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A, multiple-choice questions (this question *** 13 small questions, 6 points for each small question. Of the four options given in each question, only one meets the requirements of the topic)

1. The following statement about microbial growth curve is incorrect.

A. Inoculating logarithmic strain under the same culture conditions will shorten the adjustment period.

B. The microorganisms entering the logarithmic growth period have vigorous metabolism and relatively stable morphological and physiological characteristics.

C, after entering the stable phase, no new cells are generated, and the number of living cells remains relatively constant.

D. After entering the decay period, some cells disintegrate and release metabolites such as antibiotics.

Answer: c

Analysis: The microorganisms entering the logarithmic growth period have vigorous metabolism and relatively stable morphological and physiological characteristics, which are used as strains or scientific research materials; After entering the stable phase, microorganisms will still produce new cells. At this time, the birth rate is equal to the death rate, and the number of living cells remains relatively stable, so C is wrong.

2. The following description about the structure and function of biofilm is incorrect.

A. The fusion of plant protoplasts depends on the fluidity of cell membrane.

B. the endoplasmic reticulum of secretory cells that synthesize sterol hormones is generally underdeveloped.

C. The modification of secreted protein is completed by endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus.

D, the renewal of membrane module can be realized by the transfer of vesicles with membranes between biomembranes.

Answer: b

Analysis: the fusion of plant protoplasts depends on the fluidity of cell membrane; The modification of secretory protein is completed by endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus. The endoplasmic reticulum is related to the synthesis of protein, lipids and sugars, so the endoplasmic reticulum of sterol-synthesizing cells is also very developed. So b is wrong.

3. The following description about the process of human physiological changes during strenuous exercise is correct.

A. The effect of a large amount of sodium loss on the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is greater than that of intracellular fluid.

B. A large amount of lactic acid enters the blood, and the plasma changes from weak alkalinity to weak acidity.

C. Glucagon secretion increased, which promoted the decomposition of glycogen and muscle glycogen.

D The O2 content in blood decreases, which stimulates the respiratory center and promotes respiratory movement.

A: A.

Analysis: Sodium plays an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid, and potassium plays an important role in maintaining the osmotic pressure of intracellular fluid, so the effect of a large amount of sodium loss on the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is greater than that of intracellular fluid, and A is correct. There are buffer substances in blood, and the PH value of plasma remains relatively stable and will not become weakly acidic. B is wrong. Glucagon can't promote muscle glycogen decomposition. C is wrong. During strenuous exercise, CO2 in the blood increases, which stimulates the respiratory center and leads to enhanced breathing. D is wrong.

4. The picture on the right shows the changing trend of seed quality and relative content of organic matter during rape seed maturity. The following related statements are incorrect.

A. A large number of sugar substances are input and participate in metabolism, which leads to the continuous improvement of seed quality.

B. Cell metabolism uses a lot of sugar, which leads to the decrease of starch content.

C. Sugar is continuously converted into lipids, resulting in increasing lipid content.

D sugar is not converted into protein, resulting in the same content of nitrogen-containing substances.

Answer: d

Analysis: protein is the structural component of cells, and sugar can be converted into protein. The content of nitrogen-containing substances remains unchanged, but the total amount of protein is actually increasing due to the increase of seed dry weight, so sugar is being transformed into protein.

5. There are antifreeze genes in PARALICHTHYS olivaceus, and its antifreeze protein has the repetitive sequence of 1 1 amino acid. The more repetitions of this sequence, the stronger the frost resistance. The following figure is a schematic diagram of the process of obtaining transgenic freeze-resistant tomato plants, and the relevant statement is correct.

The target gene obtained in process A ① can be used for genetic engineering and genome sequencing.

B multiple antifreeze genes are encoded and connected in turn into new genes that can be expressed, and antifreeze proteins with enhanced antifreeze properties cannot be obtained.

The recombinant plasmid composed of C process ② lacks marker genes and needs to be transformed into Agrobacterium for screening.

DNA probe technology can be used to detect the existence and complete expression of the target gene in transgenic freeze-resistant tomato plants.

Answer: b

Analysis: the target gene obtained by process 1 has no non-coding region and intron, so it can't be used for flounder genome sequencing, which is wrong. Agrobacterium was introduced to amplify and introduce tomato cells more easily. DNA probe technology can't detect whether the gene is completely expressed, but the protein and D errors of the expressed product should be detected for the complete expression of the target gene.

Answer the following questions I and II.

I (9 points) Some people have explored the best culture conditions of an algae through experiments to obtain the maximum biomass (note: biomass refers to the dry weight of algae per unit volume).

(1) When algae are cultured under light conditions, the culture solution must contain _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

(2) Algae can still grow under the condition of no light, but organic substances such as glucose should be added to the culture medium to provide _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(3) Add glucose to the culture solution to prepare culture solutions with different concentrations, and culture them under certain illumination conditions, and measure the biomass of algae, as shown in the following table:

In order to determine the optimal glucose concentration for algae culture, it is necessary to design _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ experiments.

(4) Based on the above experiments, the culture condition for obtaining the maximum biomass of algae is _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

Two. (12) The following figure shows the structural and physiological changes of neuromuscular joints in reflex arc.

When the (1) reflex occurs, the excitement generated by the nerve center is transmitted to the presynaptic membrane along the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ nerve, resulting in the release of neurotransmitters (ACH) from synaptic vesicles and presynaptic membrane. After acetylcholine binds to acetylcholine receptor, _ _ _ _ _ _ occurs in the muscle membrane, causing muscle contraction.

(2) Myasthenia Gravis is an autoimmune disease, the cause of which is that the patient's immune system takes Ach receptor as antigen. This makes _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. The antibody of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Ach receptor specifically binds to Ach receptor, which leads to the failure of Ach to bind to ACH receptor normally, and thus the signal conversion process of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is blocked.

(3) The clinical treatment of myasthenia gravis patients can adopt thymectomy, with the purpose of inhibiting _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ from developing into T cells, so that it cannot produce lymphatic factor, thus inhibiting the immune response of _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

I

Answer: (1) Various mineral elements necessary for human body (1) CO2 (1) illumination (1).

(2) Carbon source and energy (2 points)

(3) More subdivided concentration gradient between 0.2 and 0.6g/L (2 points)

(4) Appropriate illumination, adding appropriate concentration of glucose (2 points)

Analysis: (1) Seaweed is a kind of plant, and it is necessary to add various mineral elements necessary for human body to the culture solution. Introduce air to provide CO2 for photosynthesis. The light intensity at point B has the largest biomass.

(2) Algae can't carry out photosynthesis under the condition of no light, so it is necessary to provide organic matter as C source and energy.

(3) In order to determine the optimal glucose concentration of cultured algae, a more subdivided concentration gradient between 0.2 and 0.6g/L is needed.

(4) According to the figure, the maximum biomass of algae needs appropriate light intensity, and according to the table, it needs to add appropriate concentration of glucose.

two

Answer: (1) Efferent (1) Fusion (2) Potential change (2)

(2)B cell (1) chemical signal to electricity (2)

(3) Hematopoietic stem cells (2 points) Body fluids (2 points)

Analysis: (1) The excitement generated by the nerve center propagates along the efferent nerve, leading to the fusion of synaptic vesicles and presynaptic membranes, thus releasing transmitters. As can be seen from the figure, the transmitter causes the change of myomembrane potential, thus causing muscle contraction.

(2) Antibodies are produced by effector B cells, so B cells are activated and proliferated. Synapses release transmitters, which leads to changes in myoelectric potential, so the conversion process from chemical signals to electrical signals is blocked.

(3) Hematopoietic stem cells produce T cells in thymus. According to question 2, it is to inhibit humoral immune response.

3 1.(2 1) Answer the following questions I and II.

1. (7 points) Figure A is a schematic diagram of the food web of the small island ecosystem. Some people introduced a certain number of iguanas (mainly feeding on sauropods and larger ground arthropods) to the island to track the changes of the ecosystem and its control group. The results showed that the number of sauropods and networms changed greatly (see Figure B), while the number of other creatures changed relatively little. Please answer the following questions:

(1) Saberi chameleon is in the trophic level of _ _ _ _ _ _ _, and its interspecific relationship with Karp China iguana is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

(2) After the introduction of the iguana, the variable range of the chameleon Shaii moved upward from the base of the tree, while the position of the spider's web decreased slightly. This phenomenon shows that the change of ecological factors can change the _ _ _ _ _ _ of biological communities.

(3) After the introduction of iguanas, the change trend of the number of web spiders is _ _ _ _ _ _. Combined with the quantitative change information of other organisms, it can be seen that the structure and function of the small island ecosystem can remain relatively stable, indicating that the ecosystem has the ability of _ _ _ _.

Two. (14) The chromosome number of wheat is 42. The following figure shows some chromosomes and gene compositions of three pure wheat lines: I and II represent chromosomes, A is dwarf gene, B is dwarf yellow disease resistance gene, and E is stripe disease resistance gene, all of which are dominant. Strain B and strain C are made by crossing common wheat with related species Thinopyrum (the black part in the figure is the chromosome fragment from Thinopyrum).

Chromosome variation occurred in (1) line B and line C during cultivation. If this phenomenon occurs under natural conditions, it can provide raw materials.

(2) F obtained by crossing A and B is self-cross, and all chromosomes are normally related, so genes A and A can be combined with each other.

Separate and separate. There are three genotypes in F obtained by self-crossing, among which only three genotypes show resistance to dwarf yellow disease.

(3) In the F selfing obtained by crossing A and C, in meiosis, I A and I C are quite different and can't be paired normally, while other chromosomes are paired normally, and four tetrads can be observed; Meiosis is completed normally, and three genotypes of gametes can be produced, and the gametes contain at most 10 chromosomes.

(4) Cross the f in (2) with the f in (3). If all gametes have equal opportunities for formation and fertility, and the produced seeds develop normally, then the probability that the offspring plants show three traits at the same time is.

I

Answer: (1) third or fourth (1) competition and predation (1)

(2) Vertical structure (1)

(3) first increase, then decrease, and finally reach a balance. (2 points) Some automatic adjustments (2 points)

Analysis: (1) According to the food web, sauropods are in the third and fourth trophic levels. Iguanas prey on sauropods, and both iguanas and sauropods prey on larger ground arthropods, so they are predatory and competitive.

(2) The vertical structure of the community has changed.

(3) According to the coordinate map, the number of cobwebs of the capuchin iguana first increased and then decreased compared with that of the capuchin iguana. The structure and function of the ecosystem remain relatively stable, indicating that the ecosystem has a certain ability of automatic adjustment.

two

Answer: (1) structure (1) biological evolution (1)

(2) Homologous chromosome (1 min) 9(2 points) 2(2 points)

(3) 20 ( 1) 4(2) 22(2)

(4)3/ 16 (2 points)

Analysis: (1) observation showed that strain B and C had structural variation of dyeing, which could provide raw materials for biological evolution.

(2) Genes A and A are alleles located on homologous chromosomes, so they are separated with the separation of homologous chromosomes. Plant A has no Bb gene, and its genotype can be expressed as AA00, plant B as AaBb, and F 1 obtained by hybridization as AaB0, which can be regarded as aaBB. Therefore, there are 9 genotypes in F2, and only 2 genotypes show resistance to dwarf yellow disease: aaBB aaB.

(3) Wheat contains 42 chromosomes, and 40 chromosomes can be paired except for two that cannot be matched, so 20 tetrads can be observed. Because I-A and I-C cannot be paired, I-A and I-C may or may not be separated during the first meiosis. The final gamete may contain I-A and I-C, both or none, so four genotypes of gametes can be produced. It contains as many as 22 chromosomes.

(4) In (2), the genotype of F 1 is AAB, and in (3), the genotype of F 1 can be regarded as AA AE. Considering that the probability of the offspring of B gene resistant to dwarf yellow disease is 1/2, considering A and E, the probability of the offspring resistant to dwarf yellow leaf spot disease is 3/.