According to the growth of roots, stems, leaves and branches of Carthamus tinctorius, the growth period of Carthamus tinctorius can be divided into five periods.
1. The rosette stage is the stage when the stem of safflower is slightly elongated and the leaves are close to the ground, which is the characteristic that safflower adapts to low temperature and short sunshine. If the temperature is high and the sunshine is long, the rosette period will be short or even disappear; On the contrary, low temperature and short sunshine will prolong the rosette period. Generally 10 ~ 25 days. The growth centers are leaves and roots, and leaves account for more than 90% of the dry matter weight of the whole plant.
2. In the elongation stage, branches begin to form, which are visible to the naked eye, but do not elongate. The stem elongates sharply, and the plant height is about1m. The growth centers are stems, leaves and roots, forming a large number of leaves.
3. At the branching stage, all leaves are formed, the leaf area reaches the maximum, and its growth center shifts to branches and buds.
4. Flowering period When the bulb 10% on the main stem of the plant is open, the plant will enter flowering period. This period lasts about 20 days, and the growth center is bud, the plant height does not increase, the number of green leaves decreases gradually, and the leaf area decreases.
5. The period of seed maturity lasts about one month. The growth center is the seed, and the dry matter is transferred from the branch bud to the seed, enriching the seed continuously until the seed matures, the leaves turn yellow and fall off, and finally the whole plant dies.
(2) Growth conditions of safflower
Safflower likes warm and dry climate, with strong cold resistance and salt and alkali tolerance. Drought-resistant and waterlogging-resistant, it is suitable for planting on sandy soil with good drainage and medium fertility, especially oily sandy soil and purple sandy soil. Seeds germinate easily, and can germinate above 5℃. The optimum temperature for germination is 15 ~ 25℃, and the germination rate is about 80%.
Carthamus tinctorius belongs to long-day plants, and short-day sunshine is beneficial to vegetative growth, while long-day sunshine is beneficial to reproductive growth. For most safflower varieties, within a certain range, regardless of the length of growth time and the height of the plant, as long as the plant is in long sunshine, safflower will bloom. Therefore, in production, it is often by adjusting the sowing date and prolonging the time of safflower under the condition of low temperature and short sunshine to prolong the vegetative growth period of safflower and effectively increase the number of primary branches and bulbs, which are the two most important yield components, so as to obtain high yield.
(3) the flowering habit of safflower
Safflower usually blooms and pollinates in the morning, with the most flowers and pollen at 9 ~ 12 in the morning. When the temperature is high and the air is dry, bloom gets up early and often; When the temperature is low and the air is humid, bloom stays late and drives less. When flowering, the flower ball at the top of the main stem opens first, and then the flower ball at the top of the first branch gradually opens from top to bottom along the main stem, which is the descending inflorescence. The opening of each branch is also from the second branch near the top of the branch to the first branch, and gradually from the outside to the inside, that is, both branches are inflorescences. The top flower of the main stem blooms with the top two branches from top to bottom for a little longer. The top flower of the main stem blooms for 3 days, the top flowers of the two branches from the top of the main stem bloom for 2 days, and the top flowers of other first-level branches and second-level branches generally bloom 1 day. 4 ~ 5 adjacent branches in different positions can be opened at the same time in full bloom. The small flowers in each flower ball open from the edge to the center in turn, which is a centripetal inflorescence.
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