeysuckle can promote bile secretion and hepatocyte regeneration, so it has the function of protecting liver and benefiting gallbladder. In addition, honeysuckle decoction can reduce the cholesterol level in blood and prevent the intestinal absorption of cholesterol. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid in Lonicera japonica Thunb. have remarkable hemostatic effect, which can shorten the time of coagulation and bleeding. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it has both health care and disease prevention functions. For example, oral administration can prevent and treat red floor disease and white floor disease of soft-shelled turtle. It should be pointed out that honeysuckle has antifertility effect, so it should be used with caution when it is used to parent soft-shelled turtle.
(16) Acanthopanax senticosus is the skin of Acanthopanax senticosus of Araliaceae. Mainly distributed in East China, Central China and Southwest China. Acanthopanax senticosus mainly contains 4- methoxysalicylaldehyde, tannin, arachidic acid, linoleic acid, vitamin A, cardiac glycoside, alkaloids, volatile oil and saponins. Acanthopanax senticosus decoction has good inhibitory and antibacterial effects on pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus. Some effective components in acanthopanax senticosus can change the pathological process of stress reaction, make adrenal gland hypertrophy, reduce the contents of cholesterol and vitamin C in adrenal gland, and reduce thymus atrophy and renal bleeding during this process. Acanthopanax senticosus can promote sexual excitement and precocious puberty in male animals. In the prevention and treatment of soft-shelled turtle diseases, it can be applied to the anti-stress and anti-fatigue effects of soft-shelled turtle in stocking, sub-culture and transportation. This medicine can not be used many times for a long time, otherwise it will induce precocious puberty in male turtles.
(17) Panax notoginseng is the root tuber of Panax notoginseng in Araliaceae. In China, it is mainly distributed in Guangxi and Yunnan, and now it is cultivated artificially in Jiangxi, Hubei and Hunan provinces. Panax notoginseng is rich in saponins, flavonoids and alkaloids. Decoction is mainly manifested in hemostasis, which can increase thrombin in blood and make local blood vessels contract. Panax notoginseng can also significantly increase the number of platelets and shorten the clotting time. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it is mainly used to prevent and treat turtle red floor disease, white floor disease and various hemorrhagic diseases.
(18) Bupleurum is a genus of Bupleurum in Umbelliferae. Bupleurum contains saikosaponin, saikosaponin, glyceric acid and other substances. The chemical constituents in Bupleurum chinense have obvious inhibitory effects on some pathogenic bacteria and viruses. Therefore, Bupleurum chinense is a good medicine to prevent the outbreak of turtle disease, and it is commonly used with Folium Isatidis and Radix Isatidis. Bupleurum also has the effect of resisting liver injury, so it is a good medicine for protecting liver. In addition, Bupleurum extract also has sedative effect, which is of great significance to the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases and reduces unnecessary activities and mutual biting of turtles in the process of high-density industrial culture. It can be combined with Radix Isatidis, Fructus Forsythiae, Radix Astragali and other Chinese herbal medicines in preventing and treating turtle diseases caused by viruses. It has good control effect. At the seedling stage, the decoction can be mixed into the feed at the ratio of 1% of the dry feed. If it is more than 200g, the medicine can be ground into fine powder of 100 mesh, and directly mixed into feed according to the ratio of 1.5% of dry feed. It is usually better to take medicine 10 day every month.
(19) Portulaca oleracea, also known as Gynostemma pentaphyllum, Longevity Amaranth with sauce petals, belongs to Portulaceae. It is distributed all over China. Portulaca oleracea is rich in protein, fat and sugar, and also contains nutrients such as calcium, phosphorus, iron, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin and nicotinic acid. In addition to nutrients, purslane also contains levonorepinephrine, catechol, saponins, tannins, flavonoids and anthraquinones. Studies have shown that the rich vitamin A-like substances in Portulaca oleracea can promote the physiological function of damaged epithelial cells to return to normal and promote the healing of ulcers. The effective chemical components in Portulaca oleracea L. have strong antibacterial and antifungal effects. In addition, Portulaca oleracea has good hemostatic and intestinal peristalsis promoting effects. In turtle breeding, purslane is not only a good feed for turtles, but also a good medicine to prevent turtle diseases, such as rotten skin and enteritis.
(20) Patrinia scabra, also known as Patrinia scabra, Patrinia scabra, Patrinia scabra, etc. , belonging to Patrinia scabra and Patrinia scabra. Mainly distributed in northeast, north, east, central, south and southwest provinces. Patrinia scabra is rich in protein, nitrogen-free extract, vitamins and other nutrients. In addition, Patrinia scabra also contains volatile oil and various saponins, and Patrinia scabra saponins are composed of oleanolic acid, rhamnose, glucose, arabinose, galactose and xylose. Patrinia also contains chemical components such as tannins and alkaloids. Pharmacological studies have proved that Patrinia scabra can promote the regeneration of animal hepatocytes and improve liver function. Patrinia extract also has strong antibacterial effect, especially on Staphylococcus aureus, Shigella flexneri, Salmonella typhi, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli. In the prevention and treatment of soft-shelled turtle diseases, external use can prevent and treat soft-shelled turtle, white spot disease, skin rot and furuncle; Oral administration can prevent and treat liver disease and hemorrhage of soft-shelled turtle and soft-shelled turtle.
(2 1) Houttuynia cordata, also known as Pleurotus ostreatus, pig nostril, and squama, is the whole grass of Saururaceae. Distributed in Jiangnan, China and Tibet. According to the determination, 1000g of Houttuynia cordata Thunb. dry powder contains 98g of crude protein, 20g of crude fat, 390g of nitrogen-free extract, 52g of calcium and 3 1g of phosphorus, and contains various vitamins. Houttuynia cordata Thunb is also rich in volatile oil, houttuynia cordata Thunb, potassium salt, houttuynia cordata Thunb, isoquercitrin and other effective chemical components. The dry decoction and fresh grass of Houttuynia cordata Thunb have a strong inhibitory effect on pathogenic bacteria such as hemolytic streptococcus, pneumococcus, Escherichia coli and typhoid Bacillus. The volatile oil of Houttuynia cordata Thunb also has a good inhibitory effect on mold. In addition, the effective components of Houttuynia cordata Thunb can improve immunity and stop bleeding. However, Houttuynia cordata Thunb. It contains little toxicity, so the dosage should be controlled when taken orally, otherwise it will cause intestinal discomfort and affect eating, so try not to take it orally during the juvenile and seedling stages of soft-shelled turtle. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, external use can prevent and treat white spot disease, white spot disease and skin rot disease of turtle; Oral administration can prevent and treat enteritis and bleeding of soft-shelled turtle and soft-shelled turtle.
(22) Andrographis paniculata, alias Jianyi Xi, Sophora alopecuroides and Sifangcao, is the whole grass of Andrographis paniculata of Acanthaceae. It is distributed all over the country. Andrographis paniculata is rich in effective chemical components such as andrographolide, andrographolide, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, alkaloids, etc. besides protein and vitamins. Andrographis paniculata decoction has a strong inhibitory effect on a variety of gram-positive bacteria and gram-negative bacteria, such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, hemolytic streptococcus and Shigella dysenteriae. Andrographis paniculata also promotes the phagocytosis of bacteria by white blood cells. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it can be used to prevent and treat white spots, white spots and white eye diseases that often occur in the breeding stage of turtle fry, and can also be used to prevent and treat turtle red and white diseases and fish enteritis. It is worth mentioning that andrographis paniculata tastes bitter, and fry within 30 grams should be taken orally as much as possible to avoid affecting appetite.
(23) Taraxacum mongolicum, also known as Veronica, Dictyophora dictyophora and Leonurus japonicus, is the whole grass of Taraxacum mongolicum in Compositae. Dandelion is used and distributed all over China. Dandelion contains 3.3 grams of crude protein, 0.0 grams of crude fat, 5.2 grams of nitrogen-free extract and various vitamins per/kloc-0.00 gram of fresh grass. Dandelion dry powder contains crude protein 20.4%, crude fat 5.0% and nitrogen-free extract 24.4%. In addition, dandelion root contains many triterpene alcohols, such as dandelion sterol, dandelion picroside, caffeic acid and so on. The whole plant contains inositol, asparagine, picroside, saponin, resin, inulin, pectin, choline, flavone furan and vitamin B. Dandelion decoction has a strong inhibitory effect on many pathogenic bacteria. It also has a strong inhibitory effect on common pathogenic dermatophytes. Dandelion water immersion agent has a good cholagogic effect. Recent research reports show that dandelion has a good anticancer effect. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, it is mainly used to prevent turtle skin rot, water mold, furuncle and hepatitis.
(24) Euphorbia humifusa, also known as milk grass, blood sorrow and red floor, is the whole grass of Euphorbia humifusa. It is distributed all over China. Euphorbia humifusa contains not only protein and vitamins, but also flavonoids and gallic acid. Euphorbia humifusa decoction has good antibacterial effect. Studies have shown that Euphorbia humifusa has a good hemostatic effect, so it is also called blood worry. In addition, the effective components of Euphorbia humifusa also have the function of neutralizing poisons. In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, oral administration can prevent and treat various hemorrhagic diseases and enteritis; External use can prevent and treat rotten skin, white spot and furuncle of soft-shelled turtle.
(25) Amaranth, also known as wild hemp with beaded leaves, is the whole grass of Amaranth in Euphorbiaceae. It is distributed all over China. Amaranth fresh grass contains crude protein 1.9%, crude fat 1.3%, nitrogen-free extract 44.8%, vitamins and other nutrients. The whole grass is also rich in effective components such as alkali extract, hydrolyzed tannin, flavonoids and phenols. Amaranth soup has a strong antibacterial effect, especially on Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Shigella dysenteriae. In addition, amaranth also has a good hemostatic effect, so it is also called "blood sorrow". In the prevention and treatment of turtle diseases, external use can prevent and treat furuncle and white spot disease of turtles and fish; Oral administration can prevent red and white floor diseases.
The content of this article comes from: Encyclopedia of Animals and Plants of China Agricultural Publishing House.