Historical research The original species of radish originated from wild radish on the warm coast of Europe and Asia. Radish is one of the oldest cultivated crops in the world. As early as 4,500 years ago, radish has become an important food in Egypt. Widely cultivated in all parts of China.
Radish roots are eaten as vegetables; Seeds, fresh roots, withered roots and leaves are all used as medicine. Seeds can help digest and eliminate phlegm. Fresh roots can quench thirst and help digestion. Dry roots help defecation. Leaves can cure early dysentery and prevent dysentery. Seeds can be used in oil extraction industry and food.
(Overview reference: China Plant Image Library)
Basic introduction Chinese scientific name: radish Latin scientific name: Raphanus? sativus？ L nickname: radish: plant kingdom: angiosperms: Dicotyledonous subclass: primitive Tephrosia: Cruciferae: Brassicaceae: Brassica: Radish: Radish distribution area: names and dates are distributed all over the world. : L., 1753 suborder: botanical history, morphological characteristics, variety classification, varieties, cultivated species, habitats, growth habits, temperature, moisture, soil, nutrition, illumination, propagation methods, cultivation techniques, soil preparation and fertilization, timely cutting, water and fertilizer management, intertillage weeding, harvesting management and pest control. Guo Pu in Jin Dynasty was famous for its "purple flowers and big roots". Around 1930s, the cultivation method of radish was recorded in the Book of Qi Yaomin written by Jia Sixie in the Northern Wei Dynasty. In Materia Medica written by Su Gong Office in Tang Dynasty, it is recorded that Frye has the medicinal value of "eliminating cereal, eliminating phlegm addiction and making people fat". In the Compendium of Materia Medica written by Su Song in the Song Dynasty, it was mentioned that "the north and the south are connected, and ... there are many native species in the north". It shows that it was widely cultivated in all parts of China at that time. Morphological characteristics of biennial or panicum miliaceum, 20- 100 cm high; Fleshy straight root, rectangular, spherical or conical, with green, white or red skin; Stems branched, glabrous, a little frosty. Basal leaves and lower cauline leaves are pinnately cleft, 8-30 cm long and 3-5 cm wide. The top lobe is ovate, with 4-6 pairs of lateral lobes, oblong, dull teeth, sparse and rough hair, and the upper leaves are oblong, serrated or nearly entire. Racemes terminal and axillary; Flowers are white or pink, with a diameter of 1.5-2 cm; Pedicel length 5- 15 mm; Sepals oblong, 5-7 mm long; Petals are obovate, 1- 1.5 cm long, with purple stripes and claws 5 mm long at the lower part. Silique is cylindrical, with a length of 3-6 cm and a width of 65,438+00-65,438+02 mm, which is constricted between the corresponding seeds to form a spongy diaphragm; The length of beak is1-1.5 cm; Fruit stalk length 1- 1.5 cm. Seeds 1-6, oval, slightly flat, about 3 mm long, reddish brown, with fine mesh. The flowering period is April-May and the fruiting period is May-June. Variety classification Orchid seed (scientific name: Raphanus sativus L.var. Raphanistroides (Makino) Makino): the root is not fleshy or thickened; The stem is 30-50 cm high and branched. Flowers are red and purple; Petals obovate, about 2 cm long. Silique1-2cm, erect, slightly leathery, pedicels inclined upward. The flowering and fruiting period is from April to June. Zhejiang (Putuo), Taiwan Province, Guangxi, Sichuan and Yunnan, wild or cultivated. North Korea and Japan also have long-feathered radish (scientific name: radish): a biennial stout herb; Roots grow big and strong; Basal leaves are long and narrow, 30-60 cm long, with 8- 12 pairs of lobes, without hair or bristles. Cultivated all over China, native to temperate regions of Asia. Fleshy roots can be eaten raw, eaten as vegetables, and preserved for a long time. Roots and seeds are used in medicine. Cultivated radish is mainly divided into Chinese radish and four-season radish. According to ecotype and winterness, China radish can be divided into four basic types: 1. Radish type in autumn and winter: common cultivated type in China. Sowing in late summer and early autumn, harvesting in late autumn and early winter, and the growth period is 60- 100 days. According to skin color and use, it can be divided into red skin, green skin, white skin, green skin and red hearts. Representative varieties are Xuecheng Changhong, Jinan black Cui Yuan, Shijiazhuang White Radish, Beijing Xinmei and Chenghai Baisha Locomotive. 2. Radish type in winter and spring: It is planted in the south of the Yangtze River and Sichuan Province in China, and it is not too cold in winter. Cold-resistant, strong in winter, not easy to glume. Representative varieties are Chengdu Chunbu Laobo, Hangzhou Jianqiao Dahongying Radish and Chenghai Nanpanzhou Late Radish. 3. Radish types in spring and summer: widely planted in China. Cold tolerance, strong overwintering, short growth period, generally 45-60 days, easy to bolting in advance due to improper sowing date or cultivation management. Representative varieties include Beijing canned bamboo tube, Penglai spring radish and Nanjing plum red. 4. Radish type in summer and autumn: it is widely cultivated in the south of the Yellow River Basin in China, and it is often used as a vegetable in summer and autumn. Resistant to damp and heat, the growing period is 50-70 days. Representative varieties are Hangzhou Xiaogoubai and Guangzhou Candle Fan. Four-season radish: small leaves, thin petiole, much hair, small fleshy roots, very early maturity, suitable for raw food and pickling. They are mainly distributed in Europe, especially in western Europe, and have been introduced into the United States, and there are also a few in China and Japan. Four-season radish varieties cultivated in China are Nanjing Huayang Radish, Shanghai Radish and Yantai Hongding. Origin and habitat are all over the world. In areas with suitable climatic conditions, it can be planted all year round, and most areas are mainly cultivated in autumn, becoming one of the main vegetables in autumn and winter. Growth Habit Temperature Radish is a semi-hardy vegetable, seeds can germinate at 2℃-3℃, and the optimum temperature is 20℃-25℃. At seedling stage, it can tolerate high temperature of about 25℃ and low temperature of -2℃-3℃. The growth temperature of radish stems and leaves is 5℃-25℃, and the optimum temperature is 15℃-20℃. The growth temperature of fleshy roots is 6℃-20℃, and the optimum temperature is 18℃-20℃. When the temperature is below minus 1℃- minus 2℃, the fleshy roots will be frozen. The soil available water content and air humidity suitable for the growth of succulent roots are 65%-80% and 80%-90% respectively. High air humidity can improve quality. However, the soil moisture should not be too much, otherwise the air in the soil is lacking, which is not conducive to the growth and absorption of roots. If the soil is too dry, the spicy taste of fleshy roots will be enhanced and the quality will be poor. If the water supply is uneven, the fleshy roots are easy to crack. The best soil radish is sandy loam with deep soil layer and loose soil, which is rich in water and has good water and fertilizer conservation performance. The suitable pH value of soil is 5.3-7. Nutrient radish absorbs the most nutrient elements, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. According to the research, for every 1000 kg of radish, about 5.55 kg of nitrogen, 2.6 kg of phosphorus and 6.37 kg of potassium are absorbed, with the ratio of 2. 1: 1:2.5. The growth of radish needs sufficient sunshine, strong plants, strong photosynthesis, more material accumulation, rapid expansion of fleshy roots and high yield. The photoperiod effect of radish belongs to long-day plants. Under the conditions of long sunshine (12 hours or more) and high temperature, flower bud differentiation and flower branch germination are faster. Propagation methods There are three sowing methods of radish: on-demand, drilling and broadcasting. Planting density, generally large species such as Nanpanzhou, Zhejiang University and so on. The row spacing of sowing or strip planting is 40-50 cm, and the plant spacing is 40 cm. Medium-sized species, such as short leaves 13, row spacing 17-27 cm and plant spacing 17-20 cm. Small species, such as four-season radish, should be planted at a spacing of 4-7 cm square. There are two kinds of watering methods when sowing: watering first, covering soil after sowing, covering soil after sowing and watering again. The former has sufficient water at the bottom and loose soil at the top, which is easy to sprout. The latter is easy to harden the soil, so it is necessary to water it frequently before emergence to keep the soil moist, so that it is easy to emerge. After sowing, the covering soil thickness is about 2 cm, the light soil is slightly deeper and the heavy soil is slightly shallower. Sowing is too shallow, the soil is easy to dry, prone to lodging after emergence, hypocotyl bending, and the root shape will not be straight in the future; Too deep sowing not only affects the speed and robustness of seedling emergence, but also affects the length and color of fleshy roots. The sowing amount varies with varieties, seed plumpness, germination rate, sowing method and cultivation season. Before sowing, the quality of seeds should be strictly checked. Generally, large and medium-sized varieties are sown with 0.5 kg per mu, 4-5 seeds per hole, seeds are sown in holes, and 1.0 kg seeds are drilled; Sow small varieties per mu 1.5 kg. Before soil preparation and fertilization, radish cultivation techniques should be deeply ploughed as soon as possible after harvest, fully freeze-dried, broken and harrowed, and fully applied with base fertilizer. Choose radish varieties according to soil conditions. Large varieties with deep soil can be arranged, and the depth of cultivated land should be more than 33 cm. If the soil layer is shallow, you can choose small and medium-sized varieties with shallow soil layer. The depth of medium-sized cultivated land is about 25 cm, and that of small-sized cultivated land is about 15 cm. Cultivation methods vary with varieties, soil quality, topography and local climatic conditions. Small and medium-sized radishes should be cultivated in flat beds where there is little rain and good drainage. Large radishes have deep roots and large leaves, so they must be cultivated in high beds. In the Yangtze River valley, deep furrows and high ridges are often used for radish or radish to facilitate irrigation and drainage. Generally, the height of the border is 20-27cm, the width of the border is L-2m and the width of the ditch is 40cm. Radish has a well-developed root system and needs sufficient base fertilizer. Before soil preparation, farm manure such as decomposed pig and cow dung100t, calcium superphosphate (25kg) and compound fertilizer (50kg) are applied, ploughed into the soil, and then raked to make the border, so that the soil is loose, fine and even, and the border surface is smooth. Radish seedlings that lay eggs in time grow rapidly after being unearthed. Lay eggs in time. The principle is to plant seedlings early, plant seedlings in stages and plant seedlings late. The seedling spacing is early, the seedlings are small, and the root system of the reserved seedlings is not damaged when the seedlings are pulled out; Late seedling establishment can reduce the lack of plants caused by moth damage than early seedling establishment. Generally, the seedlings should be thinned 2-3 times in production. When 1 true leaves are unfolded, 1 sparse seedlings, embryos, deformed seedlings and seedlings without original variety characteristics are removed. When there are 2-3 true leaves, carry out the second thinning. At the time of "big belly-breaking", 1 strong seedling with original variety characteristics was selected for each point, and all the others were pulled out. There are 4000-5000 large and medium-sized varieties and 654.38+0,000 small varieties. Water and fertilizer management in water and fertilizer management should be: promoting the robust growth of leaves and absorption roots in the early stage, and laying a material foundation for the expansion of fleshy roots in the later stage. When nutrients grow to a certain extent, they must be controlled to promote the timely transportation of nutrients to storage organs. In the rapid expansion period of fleshy roots, it is necessary to ensure the long life and strong vitality of leaves, so as to produce more nutrients and ensure the expansion of fleshy roots. Radish has different requirements for water at different growth stages. There should be enough water in the germination period, and the effective water content of soil should be above 80%, so as to germinate quickly and emerge neatly. During the period from seedling stage to "broken belly", it is necessary to water less, which is beneficial to squatting seedlings and promoting the development of roots into the deep soil. Proper watering is needed at the peak of leaf growth to ensure leaf development. During the growth period of fleshy roots, it is necessary to provide sufficient and even water to ensure the soil is moist and prevent sudden dryness and wetness. At this time, if the water supply is insufficient, it will not only affect the expansion of fleshy roots, but also increase fibrous roots and make the texture rough, leading to chaff hearts. However, if the soil moisture is too much, it should be drained in time to prevent the occurrence of root rot. When watering, water should be done in the morning when the temperature is low in early spring, and it is best to water in the evening in rainy days to reduce the ground temperature. Fertilization of radish should be carried out according to the demand law of nutrient elements in radish growth period. Radish with sufficient base fertilizer and short growth period can be topdressing less; Large seeds have long growth period, high yield and large fertilizer consumption. In addition to applying sufficient base fertilizer, topdressing should be carried out in stages. The time and frequency of topdressing are generally as follows: for the first time, when the seedlings grow two true leaves, dilute human excrement and urine topdressing, sowing between rows and sowing in an all-round way; The second time, after the second thinning and intertillage, topdressing with 20% concentration; When the "big belly" is broken, 30% of human excrement and urine will be applied, and 5 kg of calcium superphosphate and 5 kg of potassium sulfate will be added per mu. After topdressing for three times, the small and medium-sized radishes expanded rapidly and stopped topdressing. In autumn and winter, 7.5-20kg sulfuric acid hinge should be topdressing per mu when radish is "exposed" to meet the needs of vigorous root growth. The manure, urine and chemical fertilizer of topdressing people should not be too concentrated or too close to the roots, so as not to burn the roots. After sowing and emergence, intertillage weeding should be carried out in time to prevent soil hardening caused by rain or watering. For varieties exposed for a long time, it is necessary to cultivate the soil and support the roots in the early stage of growth to make them grow upright. After the bank is closed, farming is generally stopped. Harvesting management The harvesting time of radish varies with varieties and sowing dates. Generally speaking, the appropriate harvest time is when the fleshy roots are completely swollen. Early harvest and low yield; If it is too late, it is easy to freeze or husk and extract, which will reduce the quality. Spring-sown spring radish is generally harvested 50-60 days after sowing; Summer radish grows fast and is harvested 45-60 days after sowing; Radish is harvested 70- 100 days after sowing in autumn and winter. If it is a variety with fleshy roots exposed on the ground, it should be harvested in time before the first frost to avoid freezing. If the fleshy roots are all in the soil, it can be harvested late and the yield can be increased. Radish yield is generally 3500-4000 kg per mu for large-scale autumn and winter radishes, more than 5000 kg for high-yield radishes and 2500-3000 kg for medium-sized radishes; Yield per mu of spring radish and summer radish 1000- 1500 kg; The yield of radish in four seasons is 600- 1000 kg per mu. The main diseases of radish pest control are black rot and virus disease, and the main pests are aphids, Pieris rapae, Pieris rapae, Plutella xylostella, striped flea beetle and so on. (1) Viral disease: Mosaic appears after onset. The leaves are shriveled and deformed, the plants are short, and the roots are poorly developed, which leads to serious plant shortage and yield reduction. The disease is spread by aphids, and high temperature (above 28℃) and drought are beneficial to the disease. It can be controlled by the following measures: early control of aphids; Strengthen fertilizer and water management in high temperature and dry season to enhance plant disease resistance; Sow in time; Reasonable rotation. ⑵ Black rot: After infection, the vascular bundles in the roots turn black, and the fleshy roots turn black and rot, resulting in black heart, empty body and particularly smelly gas. It should be rotated with cruciferous vegetables during prevention and control; Timely prevention and control of Pieris rapae, yellow striped beetle and other pests; Spraying with streptomycin sulfate concentration of 200mg/kg (equivalent to 0.02%). (3) Aphids mainly harm radish leaves. Groups gather on the back of leaves and heart leaves to suck juice, which makes the edges of damaged leaves curl backwards, leaves shrink, gradually lose water and turn yellow, making plants stunted and stunted until they die. In addition, they can spread viral diseases. Can spray 10% imidacloprid wettable powder 1000-2000 times or 50% imidacloprid wettable powder 3000-4000 times. (4) Adult Pieris rapae lays eggs on the back of leaves, which looks like vertical grains of wheat. After hatching, it harms the leaves and eats a lot of nicks. With the increase of insect age, the damage becomes more and more serious, and sometimes only leaves veins, which affects the growth and development of plants. Manure will pollute leaves and spread soft rot. 1-3 instar larvae should be sprayed with 1500 times of high-efficiency B.T. emulsion (8000 international units/microliter), and 0. 1% washing powder should be added when preparing the liquid medicine. It should be applied after 4 pm on cloudy, cloudy or sunny days when the temperature is higher than 15℃. Or spray 5% chlorhexidine EC 2000 times. 5. Adult Pieris rapae lays eggs on tender leaves such as heart leaves. After hatching, the leaves lurk first, and two years later, they spin silk through the leaves to decorate the leaves, resulting in the death of the heart leaves. In 4-5 years, the heart leaves or petioles eat people's roots, and the injured plants die. Grasping the full incubation period of eggs, spraying pesticides when the heart leaves are damaged at the beginning, and spraying with 2.5% effort EC 2500 times; Or 50% phoxim EC 1000 times liquid spray. Radish [6] Plutella xylostella larvae feed on mesophyll, leaving epidermis and transparent spots on the damaged leaves. After the third instar, the leaves are eaten into holes and nicks, and in severe cases, the whole leaves are eaten into nets. At seedling stage, larvae prefer to concentrate on the heart leaves, which seriously affects plant growth. It can be sprayed alternately with 1500 times of high-efficiency B.T. emulsion (8000 international units/microliter), 2000 times of 5% chlorhexidine EC and 2000 times of 2.5% deltamethrin EC. (7) Adults bite the leaves and form many small holes. When the damage is serious, the whole seedling dies, and the adults still bite the buds and tender leaves of radish. Fruit stalks and shoots, resulting in reduced production. Larvae eat root bark and fibrous roots, which affects plant growth and commercialization of fleshy roots. The prevention and control methods are as follows: pay attention to cleaning up the fields after harvesting, ploughing, drying and freezing in time to reduce the source of insects; Spraying with 50% phoxim EC 1000 times; Or spray with 4000 times of 2.5% cypermethrin EC. Preventing the hollowness of hollow radish will not only affect the yield of radish, but also affect its quality. Farmer friends can take the following measures to prevent when planting radishes. Pay attention to balanced water supply. The growth stage of radish requires the soil water content to be 60%~80%, especially when it is full or when it is dry or waterlogged, hollow radish is easy to appear. Pay attention to balanced water supply during cultivation, and water when the soil moisture content is lower than the requirements. Scientific application of boron fertilizer can promote radish to be solid and big. Spraying boron fertilizer 1 time every 20 days from 2-3 leaves of radish seedlings to the harvest period, using borax150g or boric acid100g per mu of field, dissolving with a small amount of warm water first, then adding 60-75kg of water, and spraying at night after mixing evenly. The application of paclobutrazol can control the overgrowth of plants and regulate the distribution and transportation of photosynthetic products. During the growth period of radish, use 15% paclobutrazol wettable powder 15g per mu of field, add 50 kg of water and spray evenly. Generally 1 times can be used in the field of normal growth. The main value of nutritious radish is called "Little Ginseng" among the people in China. In winter, it has become a frequent visitor to every household's table. Modern nutrition research shows that radish is rich in nutrients, carbohydrates and vitamins, and the content of vitamin C is 8- 10 times higher than that of pear. Radish contains a variety of trace elements, which can induce human body to produce interferon. White radish is rich in vitamin C. Vitamin C is an antioxidant, which can inhibit melanin synthesis, prevent fat oxidation and prevent fat deposition. Radish contains a lot of plant protein, vitamin C and folic acid, which can clean blood and skin, lower cholesterol and help maintain vascular elasticity. Traditional Chinese medicine believes that radish is cool, pungent and sweet, non-toxic, and can eliminate food stagnation, eliminate phlegm and heat, reduce qi and relieve exterior syndrome, detoxify, and treat food accumulation fullness, phlegm cough and aphonia, tuberculosis, hemoptysis, vomiting and acid swallowing. Radish has a strong function of promoting qi circulation, and can also relieve cough and phlegm, remove dryness and promote fluid production, clear away heat and toxic materials, and facilitate defecation. Radish can enhance human immunity and inhibit the growth of cancer cells, which is of great significance to cancer prevention and treatment. B vitamins, potassium, magnesium and other minerals in radish can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis and help to excrete waste in the body. Eating radish regularly can reduce blood lipids, soften blood vessels, stabilize blood pressure, and prevent coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, gallstones and other diseases. According to statistics, nearly 100 kinds of dishes can be mixed with edible plants such as radish and can be made into more than 60 kinds of side dishes. Therefore, with radish as the main raw material, various types of radish series foods can be developed, such as juice radish food, flour radish food, weight loss radish food and so on. The market potential of radish as a vegetable crop needs to be further explored. Carrots should be avoided as cool vegetables, and those with yin deficiency and cold constitution and spleen and stomach deficiency should not eat more. Patients with gastric and duodenal ulcer, chronic gastritis, simple goiter, threatened abortion, uterine prolapse, etc. You should eat less radish. Radish should not be eaten with fruit. If you eat carrots and oranges together in your daily diet, it will induce goiter. Diarrhea is mainly radish, supplemented by carrots, and it is best not to eat together. If you want to eat together, you should add some vinegar to make it easier to absorb nutrients. Raw radish and ginseng have the same medicinal properties and cannot be eaten together. In order to avoid the opposite effect, it will not play a nourishing role. Plant culture radish is sweet, crisp and juicy, "cooked food is as sweet as taro, and raw recommendation is as crisp as pear", which is as effective as ginseng, so it is called "October radish competes for ginseng". Throughout the ages, many celebrities are also good at eating radishes. In the Three Kingdoms of Battle of Red Cliffs, Cao Cao was defeated by Sun Liu's allied forces and fled from Huarong Road. The weather is hot, and tens of thousands of troops are hungry and thirsty, so they can't walk any further. It happened that there was a large radish field by the roadside, and the soldiers pulled up radishes to satisfy their hunger. This radish field played a key role in saving Cao Jun's life and was later called "Saving Cao Tian". It is said that when Wu Zetian proclaimed himself more than 1300 years ago, there were few wars in China. In addition, she is good at politics, runs the country well and the world is at peace. People often say that wheat has three heads and grain has two ears. One autumn, a big radish, about three feet in size, grew in Dongguan vegetable field in Luoyang. The farmer thought it was a strange thing and submitted it to the court. When the queen saw it, she was very happy and told the chef to cook. The cook knew that radish could not cook anything good, and he was afraid of the majesty of the queen, so he had to cook it. Chefs think hard and try their best to finely process radish in various ways, cut it into uniform filaments and add delicious food to make soup. When the queen eats it, it tastes delicious, unique and full of bird's nest flavor, hence the name "fake bird's nest". Since then, princes and ministers, royalty and relatives have used radishes as banquet materials, and the "fake bird's nest" has reached the elegant hall. "Peony Swallow Dish" is the chief dish of 24 famous dishes in Luoyang Banquet, which is cooked with radish. 1973, when Premier Zhou Enlai accompanied Canadian Prime Minister Trudeau to visit Luoyang, he tasted this dish in the "Really Different" restaurant. When cooking this dish, the chef put peony flowers in the dish to make it float on the noodle soup, which made the "Luoyang fake swallow dish" more colorful and won unanimous praise from all the guests. After reading the vegetables, Premier Zhou said, "Luoyang peony is the best in the world, and peanuts are in vegetables." Since then, Luoyang Baiqian has won the reputation of "Peony Baiqian". Wu, a famous botanist in the Qing Dynasty, vividly described the characteristics of Beijing "Meixin" radish in Textual Research on Plant Names, saying that "the winter wall shakes, the stove stays all night, the window lights coal, and the nose and mouth are black." Suddenly, I heard that there was a radish and pear race outside the door, and people, rich and poor, rushed to buy it for fear that it would cross the street and cross the lane. "When he was an official in Beijing, he always came out to pick some radishes at night. His evaluation of "beautiful heart" radish is: "Qiong Yao is a piece, chews like Leng Xue, and her teeth are not full, and she is flat and hot. Wang Zengqi, an old Beijing writer and gourmet, can cook many home-cooked dishes, such as "pasting melon skin", "preserved eggs mixed with tofu" and "mixed with shredded radish". He cut the small carrots from the south (also called "Huayang Radish") into filaments, added sugar, marinated them a little, then put them on a plate and poured them with soy sauce, sesame oil and vinegar. He thinks it's especially good to add a small amount of jellyfish silk. There is a kind of radish in Suzhou, which is called' spring is not old' after pickling. " "Spring is not old" is crisp, tender and fragrant, with a little salty taste and sweet and umami taste. This is an excellent snack for temple monks to worship guests and serve tea. When Deng Tuo, a contemporary writer, visited Lingyan Mountain in Suzhou, Miao Zhen, a great monk in the temple, once used "Spring is not old" to respect guests. Deng Tuo was full of praise after tasting it, and he still lingered for years. Later, Mr Deng Tuo wrote it into the famous Yanshan Nighttalk.