Confucius was a great thinker, politician, educator and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. His theory not only influenced the development of China for thousands of years, but also profoundly influenced everyone's thinking and behavior pattern in China, and became the theoretical basis of oriental personality and psychology.

Confucian culture founded by Confucius is extensive and profound, which constitutes the mainstream and foundation of China traditional culture and still plays a huge positive role in today's social life.

Confucius belongs not only to history, but also to the present, not only to China, but also to the world.

Confucius lost his father in his early years and his family declined.

He once said: "I am cheap because I am few, so I can despise." When I was young, I worked as a "Commissioner" (in charge of granaries) and a "farmer" (in charge of cattle and sheep).

Although Confucius lived in poverty, he was "determined to learn" at the age of fifteen.

He is good at learning from others. He once said, "When we have a threesome, we must learn from each other.

Choose the good and follow it, change the bad. "(The Analects of Confucius) He learned from an ordinary teacher and never tires of learning. His fellow villagers also praised him as" knowledgeable ".

After the founding of Lu, the regime was in the hands of Sanhuan, headed by Ji.

In the early years of Zhao Gong, the three families divided up the military power of the Lu army.

Kong Liao once expressed indignation at Ji's trespassing behavior of "eight steps of court dance".

In the 25th year of Zhao Gong (5 17 BC), there was civil strife in Lu, and Confucius left Lu to Qi.

Qi Jinggong asked Confucius about politics, and Confucius said, "Jun Jun, minister, father and son." He added: "Politics is about saving money." The ruler of Qi is doctor Chen. Although he likes Confucius' words, he can't use them.

Confucius was frustrated in Qi, so he returned to Lu, "retiring to learn poetry, etiquette and music, and attracting many disciples". People come from far away to study in almost all the waiting countries.

At that time, Lu was under the control of Ji, and Ji was controlled by his retainer.

Confucius was dissatisfied that the government was not in the hands of the monarch, but in the hands of doctors, and was unwilling to be an official.

He said, "Being unjust and rich is like a cloud to me."

After Confucius returned to Lu, people in Lu praised "the country is old". At first, Lu Aigong and Ji Kangzi often asked each other about political affairs, but they were not reused.

In his later years, Confucius devoted himself to sorting out documents and continuing to engage in education.

In the 16th year of Lu Aigong (479 BC), Confucius died and was buried in Surabaya, north of Lucheng.

Confucianism

Facing the rapidly changing social reality at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius absorbed the cultural nutrition of Xia and Shang Dynasties, inherited the cultural tradition of Zhou Dynasty, and established a complete theory with "courtesy", "benevolence", "moderation", "teaching" and "learning" as its main contents, including philosophy, politics, ethics, morality and education.

Confucius' theory is rich in connotation and self-contained, which has had a far-reaching influence in the history of China.

"Li"

"Rite" is an important category of Confucius' thought and theory.

As a social behavior norm, "Li" has a long history.

Confucius once said: "because of yin, gains and losses are also known;" Zhou's gains and losses are all known.

Its or its successor, though immortal, is also known. "

Confucius believes that in the Zhou Dynasty, the "rites" developed most perfectly, so he admired the "rites of the week" most.

Confucius believes that "courtesy" is a code of conduct that everyone from Tian Zi to Shu Ren must abide by.

Confucius' so-called "ceremony" includes both internal spirit and external form.

Its internal spirit is to maintain the patriarchal hierarchy and the corresponding ethical relationship at that time.

In the Book of Rites, he clearly pointed out: "Don't be rude to the gods of heaven and earth if you are indecent." The position of monarch and minister, regardless of age, cannot be distinguished; There is no indecent assault, and there is no kinship between men and women. Therefore, he believes that what is more important is not the form, but the realization of its inner spirit.

"benevolence"

Confucius particularly emphasized the value and function of "benevolence".

He believes that "benevolence" is not only a quality that everyone must have, but also a principle that must be followed in governing the country and leveling the world.

For personal cultivation, he advocates that "a gentleman who has no food will violate benevolence, and he will do it when he has a period." ("Li Ren").

"People with lofty ideals are benevolent, and there is no harm to benevolence, but killing benevolence" (Wei Linggong).

Teach students to work hard for "benevolence" with perseverance.

For governing the country, he advocates that education should be the goal of governing the country and safeguarding the country, based on caring for the people.

"golden mean"

Confucius' thought of "golden mean" has both the significance of philosophical methodology and moral cultivation.

As far as methodology is concerned, there are two main points: one is "neutralization" and the other is "harmony".

For this kind of "harmony" and "harmony" thought, Confucius advocated that it should not only be regarded as a way to understand and deal with things, but also be integrated into one's own sexual conduct and quality through cultivation and exercise, and become a human virtue.

He once lamented: "The golden mean is also a virtue, even worse, and the people have been fresh for a long time." ("Eternal Night") So put forward: "Quality is better than literature, and literature is better than quality.

Gentle, then a gentleman. "("Ode to Leaves ") In his personal style, he achieved" combining rigidity with softness, being strong but not fierce, being respectful without fear "("Shu Er "), which was respected by his disciples.

"Teaching" and "Learning"

Confucius never tires of learning and never tires of teaching all his life, and has accumulated rich teaching experience.

The thoughts of "teaching" and "learning" are important parts of his ideological theory.

Confucius used to "learn from officials", and educators and educatees were aristocrats.

Confucius founded a private school and put forward that "there is no class in education", which changed the old situation of "learning to be excellent and being an official" and broke the monopoly of nobles on culture and education.

Confucius claimed that "I have never been ignorant of self-discipline" (Book II), and his students came from eleven vassal states and people of various backgrounds.

For the purpose of learning, Confucius put forward the idea of "learning to be excellent is to be an official" through his disciples' remarks, and supported students from civilian backgrounds to display their talents in politics.

In teaching methods, Confucius is good at discovering students' characteristics in personality and learning, and advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude.

He said: "Seek to retreat, so enter; Because he is also a person, he retired "("Advanced ").

He is persuasive, pays attention to inspiring students to think independently, stimulates students' desire for knowledge, and advocates that "no anger means power, no anger means resentment."

If you don't take a corner and use three corners instead, it will no longer be "("Shu Er ").

Laozi

On February15th of the lunar calendar, a great man, Lao Zi, was born in Qurenli, Li Xiang Township, an ancient county of Chu in the east of the world, which is now Taiqinggong Town, Lu Yi City, Henan Province.

He was a great philosopher, thinker and founder of Taoist school in ancient China, and was rated as one of the top 100 celebrities in the world today.

As we all know, before Laozi, there were only some philosophical viewpoints in the society, and a systematic philosophical theory was formed from Laozi.

Therefore, Lu Yi is not only a sacred fairyland, but also the birthplace of oriental philosophy.

According to Sima Qian's Historical Records (Volume 63) and Lao Zi Han Fei Biography, "Lao Zi was born in Qurenli, Chuku County, and his surname is Li. His name is Bai Yang, posthumous title Yong and Zhou Shoucang in history.

Confucius is suitable for Zhou and will ask Lao Tzu questions. "

Sima Zhen's "Historical Records" says: "The bitter history is also.

Confucius is suitable for Zhou and will ask Lao Tzu questions. "

Sima Zhen's Historical Records says: "The bitter county belongs to Chen, and Chu destroyed Chen in the Spring and Autumn Period, and the bitterness belongs to Chu, so it is a bitter county." Li Daoyuan's Notes on Water Classics said: "I remember Lao Tzu's tablet on the edge of Shao, saying that Lao Tzu is Chu-like, empty and barren. Now, after all the hardships, the city still exists. It is in the east of the hometown, and the vortex water is in the sun "(the Wohe River was diverted from the south of Taiqing Palace to the north of Taiqing Palace in the early Yuan Dynasty).

Looking through the national history of past dynasties, all kinds of ci books and famous works, as well as the annals of Henan Province, Moral Guidance, Luyi County Annals, Jiangnan Annals, Anhui Annals and Mizhou Zhi Zhi, it is clearly recorded that Laozi was born in Taiqinggong Town, Luyi County, Henan Province.

Historians, philosophers, religious figures and experts on the elderly have all written books or published papers on the ancient evidence that Laozi was born in Taiqinggong Town, Lu Yi.

According to the Records of Haozhou, "Taiqing Palace is forty-five miles west of the city, and now it belongs to Lu Yi, the birthplace of Laozi".

There are 200 volumes in Jiangnan Tongzhi (Anhui and Jiangsu are now collectively referred to as jiangnan province during the reign of Shunzhi in Qing Dynasty), and there is a Mistaken Mirror, which specifically researches the mistakes in the old records, including the research on Li Er.

The conclusion is: "Li Er was born in Lu Yi, not Jiangnan.

During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Mizhou was adjacent to six counties. Now only Qiaocheng and Chengfu counties are in the south of the Yangtze River, and the rest belong to Henan.

There are mistakes in the old records of Fengyang characters in Li Er. ".

In the reconstruction of Annals of Anhui Province, there are two records: "The Taiqing Palace is forty-five miles west of Bozhou, where I was pregnant, and the base address still exists. The old name was Amethyst Palace, and Tang Tianbao changed it in two years. "

The other paragraph is: "Bozhou, Shiyuan, Chen Tuan, now Luyi County, Guide House, Henan Province, the old record was collected in Yingzhou, and it was mistaken for Laozi. I will break it."

Write clearly and automatically correct past mistakes.

199 1 year, Xinhua News Agency reported in Hefei in May 10 that Bozhou, Anhui Province decided to hold the world symposium on Laozi, saying: "Laozi, also known as Yong, is an ancient thinker of the same age as Confucius and the founder of the Taoist school in China. His hometown is in Luyi County, Henan Province, which is adjacent to Bozhou."

Seeking truth from facts is our traditional style of study and should be carried forward.

Laozi is an influential figure in the history of thought, culture and religion in China.

Laozi is a man, but he is a god and a leader of Taoism.

The masses all respect the old gentleman.

Laozi has a historical evolution from man to god.

In the Tang Dynasty, it was not sudden that I was named "Emperor Taizong Xuanyuan". Gai had already been named "Emperor Taizong Xuanyuan".

From Sima Qian's point of view, "Gai Laozi is over 60 years old, or over 200 years old, to cultivate Buddhism and support his life." It shows that it has been circulated in the Western Han Dynasty that Laozi is a living immortal who has lived for hundreds of years.

The inscription of Laozi written by Bian Shao in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "Laozi was born of nature", and also said: "Laozi was separated from the chaotic vitality and began with the three lights".

In the post-Han period, Laozi was completely deified and became a god and leader. So Emperor Huan of the Han Dynasty made the Huang Lao Pagoda Hall in the palace, juxtaposing Huang Lao with the pagoda, the former being the first of Taoism and the latter being the first of Buddhism.

The so-called "Huang Lao" here refers to Lao Zi.

Therefore, in the eighth year of Yan Xi (A.D. 165), Zuo Guan, a regular servant, was killed and went to Guxian to offer sacrifices to Lao Zi.

In the ninth year of Yan Xi (166), Emperor Huan visited Lao Zi in the Dragon Palace.

It can be seen that Lao Tzu has become a sacred leader at this time.

Now there are Taoist temples all over the country. Taiqing Palace in Lu Yi was built in the eighth year of Han and Yan Xi, and Laojuntai was built in the early Tang Dynasty. The incense is enduring, and Laozi is honored by the masses as the old gentleman on the throne.

The 5,000-word Tao Te Ching left by Laozi is extensive and profound, which is a great treasure of Chinese culture-and the first masterpiece of China's philosophical ontology.

Its contents involve philosophy, literature, military science, aesthetics, medicine, sociology, ethics, astronomy, and health preservation, and it is known as an encyclopedia.

His theory of inaction, the dialectical theory of the transformation rate of one thing and two things, and the profound philosophy of "harmony between man and nature" have influenced China people's thoughts and behaviors for 2,500 years.

As a cultural gene, it permeates people's lifestyles, lifestyles and ways of thinking.

It affects China people's world outlook, outlook on life, values, aesthetics, outlook on life and death and other cultural concepts.

Tao Te Ching has not only influenced the history of thought for 2,000 years since the Han Dynasty, but also attracted the attention of western thinkers and became one of the world's philosophical treasures.

Since ancient times, there have been more than 3,000 critics, and the publishing circulation ranks second in the world.

Nowadays, the global "Laozi" is hot, and the study of old learning is unprecedentedly high.

In recent years, international Lao Tzu academic seminars have been held in various places.

1993, Germany held an international symposium on Laozi; 1994, Lu Yi held an international symposium on Laozi; 1995, China Academy of Social Sciences held an international symposium on Taoist culture in Xi 'an.

Such frequent international activities to study the elderly are unprecedented in history, pushing the study of the elderly to a new stage and reaching a new level.

On the one hand, Laozi's thought has a profound ideological and cultural foundation because it systematically summarizes the cultural traditions since ancient times; On the other hand, on the basis of inheritance, Laozi opened up a new direction of cultural development, and established a philosophical system with Tao as its ontology for the first time in the history of China, which laid a philosophical foundation for the cultural development of China.

Laozi's thought has exerted an all-round influence on China culture and has a very positive significance for the development of modern culture.

Laozi's greatest contribution in the history of China's philosophy is to point out that the metaphysical Tao is the origin and basis of all things in the universe, and to establish a systematic philosophical thought system with Tao as the core, including ontology, dialectical method, epistemology and philosophy of life.

Laozi's ontological thinking and methodological thinking make "Tao" truly become the noblest concept and the most basic motive force in China's thought.

From the following aspects, we can see that Laozi's philosophy is the basis of China's traditional philosophy: Taoism in pre-Qin, Taoism in Han Dynasty, metaphysics in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Buddhism in Sui and Tang Dynasties, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, and the introduction of Taoism, morality, being, nothingness, movement, quietness and infinity.

Because Laozi's thought is an ideological system with rich concepts and has many in-depth and accurate views on nature, society and people, it has gained some special theoretical qualities, including many theoretical growth points and different ideological systems.

Therefore, the development of modern China philosophy and China culture still needs to learn from Laozi's philosophy.

Laozi's wisdom has guiding significance for solving various problems faced by modern human beings.

He put forward the category of "Tao" as the root and foundation of life value.

Laozi's "Tao" is not only the foundation of all things in the universe, but also the foundation of all things' existence and development.

Metaphysical "Tao" has become a way of human behavior and life when it is implemented in the relationship between man and nature, man and society, and man and himself.

In the relationship between man and nature, Lao Tzu emphasized the subjectivity of man and the objectivity of natural laws, and advocated that man should obey nature and oppose its plunder.

In the relationship between individuals and others, and with groups, Laozi put forward the principle of "indisputable", and advocated solving disputes through setbacks, sharing weal and woe, and opposing fame and gain, so as to achieve harmonious coexistence between people and society.

On the self-improvement of individual life, Laozi put forward "the way of long life and long vision".

Laozi's thoughts not only have a great influence on the formation and development of China's traditional culture, but also provide positive wisdom for the current and future culture and life of mankind.

We should carry forward the excellent traditional culture of the motherland, open up a harmonious world and create a beautiful world.