The formation and development of tea, as well as the understanding and excavation of tea by later generations, have gradually become the carrier of spiritual civilization and artistic culture in poetry. Tea can help fun, love and poetry, and its taste is meaningful and far-reaching. The taste of tea, the realm of tea and the spiritual connotation of the poet. Since ancient times, China has carried the creation and continuation of the tea industry and promoted the development and civilization of the world tea industry. In the Tang Dynasty, when poetry was in its heyday, there were more and more descriptions of tea culture, and the description of tea appeared in many poetic scenes. In Bai Juyi's Qin Tea, "only the sound of water is heard in the Qin, and there are old mountains in the tea", and in Cheng's Fried Tea, "Yue Temple is deep in spring sleep, full of tigers and springs, and leisurely thinking. Shucha was crushed by a cloud monk and picked up three or four withered pines. " Liu also has a poem "My brother sends tea to others", and poets such as Lu Yanyou's "Dayun Temple Tea Poetry" all express their love for tea with different words and artistic conception.
Zheng Gu wrote in "Tea in the Gorge" that "clusters of new English dew are tasted in Xiaojiangyuan. Monk Wu always says that it's good to crow in the mountains, but don't praise the smell of birds' mouths. Half the seats are light green and some are light yellow. Deer door patients don't come back, thirsty wine knows spring better. "This poem was written when he was drinking tea in Yuan Xiaojiang. He wrote it step by step from picking tea to making tea. He did not directly write the beauty of Yuan Xiaojiang, the most famous tea garden in Zhou Xia, but indirectly expressed it through comparison. Through this poem, the author not only expresses his love for Xiaojiang Garden, but also expresses his happy mood when drinking tea.
Qian Qi wrote in Tea with Zhao Ju: "Purple tea under bamboo, if you forget your words, you will win.". The heart of dust is hard to wash, and the shadows of trees are oblique. "In the poem, the author and Zhao Ju attended a tea party and drank purple bamboo shoots tea. They have the same interests, styles and tastes. They all think that tea tastes better than fairy wine. After drinking, you will reach the state of selflessness, transcend all worldly things, have no distractions, and be quiet and serene. They enjoyed tea and didn't leave until the sun went down.
Main manifestations of tea culture in Tang Dynasty
First, geographically, the custom of drinking tea in the Tang Dynasty became a nationwide "drinking like a house" for the first time.
Especially in the north, after Kaiyuan * * 7 13-74 1 * *, monks drank heavily, so many places in the north "opened more shops and sold more fried tea", and this "middle-started" tea drinking custom soon followed Tang Wenhua. The disappearance of the regionality of tea drinking marks the emergence of tea drinking culture as a national culture.
Judging from the tea drinkers, emperors like tea, "all ministers drink tea", literati like tea, monks like tea, monks like tea, soldiers like tea, and even "ask Tian as a hobby". Drinking tea has no status symbol and has become everyone's hobby.
Functionally, tea is regarded as a necessity. The so-called "tea for food" is tantamount to rice and salt, which is given by people. It's hard to give up and it's hard to give up. " People are "addicted" to tea and are almost "poor all day long". Without the popularization of tea drinking, there would be no development of tea culture in Tang Dynasty.
Secondly, we have a set of special tools and mature technology for making, cooking and drinking tea, which are emphasized in Lu Yu's related discussions in the Book of Tea.
There is a complete set of special tools and mature technology for making, cooking and drinking tea, which is prominent in the relevant discussion in Lu Yu's Tea Classic. It can be seen that the tea affair in the Tang Dynasty is an art, and there are detailed and strict regulations on appearance, color, tea fragrance, taste, boiling water, tea set, firewood, tea drinking environment and methods. What they pursue is good tea, fine tea, skillful tea and beautiful tea. It is not an easy task to reach such an artistic realm.
Thirdly, there are a large number of tea literature and tea literature, including tea monographs.
The publication of The Book of Tea symbolizes the formation of tea science and tea ceremony, and occupies a lofty position in the history of tea culture in China and even in the world. Later, Pei Wen's Tea Narration, Zhang's Notes on Tea Stir-frying, Su Yu's Sixteen Soups, Wen's Record of Tea Picking, Wang Fu's Theory of Tea and Wine, and Mao Wenxi's Tea Spectrum also shaped the brilliant achievements of tea scholars in the Tang Dynasty from different aspects. At the same time, a large number of poets wrote hundreds of tea poems with their affectionate pens. These tea poems or songs with the theme of the beauty of drinking tea, or expressing the happy mood after giving tea, or pinning their thoughts on cha de, all express their love and pursuit of tea. From the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, tea poems, including a large number of literary works such as tea prose, gave tea a strong cultural charm.
Not only that, but also tea paintings appeared. The Preface to the Orchid Pavilion, painted by Yan He, a famous painter in the Tang Dynasty, is the earliest tea painting in the world, depicting the scene of Confucian scholars and monks tasting tea. Yan also painted a picture of fighting tea, which vividly showed the custom of drinking tea in Tang Dynasty. In the early Tang Dynasty, Zhou Fang's "The Picture of Drinking Tea on a Qin" may be the earliest expression of the tea ceremony of a court lady at that time. Zhang Ying's "Huang Ming and Le Tu" is a painting of a court emperor drinking tea. The anonymous "Palace" depicts the scene of women drinking tea in court. These paintings depict the details and scenes of making tea and drinking tea concretely and delicately. In addition, there are a lot of tea contents in Za. It can be seen that tea scientists, poets, writers, painters, historians, writers and linguists all picked up pens and worked hard for the prosperity of tea culture.
Fourthly, with the appearance of tea drinking etiquette and tea ceremony, tea drinking has risen to the spiritual level.
The development of tea drinking has certain laws, which began in the Tang Dynasty, and is mainly reflected in the Tea Classic "Six Drinks". "Fuzhen delicious, bowl number three. Next, the number of bowls is five. If the number of passengers is five, three bowls will be provided; To seven or five bowls; If there are six people missing, there are no bowls. If there is only one person missing, it will make up for the missing person forever. " In addition to the common tea drinking etiquette, the Tang Dynasty also formed the court tea culture circle, the literati tea culture circle, the mass tea culture circle and the monk tea culture circle. People in different cultural circles naturally have different rules for drinking tea.
The establishment of tea ceremony is the highest realm of tea drinking culture in Tang Dynasty, that is, spiritual content, which is the outstanding performance of tea culture in Tang Dynasty. Lu Yu created the tea ceremony thought with "diligence and thrift" as the core, but did not use the word "tea ceremony". The poet Gao Sengjiaoran first put forward the concept of tea ceremony, and summarized the process of tea tasting into three levels. Lu Tong vividly described the seven levels of tea drinking in "Writing a Pen to Thank Meng and Proposing to Send New Tea". Liu summarized the efficacy of tea as 10, and the article "Ten Items of Tea" said: "It is feasible to use tea to remove boredom, expel fishy smell, nourish life, remove peculiar smell, benefit courtesy and benevolence, respect feelings, taste, maintain health, and be elegant and ambitious." The ten virtues of Liu's tea are more specific, including the physiological and spiritual influence of tea. Among them, four articles are purely about the spiritual function of tea, namely, "establishing people with tea", "respecting people with tea", "expressing ambition with tea" and "practicing Taoism with tea". At this point, the tea ceremony in the Tang Dynasty has been formed.
Before Lu Yu, drinking tea was the same as sipping vegetables, so naturally he would not pay attention to Tao, and if he knew it, he would not be popular. However, after Lu Yu summarized and advocated how to pick tea, make tea, cook tea, what tea set to prepare and how to drink tea one by one through Tea Classic, he improved and developed tea drinking from the aspects of simple epidemic prevention, treatment, hunger and thirst quenching. At this time, China began to pay attention to and produced a way to pay attention to drinking tea.
That is to say, in the Book of Tea and the primitive tea ceremony, Lu Yu and everyone mentioned harmony from the beginning while paying attention to the method of drinking tea. And this spiritual side, not from other, just inherited from the deposition of tea culture.
The Book of Tea suggests that tea is "the most suitable thrifty person", in other words, it requires tea drinkers to cultivate their mind when drinking tea, so as to become such a person. Lu Yu's method of drinking tea in the Book of Tea requires people to be exquisite and frugal. If we trace back to the source, we can find the root of the tea fruit and wine represented by Huan Wen and Lu Nanchuan in the Book of Jin as "vegetarian businesses". Of course, when Lu Yu and Jiao Ran advocated the tea ceremony in the Middle Tang Dynasty, the spiritual connotation of tea ceremony culture was not only aimed at "thrifty" people, at least from Jiao Ran's point of view, "only Dan Qiu" knew the "all truth" of tea ceremony, and its content was naturally extremely rich.
In the 8th century, Tea Classic, another tea book in the Tang Dynasty, summed up the characteristics of tea and tea culture: "Its essence is pure, its taste is clean, its use is interesting, its merits are harmonious, and the more people drink." It is a bit straightforward to say how to make the tea ceremony more enjoyable materially and how to cultivate one's morality spiritually.