Mencius (about 372-289 BC) was born in Zou (now Zou County, Shandong Province). Thinkers, politicians and educators in the Warring States period. He is regarded as the successor of Confucius' theory and is known as "the sage of Asia". The grandson of Confucius, a disciple of Confucius, is the most authoritative representative of Confucianism in the mid-Warring States period after Confucius. He once walked on the beam, saying that he would benefit the king and could not use it; I'm here to see Qi Xuanwang. Wang Xuan was very polite to him, but he never used it. So Mencius returned to Confucius and taught his disciples. After the death of Mencius, his disciples Zhang Wan, Gong Sunchou and others recorded his words and deeds as Seven Chapters of Mencius.

Mencius is one of the Confucian classics. The core of Mencius is "benevolence" and "righteousness", which is the development of Confucius' thought. His prose is magnificent, intense and full of agitation; Being good at explaining things with metaphors and debating right and wrong can not only attract people's attention, but also enhance persuasion. The article "I want what I want" embodies these characteristics well.

This article is a lobbying speech of Mencius. It is generally accepted by later generations that Shun, Zhong, Guan Zhong, Sun Shuai and Priscilla are listed as six people in the lower class in the original text, and then they say, "Heaven will demote to a great post, and people will have to work hard first ...", which makes people easily think of the tempering of will, and the last sentence is especially reminiscent of a strong sense of tragedy in adversity.

original text

Born in sorrow, died in happiness (1)

Shun originated in mu (2), Fu Shuo is a building with a partition (32) (3), glue is fish salt (4), customs is a scholar (5), Sun Shuai is a sea (6), and baili is a city (7).

Therefore, it is going to be a great post (8), so (Sri Lanka) people are also (9), so they must first suffer their minds (10), work their bones and muscles (1 1), starve their bodies (12) and empty their bodies (/kloc).

People will pass (18) and then change (20); Trapped in the heart (2 1), balanced by consideration (22), and then made (23); Mark with color (24), sound (25), and then metaphor (26). If you enter, you can't have a home (27), if you leave, there will be no foreign invasion (28), and the country will die forever (29).

Then knowledge is born of worry (30) and dies of happiness (3 1).

To annotate ...

(1) from Mencius? 6? The author of 1 Xia is Gao, a student of Mencius and a disciple of Confucianism and Mohism. Some excerpts here are entitled "Shunfa Fishes".

(2) Shun (shùn) was born in an acre (Qu n): Shun rose from the field. Shun used to farm in Lishan. At the age of 30, he was used by Yao, and later succeeded him as the king of Yao. From, from, refers to being appointed. Yu, preposition, cong. A ditch in the field, a ditch in the field. Mu, field ridge. "Mu" refers to fields, fields and fields. Shun, the legendary ancient emperor.

(3) Fu Shuo was lifted between buildings: Fu Shuo was lifted to the plasterer who built the wall. Fu Shuo, a native of Shang Dynasty, used to be a plasterer of Yan Fu, building walls for people. Wu Ding, the king of Yin, paid him a visit and took him as a photograph. Promote, be used, be chosen. Board building, when building a wall, put the soil between two plywood and tamp it with a pestle. Plywood for wall-beating. A pestle used to build and tamp soil.

(4) gé was lifted in fish salt: gé was lifted from a vendor selling fish salt. The sage of Shang Dynasty, who sold fish and salt at first, recommended him to Zhou. Later, he assisted Zhou Wuwang. Yu, preposition, cong.

(5) Guan Yiwu was promoted to a scholar: Guan Yiwu was released from the prison officer and was hired. Guan Zhong (Yi Wu) was originally a minister of Qi Gong Zi Jiu. Xiao Bai (Qi Huangong) and Gong Zijiu competed for the position of the group, but the rectification failed. Guan Zhong was sent back to China as a sinner, and Qi Huangong knew that he was talented, that is, he was a prime minister. Being promoted to a scholar means getting rid of prison officials and getting a job. Sergeant, prison officer. Being promoted to a scholar means being released and appointed from prison officials.

(6) Sun Shuai rose to the sea: Sun Shuai rose to the court from the quiet seaside. Sun Shao, a native of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period, lived in seclusion by the sea. Chu Zhuangwang knew that he was very talented, so he married her.

(7) Priscilla was brought up in the city: Priscilla was brought up from the market and took photos. Bai Xixi was a doctor of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period. After Yu Wang was captured, he entered Qin and then fled to Chu. Later, Qin Mugong redeemed him with five sheepskins (G incarnation, black ram) and made him a doctor. Cities, markets, places to do business.

(8) great responsibility: great responsibility or the responsibility of governing the country. Duty, responsibility, mission, burden.

(9) So people also: (give great responsibility) to this person. Yes, demonstrative pronoun, this. Also, it is used at the end of the first half sentence to indicate a pause, and the second half sentence will explain.

(10) You have to suffer his heart first: you have to suffer his heart first. Suffer, this adjective is used to create, create ... pain.

(1 1) tired his bones and muscles: tired his bones and muscles. Making ... hard work. Its pronoun, his.

(12) starve his body and skin: it means to make him suffer from hunger and make his skin thinner. Go hungry, go hungry.

(13) Being empty means making him poor. Lack of resources. Here is a verb that makes him suffer from poverty.

(14) Do something wrong: What he did was upside down. Flicker, flip, flip, flip. What you did, what you did. To confuse, confuse.

(15) So: use (like this ...).

(16) Endurance: Arouse his heart and temper his temperament. Move, disturb. Put up with, make ... be patient.

(17) Ceng Yi can't do it: increase what he can't do and let him grow his talents. Once, through "increase", increase. Therefore, auxiliary words and "can't" constitute noun phrases, which refer to unreachable objects.

(18) constant: often.

(19) Guo: This means making mistakes.

(20) Only then can it be changed: only in this way can it be changed later.

(2 1) trapped in the heart: inner troubles. Sleepy, anxious. Yu, preposition, in.

(22) Consideration balance: Thinking about congestion. Balance, through the "horizontal", is blocked, which means it is not smooth.

(23) Later: Then you can act. Do, stand up, and intend to do something.

(24) color sign: manifested in the face. It means haggard and haggard, which is reflected in color. Symbol, expression, performance.

(25) from the sound: it means that the sigh comes from the sound.

(26) After metaphor: (See his face and smell his voice) Then people know him. Yu, understand, understand.

(27) if you enter, you can't go home: at home, if you can't assist the judges and wise men of the monarch. Into, inside, refers to the domestic. Legalists, ministers who can adhere to statutes. A wise man enough to assist the monarch. Brush, pass "finish", assist finish, assist. So, if.

(28) Foreign patients are invincible: in a foreign country, if there is no hostile country or foreign disaster. Get out, get out. Refers to foreign countries. Enemy country, a country with equal strength and status. Foreign invasion, foreign invasion, mostly foreign invasion. Person, mood particle, pause.

(29) Countries always perish: countries often perish. Constant, often.

Then knowledge is born of worry: only after this can we understand that we can survive and develop because of worry. Then, after that. Yu, preposition, because, indicates the reason. Live, make ... live.

(3 1) Died of happiness: of comfort and enjoyment. Death: To cause death.

(32) Elevator: Recommended.

General translation

Shun grew out of the field, was selected from the work of building walls, and was from

In the sale of fish and salt, Guan Zhong was promoted from the prison officer, and Sun Shuai found it from the seaside.

Be chosen in the market. Therefore, if God wants to put a great mission on this man, he must first complete his mission.

His will was tempered, which made his bones and muscles tired, made his body hungry and made him suffer from poverty.

Bitter, things can never go smoothly. This will disturb his mind, temper his temperament and increase his talent.

People always make mistakes before they correct them; . Inner troubles, thinking about infarction, and then you can.

Get up; Expressed in the face, expressed in the voice, and then understood. One country, one country

If there are no ministers who insist on laws and discipline and wise men who assist the monarch, if there are no worries of competing neighbors and foreign countries, go

It is easy to die. Only then do we know that people can live because of anxiety and decline because of indulging in happiness.

The truth.

The structure of the article

This paper demonstrates the viewpoint of "born in sorrow and died in happiness" by combining historical cases with facts. The full text has four paragraphs, which can be divided into three parts. The first part (the first to second paragraphs): In the form of parallelism, six famous figures in history are cited as examples, which strongly demonstrates the truth of cultivating talents in hardship. The second part (the third paragraph) demonstrates the necessity of hard training from both positive and negative aspects, and shows that people's difficulties can stimulate their fighting spirit, and the country is easy to perish without worrying. The third part (the fourth paragraph): the conclusion that "born in sorrow, died in happiness" is also the central argument of the whole paper.

First, the understanding of the article "born in sorrow, died in happiness"

The textbook "Born in Worry and Died in Happiness" (People's Education Edition) is a classic article in Mencius, and its original title is "Fishes in Shun Fa". Say it is a classic, lies in:

(1) In the first paragraph of the article, six famous people are listed: Shun,,, Guan Yiwu, Sun Shuai and Bai Xixi. They are either legendary sages or famous sages and gifted scholars in history. They are listed in the first paragraph of the article because they either went through hardships and engaged in humble work or were unknown to the world before becoming celebrities.

(2) The second paragraph of the article is a famous sentence that inspires the deaf: "Therefore, the sky will drop to a great post, so an old friend (referred to as" Si Ren "in the article) must first suffer from his mind, his bones and muscles, starve his body, empty his body and do whatever he wants. Therefore, the endurance of the heart is beneficial to it. " The author had taught me twice before this teaching. As long as I mention it, I can recite it one by one. This passage is famous because it has extraordinary inspirational function. I think it's hard for anyone who has taught this text twice not to recite it, especially what he read in middle school. It tells people that all people who want to achieve something in the future must go through a painful and tortuous training in mind and body to increase their talents. I have eaten all the hardships I can eat and all the setbacks I can bear. Even if I encounter similar difficulties and setbacks in the future, I can be calm and calm, and try my best to overcome and deal with them.

(3) The third paragraph is also a famous sentence: "People always have to pass before they can change. Trapped in the heart, balanced in consideration, and then made; Color label, sound hair, and then metaphor. A country, if there are no ministers and wise men who can assist the king, will often be in danger of the collapse of its neighboring countries and the misfortunes from abroad. Then I know that I was born in sorrow and died in happiness. " It is famous because it tells the center of the whole article, "Born in sorrow, died in happiness". In other words, if a person assumes that he has been living a happy life, he will die if he does not make progress and has no sense of hardship.

(4) In terms of writing, the rhetorical devices of parallelism are used in the first and second paragraphs, which makes the article compelling and irrefutable. The former summarizes the cases of six famous people with the words "Yu" and "Ju", and demonstrates the viewpoint of "born in sorrow". The word "qi" in the second paragraph shows the good intention of "God" in order to hone and forge a generation of sages or sages who can take on great responsibilities. In the third paragraph, we discussed the role of individuals in suffering. If a country is in a peaceful situation, under this false appearance of peace, the people of the whole country will relax their vigilance. Once the country encounters internal troubles and foreign invasion, it will instantly fall apart and become extinct. This kind of writing from small to large is also a classic, which makes people want to stop, never forget, and gives people profound enlightenment.

complete picture

In the original text, Shun Di, Fu Shuo, Jiao Wei, Guan Zhong, Sun Shuai and Priscilla were listed as six people from the lower classes.

Then, he said, "Heaven will have a heavy responsibility, and people will have to work hard at it first ..." At such times, it is easy to think of meaning.

In sharpening ambition, the last sentence, "Born in sorrow, died in happiness", especially reminds people to work hard in adversity.

A strong sense of tragedy. This explanation is generally accepted by later generations and seems to be harmless.

Background "Born in sorrow, died in happiness" comes from Mencius.

The era of books is the Warring States period in Chinese history.

Mencius was not respected like later generations at that time, but in a desolate and lonely environment, and his remarks were not taken seriously. He embraced the ancient sages' way of learning, especially Confucius' benevolence, and completely set out from the purpose of saving the world and saving people. He hopes to find a leader who is really willing to practice the benevolent government of Wang Dao and save the world in that era when he only talks about hegemony and struggles for power and money, so as to urge him to unite his family, govern the country and level the world. I hope it helps you.