Three-needle and three-leaf pine includes Pinus bungeana, Pinus yunnanensis, Pinus Simao in Sichuan and Yunnan, Pinus elliottii and Pinus taeda introduced from central and southern China. A bundle of four-needle pine trees is rare and only distributed in California, USA. Besides, eggs and pine are in bundles of four or five needles. There are many kinds of pine trees with five needles in a bunch, which are widely distributed, including Korean pine in the northeast, Huashan pine, Qiao pine, Guangdong pine in the northwest and southwest provinces, Anhui five-needle pine, Dabie mountain five-needle pine, Chinese pine and Taiwan Province fruit pine.
Pine trees not only have ancient birthday stars, but also have strange shapes. There is a Gu Song in Jiuhuashan, Anhui. At 3 meters from the trunk, there are three branches, the middle branch rises in a curve shape, one side of the side branch slightly bends and extends slightly downward, and the other side branch slightly becomes warped. The whole pine tree is like a phoenix spreading its wings, which is called "Phoenix Pine". There is a strange pine on Yuntai Mountain in Lianyungang, Jiangsu Province. Its trunk is about 15 meters long and its trunk is more than 1 meter thick. The trunk of more than 8 meters lying on the ground looks like Wolong. After many twists and turns, it rose again and became a spectacle. Huangshan Mountain in Anhui Province is famous for its exotic pines, such as the welcoming pine near Wenshuyuan in Yuping Peak, which has been recorded in the Tang Dynasty and is over 1.500 years old. Two 7.6-meter-long branches protrude from the middle of the trunk, as if welcoming guests with open arms. Many pine trees are born in crevices, with strange trunks and branches. The needles are very short. These are yellow pines. It is often famous for its pictographic shape; Such as upside-down pine, dragon pine, dragon claw pine, lianlisong, futongsong and so on.
The first leaves to grow after flowering are primary leaves, which are solitary, spirally arranged, linear and lanceolate, and the leaf margin is toothed. It takes 1 ~ 3 years for primary leaves to function as leaves, and then there are needles, usually 2, 3 or 5 bundles, which are inserted at the top of short branches. Each bundle of needles has a leaf sheath at the base, which falls off or exists early. The position of resin channel in mesophyll tissue is relatively constant in adult plants, which can be divided into three types: exogenous, mesophyll and endogenous.
The most obvious feature of pine trees is that their leaves are needle-shaped, usually in bundles of 2, 3 or 5 needles. For example, the leaves of Pinus tabulaeformis, Pinus massoniana and Pinus taiwanensis are in bundles of 2 needles, the leaves of Pinus bungeana are in bundles of 3 needles, and the leaves of Pinus koraiensis, Pinus armandii and Pinus pentaphylla are in bundles of 5 needles. Pine is a monoecious plant, and its spore leaves are arranged like cones, forming female cones and male cones. Single or 2 14 female cones are attached to the top of new branches, and most male cones gather in the lower part of new branches. Pine cones usually bloom in spring and summer, but after the pollen reaches the female cones, it will not germinate until the early summer of the following year, so that the female flowers will fertilize and develop into cones (commonly known as pinecones or cones, not fruits). The cones mature after autumn, and the seed scales open, and each seed scale has two seeds.
Pinus species are mostly tall and straight trees with good materials and many columns. Korean pine, the "king of wood" in the northeast of China, tall Pinus ponderosa (up to 75 meters) widely distributed in the west of North America, the fastest growing pine radial pine originated in the coastal area of California, slash pine originated in the southeast of the United States, Caribbean pine originated in the Caribbean of America, and Pinus densiflora widely distributed in the west and north of Eurasia. , are famous timber trees.
Pine trees can grow on all kinds of soil. Because of the low ash content of needles, they can tolerate poor soil, but when planted in loose and fertile soil, their productivity is high. Pine trees in humid areas are mostly suitable for acidic soil. Some pine trees, such as Pinus bungeana and Pinus tabulaeformis, can adapt to the soil with high calcium content and high pH value, and there are mycorrhizal fungi in the root system of pine trees. The hyphae of ectomycorrhiza mainly form a sheath around the short lateral roots, which is beneficial to the absorption of water and nutrients by the roots. Therefore, inducing mycorrhizal development is very important for the success or failure of some pine afforestation.
Most pine trees can't grow on saline-alkali land, so they can't grow near the seashore. But some pine trees, such as black pine introduced into China from Japan, have strong salt tolerance.
Most pines, especially apricot pines, are light-sheltered trees with weak shade tolerance. Its appearance is sparse crown and natural pruning height; Physiologically, the compensation point is low; Most of them are pioneer trees with forest characteristics. When virgin forests are destroyed or burned, they can easily develop and occupy bare space. For example, the evergreen broad-leaved forest in the south of China is easily replaced by Pinus massoniana or Pinus yunnanensis. However, these pine forests are not stable. When they form a suitable forest environment, for some basic trees that are relatively shade-tolerant, broad-leaved trees such as Populus davidiana and Betula platyphylla appear, and then Korean pine appears. Because Korean pine has the characteristics of shade tolerance and longevity, it finally regained its dominant position.
In addition to the substitution of Korean pine, Populus davidiana and birch, there is also the substitution of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) and Korean pine.
Pine trees have strong adaptability to the land environment. They can tolerate the low temperature of -60℃ or the high temperature of 50℃, can grow in bare mineral soil, sandy soil, volcanic ash, calcareous soil, limestone soil and various soils from calcareous soil to red soil, and are drought-tolerant, barren and sunny, so they are famous pioneer trees.
China is one of the countries with the richest gymnosperms in the world. From the perspective of Pinaceae, it can be fully explained that China is a veritable "hometown of gymnosperms". In China's vast mountainous Yuan Ye, there are not only lush pine, larch, spruce and fir forests, but also many extremely precious and rare Pinaceae trees hidden in some deep mountains and forests.
Among the first batch of rare and endangered plants under special state protection, there are 39 species of Pinaceae, accounting for110 of the total (389 species). Among them, Cryptomeria fortunei is listed as the first-class key protected plants, Abies baishanzu and Pinus yunnanensis 17 species are listed as the second-class key protected plants, and Taxodium mexicana and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica/0 species are listed as the third-class key protected plants.
Pine trees not only have economic uses, but also have important ornamental value because of their majestic posture and long life. It is an important part of many scenic spots in China. For example, Qian Shan in Liaoning, Mount Tai in Shandong and Lushan in Jiangxi are all famous for their pine scenery. Especially in Huangshan, Anhui, pine, cloud and stone are also called "three wonders", led by pine. Many Gu Song in various places are closely related to China's long history and culture. For example, there is an 800-year-old Gu Song in Beijing Beihai and Yuanmingyuan, which is said to have been named "Yin Hou" by Qing Qianlong. The legend of Mount Tai's "Five Buddha Pines" is that Qin Shihuang went up the mountain to shelter from the rain and was given an official title. People in China regard pine trees as a symbol of firmness, chastity and longevity. Song and Zhu are also called "three friends of the old and the cold", which means the indomitable spirit of defying adversity and overcoming difficulties.
According to the structural characteristics and wood properties, pine trees are generally divided into coniferous pine and broad-leaved pine. Cork pine (that is, subgenus of single vascular bundle) is light and soft, uniform in texture, low in strength, easy to process, with gradual change from early wood to late wood and few wing cracks. Hardwood pine (that is, subgenus of double vascular bundles) is relatively hard, uneven in texture, high in strength, difficult to process, fast in transformation from early wood to late wood, and high in rosin content. However, Hainan five-needled pine and South China five-needled pine belonging to cork pine are close to hardwood pine in strength and bulk density. Pine can be used in buildings, telephone poles, sleepers, columns, bridges, farm tools, appliances, furniture and other purposes. The cellulose content of various pine trees is about 50 ~ 60%, and the lignin content is 25 ~ 30%, which is one of the important raw materials for pulp and paper industry. Pine trees can also be used as fuelwood.
Rosin and turpentine can be extracted by cutting turpentine from pine tree trunks. Pine nuts are rich in protein and oil, and the oil content is above 30%. Among them, there are 20 species with edible value, such as Korean pine, slash pine and Huashan pine, all of which are produced in China. The seeds of Korean pine can also be used as medicine, and the medicine name is "sea pine seed", which is a nourishing tonic. Pine bark and seed coat are rich in tannin, and tannin extract can be extracted by soaking. After the bark is crushed, it can be mixed with other raw materials and pressed into hard fiberboard. In addition, pine needle volatile oil can be extracted from pine needles. Needles are rich in carotene, vitamins, fat, protein, calcium, phosphorus and other mineral elements, which can be processed into feed additives for poultry and livestock. Incomplete combustion of pine branches and roots in kiln can make pine smoke (see dry distillation of wood), which can be used to make ink, ink and black paint. Pine branches and roots are also raw materials for cultivating valuable medicinal material Poria cocos.
To sum up, pine needles, with its little-known amazing curative effect and rich resources covering the whole country, will surely become the symbolic product of health care industry revolution.
Pine needles, leaves of Pinus massoniana, have great medicinal value. They were first discovered by Sun Simiao. They mainly scavenge human free radicals, prevent carsickness, simmer wine and prolong life.
Pine tree is a treasure, its trunk is a very versatile wood, and it is also a high-quality raw material for papermaking. The resin liquid of pine trees can be used to make rosin and turpentine, but pine needles were basically allowed to rot or burn in the past cutting process, which not only wasted forest resources, but also easily caused forest fires, soil acidification and pests and diseases. Although there is turpentine in pine bark, collecting turpentine will pay a heavy price and get little benefit. A pine tree can only collect turpentine once a year, and the turpentine collected after bark girdling can only be sold for 2 yuan RMB, and it can only be sold for 20 RMB in ten years. Pine trees whose bark has been cut can't become wood, and will die within 8- 10 years because of lack of nutrition, so destructive cutting can only cause resource exhaustion and waste. The collection of pine needles belongs to nondestructive collection (only once a season 1/3- 1/4, or in pieces), which has no influence on the growth of pine trees and can turn waste into treasure.
Pine leaves not only have the medicinal value of preventing and treating oxidative stress and metabolic diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease, heart disease, diabetes, stroke and Alzheimer's disease, but also have the health care function. Pine needles are rich in amino acids, a variety of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins, more than 40 macro-elements, a variety of trace elements and crude fiber, which can be used to develop a variety of health foods, drinks and wines that enhance immunity, promote hair growth, reduce blood fat, soothe the nerves and delay aging. The residue without pollution and chemical additives in the cooking process is also valuable, which can be used as feed additives and organic fertilizers, and can also be used to cultivate mushrooms, activate a series of industrial chains, revitalize industries such as medicine, health care, aquaculture and chemical beverages, and give play to the role of science and technology in promoting industrial development.