Every change or progress in aquaculture is the first change in aquaculture mode, and tilapia farming is no exception, because aquaculture mode is the easiest to change. Judging from the development of tilapia culture in China, tilapia culture mode has experienced three modes: traditional mixed culture of fish and pigs, mixed culture of fish and ducks, intensive culture in recent years and large-scale mixed culture now. No matter which breeding mode, it is a wise choice for farmers to make changes according to the changes in the market.

1, intensive farming mode

The intensive farming model of tilapia in bumper years has developed rapidly. Intensive farming, that is, pure tilapia farming, can reach more than 5000 per mu, creating many tilapia myths. The representative areas of intensive farming mode are tropical and subtropical farming areas such as Wenchang in Hainan and Nanning in Guangxi. The seedling density is 2500-4000 plants/mu, the feed coefficient is 1.3- 1.5, and the breeding cost is 3.5-4 yuan/kg. The pond needs to be equipped with a strong aerobic capacity, and the pond even has a good sewage system.

Hainan can raise three fish a year by taking advantage of its unique climatic advantages; Nanning, by virtue of its advantages in the domestic market, has been relatively firm in fish prices. Intensive farming mode of tilapia is highly respected by farmers in both places because of its fast growth and high yield. In addition, the tilapia market peaks at 10 to 12, which is also the lowest price. Tilapia in intensive farming mode can be listed one month in advance, and farmers can make a time difference to avoid the impact of peak fish production on fish prices.

However, in recent two years, intensive tilapia has to face the double test of streptococcosis and weak export. While the 20 16 market is still unclear, many large tilapia farmers still have a strong wait-and-see mood.

2. Tilapia-prawn polyculture model

The polyculture model of tilapia and prawns can be regarded as a classic farming model, which is also due to the frequent occurrence of prawn diseases and the sluggish tilapia market in recent years. This model is distributed in Taishan, Zhuhai, Zhanjiang, Maoming and other places in Guangdong.

The mixed culture mode of tilapia and prawn is mainly tilapia, supplemented by prawn, with complementary advantages and improved anti-risk ability. General farmers began to mark fish eggs and shrimps in the middle and late March. The density of tilapia seedlings is 2500-3000/mu, and the density of shrimp seedlings is 20000-30000/mu, mainly the second generation. When the specifications of tilapia seedlings reach 50/kg and shrimp seedlings reach 800/kg, mixed culture of tilapia and shrimp can be carried out in the pond. There are also some farmers who directly put shrimp seedlings into tilapia nursery ponds and then replenish them in time during the breeding process. Farmers with sufficient ponds can prepare the standard thickness of the second crop in the middle of the first crop, so as to maximize the breeding benefits. Feed tilapia all the time, and do not feed or feed Penaeus vannamei less. Using the omnivorous characteristics of Penaeus vannamei, the feed utilization rate and pond purification ability are improved, and the breeding risk and cost are reduced.

Prawns can be harvested in early June and then put in cages. The yield per mu is about 200 Jin. Based on the average price 15-20 yuan/kg, the output value of prawns per mu is 3,000-4,000 yuan, which can offset most of the feed expenditure of tilapia. Tilapia can be marketed in batches in mid-September, with a feed coefficient of about 1.3 and a yield of 2,500-3,000 kg per mu. Using the high added value of shrimp, this model can greatly increase the farming income of tilapia.

3. Intensive farming of large-scale tilapia.

In recent years, the market of large-scale tilapia weighing 3-4 kg is very stable, with an average price of about 10 yuan/kg, which has a large profit margin and is sought after by some farmers. Breeding areas are mainly concentrated near high-consumption cities such as Zhuhai and Foshan. In this model, seedlings are usually thrown in March, with 3000-4000 plants (7-8 plants) per mu. After three months of breeding, farmers can choose to put some commercial fish or re-breed in a separate pond to speed up the capital turnover and reduce the breeding risk in high temperature season. By the end of the year, the specifications of tilapia will reach 3-4 kg, and farmers can fish in batches according to market conditions. Take farmers in Pingsha, Zhuhai as an example. Under this model, the yield per mu of tilapia can reach 6,000 Jin, and the profit per mu can reach 1.2- 1.5 million yuan.

Although profitable, this farming model is only suitable for farming areas close to wholesale markets or urban consumer groups. These areas not only have strong consumption power for large-scale tilapia, but also farmers can directly connect with the market and gain more profit space.

In addition, large-scale tilapia must spend the winter, because the price of tilapia is the highest when it is green and yellow, and whether it can spend the winter has become the most concerned issue for tilapia farmers. Therefore, this model is only suitable for ponds with sheds, groundwater or geothermal energy in winter. This model has a long breeding cycle and high cost. Farmers should choose according to their own pond environment and market environment, and don't blindly follow suit.

4. Three-dimensional culture mode

Three-dimensional aquaculture includes traditional fish-duck polyculture and fish-pig polyculture, mainly concentrated in large aquaculture areas in eastern Guangdong and inland. Take the mixed culture of fish and ducks in eastern Guangdong as an example. The density of tilapia seedlings is 800- 1000 heads/mu (8-9 generations), and it is also matched with filter-feeding and omnivorous fish such as bighead carp, silver carp and shad. Feeding opening material in the fry stage can improve the survival rate, and no feeding or less feeding is required in the middle stage of breeding. When the fish reaches the standard of more than half a catty, it will be fed to tilapia for fattening, and some farmers will feed the ducks when the fish sells for a price. The total feed coefficient is about 0.6-0.8, and the breeding cost is 2-3 yuan/kg.

According to the analysis of industry personnel, the cost of intensive farming of tilapia is generally 3.5 ~ 4 yuan/kg, mixed farming is 3 ~ 3.5 yuan/kg, and stereoscopic farming is 2 ~ 3 yuan/kg. In the current low price situation, the first two farming modes are both at a loss. Therefore, stereoscopic farming is still the best farming mode for tilapia farmers to avoid market risks.

The three-dimensional farming model will not disappear in the short term, but with the shift of policy, farming and environmental protection, the government will strengthen the control of pond farming environment, and some areas have banned the construction of pig houses and duck sheds in ponds. In the long run, farmers should make changes in time to cope with environmental changes.

5. Large polyculture model

Large-scale polyculture refers to the polyculture of tilapia with carp, shad, grass carp, bighead carp and silver carp. Make full use of the space of water body and the feeding habits of fish, so as to improve the benefit of the whole culture process. The following table shows the investment and income of large-scale polyculture model of tilapia farmers in enping city, Guangdong Province, for your reference.

Compared with three-dimensional culture, it avoids the large-scale polyculture mode of tilapia? The pesticide residue and sediment pollution of livestock manure have high maneuverability, and the excavation space is still very large.

6. There are other farming modes.

For example, mariculture in coastal areas, intensive culture in high ponds and mariculture after freshwater culture can improve the flavor and taste of tilapia.

Second, the nursery stock article

"If you want to get rich by breeding, fry is the first", and fry is the basis of breeding. Once you choose, you can't change its innate characteristics. Tilapia, in particular, is a low-profit variety, and the quality of fry often determines the success or failure of breeding.

1. Select seedlings

Try to choose company seedlings and brand seedlings. Although the impact of the cold wave on the tilapia fry industry this year is not as great as that in 2008, small fry farms will still seize the market. Farmers must not rush to cast seedlings and choose inferior fry by mistake.

In variety selection, Gifu tilapia dominates the world with its rapid growth rate, while Onion tilapia grows slowly but has higher cold resistance and disease resistance than Gifu tilapia. When the industry goes through various baptisms, farmers should rationally choose fry varieties according to their own breeding habits and plans, and should not ignore the quality of fry in order to pursue fast.

Throwing seedlings

In terms of seeding, conventional preventive measures such as cleaning ponds and transferring water are no longer redundant. Just remind farmers from some key points. The water for fry should not only be concerned about its safety, but also pay attention to its stability. Stable water is rich in plankton, so fry are not easy to be stressed. It is suggested that abamectin or ivermectin should be used to kill insects in the whole pond two days before sowing, and seedlings should be released when the water temperature is stable above 20℃ High protein eel powder and fish meal can be used to feed fry to improve the survival rate and immunity of fry; It is suggested to kill insects once a week after sowing and disinfect regularly in low temperature weather to prevent water mold; Finally, take precautions against natural enemies (water snakes, birds, tadpoles, etc.). ).