1, protection object, protection fund, protection mechanism
(1) residential building protection
Ancient architecture is a prominent embodiment of the value of ancient villages and towns, and it is also an important protection object. Most of the ancient houses in ancient villages and towns belong to private property: Hongcun 134 ancient houses, 126 is the private property of villagers; In Zhouzhuang Town, public (collectively owned) shops account for about 40% of all properties, while private shops account for about 60%. Public (collectively owned) houses account for about 30% of all properties, and private shops account for about 70% of all properties. As we all know, the maintenance cost of ancient buildings is quite high, but residents with property rights often lack sufficient funds and motivation to protect and maintain these ancient buildings, and the amount, scope and methods of protection funds of governments at all levels are extremely limited (according to the Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on the Protection of Cultural Relics, financial subsidies are not arranged in principle for the repair of private cultural relics buildings, and the amount of protection funds issued by governments at all levels is limited, and only for buildings that have been included in cultural relics protection units).
For a long time, the source of protection funds and the establishment of protection mechanism are difficult problems faced by many ancient villages and towns. Some places have explored various ways, such as Huangshan City, where ancient villages and towns are concentrated, and have successively implemented different classified protection methods: the overall protection of blocks and villages (such as Xidi, Hongcun and Nanping). ); Scattered ancient buildings are easy to be centrally protected (such as thousands of houses and Xiuning ancient city rock); Social sponsorship (such as Toyota Foundation of Japan sponsoring Tunxi Old Street); Public welfare claims, etc. In 2007, the Measures for the Declaration and Protection of Ancient Dwellings in Southern Anhui was promulgated, and the first batch of 106 ancient villages started. Individuals at home and abroad can advocate and protect ancient village dwellings and obtain the right of residence for a certain period of time (the ownership remains unchanged), so as to solve the protection problem of ancient dwellings, which are people's private houses but not the objects of national cultural relics protection. However, it is reported that since the launch of the plan, there have been few respondents.
Where does the protection fund come from for a large number of ancient dwellings that are included in and not included in cultural relics protection units? Is it government-led protection, independent protection of residents, or even social assistance protection? How to encourage different social subjects to participate in the protection of ancient houses? What kind of protection system and mechanism can solve practical problems and be effective for a long time? How to establish a reasonable basis for different legal protection methods? All these need to be answered by researchers and relevant government departments as soon as possible.
(2) Protecting cultural space
As mentioned above, the ultimate goal of protecting ancient villages and towns is to protect a cultural space and a living cultural body. People pay more attention to the carrier of material culture (from emphasizing the protection of individual ancient buildings to neglecting the protection of the whole ancient village style to protecting cultural relics, street space, village form, local architecture and rural environment at the same time), but the protection of intangible cultural heritage such as rural culture, neighborhood relations, village characteristics, behavior landscape and customs is not only ignored, but also has no relevant laws, special institutions and corresponding mechanisms. Compared with the protection of tangible cultural relics, the protection of cultural space is more arduous and difficult.
2. Ownership of property rights and related institutional arrangements
The ownership of ancient villages and traditional houses is complicated, and it is also mixed with historical factors that are difficult to sort out. Even ancient buildings with clear property rights, such as ancient dwellings, lack relevant institutional arrangements. On the one hand, many ancient dwellings belong to private property, on the other hand, the owners of ancient village dwellings that have become cultural relics protection units must protect them in accordance with the cultural relics law while enjoying ownership. In other words, as cultural relics, the ownership of ancient dwellings and related institutional arrangements can neither be regarded as general state-owned assets nor simply as private property. How to stipulate the ownership, disposal, distribution and management rights of such assets in law, and how to determine the relevant institutional arrangements? These are the fundamental problems that affect the protection of ancient villages and towns and the development of tourism.
3. Management mode and benefit distribution mechanism
As mentioned above, different development and management modes and benefit distribution patterns of ancient villages and towns have been formed in various places. Whether it is villager autonomy, government-led, or even the main business of enterprises, each model has certain advantages and disadvantages. The key question here is, as the core stakeholders in the tourism development of ancient villages and towns, what responsibilities should they perform and what rights should they have? What should be the basis for determining the rights of responsibility-property rights, investment, assets, administrative power or others? Which development management mode is reasonable in law and system and feasible in practice? What kind of benefit distribution mechanism can realize the protection and sustainable development of ancient villages and towns? In this regard, I am afraid that we can not judge by the simple logic of "existence is reasonable", but should put forward convincing basis and practical solutions from the perspective of system construction.
4. Heritage Protection and New Rural Construction
Theoretically speaking, there is no inevitable contradiction between new rural construction and cultural heritage protection, but in reality, many places understand new rural construction as new rural construction and tear down some precious traditional local buildings. At the same time, due to the merger of towns and villages and the migration of population to central towns and villages, the decline of ancient villages is inevitable. How to deal with the relationship between new and old, tradition and modernity, demolition and preservation, cultural relics protection and development, characteristic protection and new rural construction standards, and how to avoid the "thousand villages renovation and demonstration" activities, not only to create a good living environment, but also to inherit excellent national cultural heritage and cultural traditions? How to avoid the mistakes in urbanization in China from repeating in rural areas? These are all difficult problems to test grass-roots governments and relevant departments. First, combining the two clues and strategic analysis of Xiangfen's urban development and tourism planning, this paper puts forward the strategic concept of "Greater Ding Cun" in Ding Cun's cultural and rural tourist area, and respects and jumps out of the spatial development limitations of two national treasures, namely, the ancient villages of Ding Cun in Ming and Qing Dynasties with Ding Cun dwellings as the core and the Ding Cun National Heritage Theme Park with Dingcunren site as the core. Promote the construction of other surrounding tourist theme areas, including hot spring tourist village (New Ding Cun), Ding Cun hot spring leisure resort, Fenhe ancient humanistic ecological agriculture leisure belt, Ding Cun People's Expo Park, etc. * * * Work together to build a scenic spot plate featuring cultural eco-tourism and service reception-Ding Cun Cultural Leisure Tourism Zone, providing exclusive functional areas for tourism planning, including tourist service centers, parking lots and other services.
Second, in order to meet the needs of Xiangfen's urban spatial development, industrial adjustment and cultural excavation, and continue to enlarge the spatial integration of "Greater Ding Cun", it is proposed to promote the construction of Ding Cun Cultural and Creative Industrial Park on the east side of Ding Cun Cultural and Leisure Tourism Zone, that is, the tourist road is close to Dayun Road, which is a new urban cultural zone. Form an external investment system including: Jinnan Ming and Qing Furniture City, Ding Cun International Conference and Exchange Center, Jinnan Folk Craft Education Base, Chinese Herbal Medicine Trading Market, Jinnan Food Base and Residential Quarter. Take "Dading Village" as the brand, increase local investment hotspots and promote local economy and urban development. Considering the good location advantages of this area, an image gate area is planned on the Universiade Road side, including image gate, parking lot and multi-functional cultural square, which can provide large-scale activities and gatherings, and can serve Ding Cun Cultural Leisure Tourism Zone and Ding Cun Cultural Creative Tourism Planning Industrial Park.
Thirdly, in order to strengthen the traffic connection between the region and the outside world in the future and provide a sustainable spatial development framework, we plan to build a green corridor of cultural and creative leisure landscape on the basis of the existing tourist road, and plan to build a special road connecting the hot spring tourist village (New Ding Cun) and the 108 national highway, and cooperate with the large-scale construction of hot spring leisure resorts featuring hot spring leisure and TCM health preservation, and gradually build this road into a green corridor of characteristic leisure and entertainment landscape in the long run. Therefore, the above two landscape green corridors can become the main tourist passages to enter Ding Cun cultural tourism area in the future, and serve as an important support for the development strategy of "Greater Ding Cun".
Fourthly, considering the protection demand of "double national treasures" in Ding Cun cultural and leisure tourist area, the ecological buffer zone of agriculture and forestry landscape is planned, and together with Fenhe ancient humanistic ecological agricultural leisure zone, the pastoral ecological environment atmosphere needed to prevent Ding Cun cultural and creative industrial park from over-expanding as a new city in the future is created.
Fifthly, in view of the core project of rural tourism-the tourism development of ancient villages in Ding Cun in Ming and Qing Dynasties with Ding Cun folk houses as the core, the strategic concept of "living Ding Cun" is put forward. On the one hand, with Ding Cun folk houses as the carrier and Ding Cun folk art and culture as the filling content, the internal products are activated through dynamic performances and tourists' participation, so as to inject vitality into the exhibition content. On the other hand, on the premise of respecting history and protecting heritage, we should avoid rigid and compulsory overall government demolition and unified transformation, establish and guide the development direction of each block by dividing functional blocks, reasonably preserve the vitality of natural mechanisms, living cultural groups and village souls, and realize the real protection of Ding Cun and the self-renewal of Ding Cun through bottom-up folk protection instead of top-down government transformation. Through the organic combination of these two aspects, * * * shows the vibrant charm of "Living Ding Cun" for 500 years. Fujun Mountain is located in the north of Chengguan Town, Jixian County. Fujun Mountain, as the background of urban parks and urban ecological landscape design, is an important part of tourism planning and urban tourism in key areas of Jixian County. Before the Ming Dynasty, Fujun Mountain was called Kongtong Mountain, and "Kongtong Snow" was one of the eight scenic spots in ancient Yuyang. Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, Daoguang in the Republic of China, Jizhou annals and Panshan annals all have writings about this mountain, and there are records that Huangdi climbed this mountain and asked Guangchengzi. After the Ming dynasty, there was a Cui Fujun temple on the mountain, so it was renamed Fujun Mountain.
Fujun Mountain, as an important rural tourism resource in Jixian City, has a good ecological environment and convenient transportation. Its main tourist resources are characterized by Taoist cultural heritage, and it is the "window" and "gateway" of Jixian National Geopark. In addition, Xijingyu rural tourism at the northern foot of Fujun Mountain is also very distinctive. The allusions asked by Xuanyuan, the ancestor of Chinese culture, are widely spread. According to Zhuangzi, the Yellow Emperor ascended the throne for nineteen years, and went to Kongtong Mountain to meet Guangchengzi, the ancestor of Taoism, to seek the way of governing the country and cultivating oneself. Hit the wall for the first time and was widely laughed at. After the Yellow Emperor returned, he abandoned the world and built a private room. After three months of meditation, he went to see Guang, who met him widely.
Fujun Mountain is also known as Endless Mountain and Kongtong Mountain. According to textual research, Guang practiced here, which is also a blessed place for him to become an immortal, and Huang Di asked Guang also happened here. Historically, Fujun Mountain has Taoist buildings such as Guangchengzi Temple and Fujun Tower. It can be said that Fujun Mountain is one of the famous Taoist mountains in China, and Guangchengzi, as the ancestor of Taoism, is one of the roots of China culture. Therefore, it can be said that Fujun Mountain is one of the cradles of China culture.
Dr. Li Shuping, an expert in tourism planning, analyzed that Tianjin Jixian National Geopark covers almost all the contents of Jixian geological tourism planning landscape. It is the only national geological park in China that records the geological history of the Middle-Upper Proterozoic Earth evolution, with an area of 348 square kilometers from jiusan in the north, Fujun Mountain in the south, Baxian Mountain in the east and Panshan Mountain in the west. A large number of extremely precious geological relics and landscapes have been preserved, and the geological history, geological events and formation process of the earth have been recorded with typical, complete, systematic, rare and scientific connotations, showing the profound natural charm to the world and recording the geological history, geological events and formation process of the earth. This is a rare and precious natural heritage.
As an important part of Fujun Mountain, it is called "Fujun Mountain Geological Structure Relics Scenic Spot in Jixian National Geopark, Tianjin". At the same time, Fujun Mountain, represented by Shanjiao National Geopark Square, is also the first gateway and important window of Jixian National Geopark's external market.
Xijingyu, located at the northern foot of Fujun Mountain, has certain architectural characteristics. There are stone yards, stone houses, stone alleys and stone roads in the village, surrounded by terraced stone dams, cliff ditches, bare stone steep slopes and pictographic peaks. The development of rural tourism planning has achieved initial results. As a scenic spot for photography and film shooting, it is called folk photography village. Xijingyu is planned as an artistic creation base and a characteristic folk tourism resort, and has become an important representative of rural tourist spots in Jixian County.
In addition to the above-mentioned tourism planning features, Fujunshan also has the remains of the sinus of "five sons entering one subject" sung in the ancient Mongolian textbook Sanzijing. The San Zi Jing wrote, "Dou Yanshan became famous for teaching five sons with righteousness." It tells the story of Dou's adopted son in the Five Dynasties. Dou Yujun, also known as Dou Yanshan, is a native of Yuyang County, that is, Jixian County, and the official is the right doctor. He taught his children well, and all five sons were court officials. At that time, people praised Dou's five sons as "Dou Wulong". Feng Menglong, a writer in Ming Dynasty, also told the story that Dou picked up 320 gold and 220 silver without knowing it. There are also two sinus tombs in Jixian County, one of which is in Fujun Mountain. In the rural reform, the land system is undoubtedly a very important link.
First, the discussion of land transfer policy
The right to use rural land is mainly manifested in the right to contracted management of land. Land circulation refers to the behavior that the contractor transfers the limited right to use to others and charges a certain transfer fee on the premise that the contract relationship of farmers and collectives remains unchanged.
1, the course of rural land reform and development
Since the founding of New China, rural land has undergone three major reforms: the first is the rural land reform in the early days of the founding of the People's Republic of China, which allocated land to farmers, making farmers truly own land property rights for the first time, forming a basic pattern of decentralized management and small production; The second time was the stage of collective ownership of rural land during the people's commune period. During this period, rural land was owned by rural collectives, and the land changed from decentralized farming to centralized management, forming the embryonic form of large-scale management; The third time is the stage of rural land household contract management system. This mode of operation was in line with the objective reality of rural areas in China at that time, and it had great vitality, which made agricultural productivity get unprecedented improvement, rural economy got unprecedented development, and farmers' living standards got unprecedented improvement.
2. The necessity of rural land circulation.
The current household contract management system has been implemented for 30 years, and great changes have taken place in rural living standards, economic base, population and cultivated land in the past 30 years. The household contract management system not only promotes the improvement of agricultural productivity, but also hinders the process of large-scale agricultural management to a certain extent, and objectively inhibits the timely adjustment and rational flow of rural land. The land circulation policy in the new period is the adjustment of land management right on the basis of household contract management system, which is the need of rural labor force transfer and farmers' interests protection and is related to the national economy and people's livelihood.
Second, land reform and rural tourism development
1, development status of rural tourism in China
Over the past 20 years, the development of rural tourism in China has made some achievements, but it is still in the primary stage of development. Generally speaking, the rural tourism in China has not formed an industrial scale and has not been further developed. The main reasons are as follows:
(1) Due to the influence of rural land dispersion, the industrialization and large-scale development of rural tourism are restricted, and the deepening development of rural tourism is restricted by the bottleneck of land system.
(2) At present, China's rural tourism lacks the overall planning and spatial control of the whole province and the whole city, and many areas are blindly developed or repeatedly developed, resulting in rushing headlong into mass action and repeated products. This not only caused a huge waste of resources, financial resources, manpower and material resources, but also reduced the attraction to tourists because of the lack of unified planning for the whole region.
(3) Single product and lack of innovation. Most rural tourism operators only develop the same products for economic benefits, regardless of product characteristics and cultural taste. Moreover, brand awareness is not strong, sales are not systematic, and there is no complete reservation and sales system. Coupled with the lack of professionals in tourism planning, management, operation, marketing, planning and design, it is difficult for products to form lasting appeal.
2. Land reform brings opportunities for rural tourism industrialization (1) rural tourism scale.
After the implementation of the land transfer policy, land management has changed from decentralized to centralized, and land resources have formed contiguous specialized scale management. Rural tourism resources based on land contractual management rights can be aggregated into large-scale structures from the current small-scale segmentation structure. The accumulation of resources and production factors is conducive to the investment of large funds, which makes rural tourism develop in the direction of scale. Large-scale rural tourism development will form rural tourism destinations, promote regional rural development and form an all-round promotion of new rural construction. At the same time, the formation of large-scale foundations provides a foundation for domestic tourism industry capital, real estate industry capital, industrial capital and international investment capital to enter the rural areas of China.
(2) Capitalization of rural tourism resources
At present, China's tourism resources do not have the property of capital. After the implementation of the land transfer policy, the contractual management right can be transferred, and then the value of capital can be measured, so that the capital of the contractual management right of land can be transformed from personal attachment to a new form of aggregation, transfer and mortgage. Rural tourism resources based on land contractual management rights are transformed into a kind of capital that can be gathered, circulated and mortgaged. Capitalization of tourism resources will have great attraction to the investment community.
(3) the growth of rural leisure industry
After the introduction of the land transfer policy, the rural homestead can be concentrated, which brings the greatest opportunity for the development of rural leisure industry. The in-depth experience of rural tourism, the repurchase of rural environmental space by urban people and the fact that urban people live in rural areas will become a reality, which will inevitably bring about the transformation, development and upgrading of industries and the growth of rural leisure industries.
Third, the development path of rural tourism industrialization
With the improvement of tourists' requirements for the diversity of rural tourism varieties, the richness of content and the difference of experience, rural tourism should also change and improve its quality. Under the guidance of the concept of "new countryside, new tourism, new experience and new fashion", rural tourism should embark on the road of industrial development. Rural tourism also has the characteristics of high labor intensity, strong correlation, low employment threshold and flexible employment methods, especially the introduction of land transfer policy, which makes rural tourism have the conditions for industrial development. In the process of implementing the road of industrialization development, we should pay attention to the following contents:
1. Seize the opportunity and raise awareness is the premise. The vigorous development of national economy and tourism, the implementation of the policy of building a new socialist countryside and coordinating urban and rural development, and the introduction of the land transfer policy all make the development opportunities of rural tourism in China better than ever. At the same time, we should also improve our understanding of the importance of rural tourism industrialization. Only by making rural tourism "bigger, more active and stronger" can we take the road of sustainable development.
2. Strengthening scientific planning and management mechanism is the key.
To expand the development scale of rural tourism, scientific planning and sound management mechanism are essential from the aspects of capital investment, formulation of rural tourism standards, infrastructure construction and training of employees. Reasonable overall planning and scientific planning of rural tourism can reduce the investment waste of rural tourism and avoid disorderly development and repeated construction. A sound management mechanism can promote the healthy and stable development of rural tourism.
3. Cooperative development mode is the guarantee.
In the process of participating in the development of rural tourism, the government, enterprises, farmers and other subjects will inevitably form a certain interest relationship, and economic interests are their common goal. The government, enterprises and farmers unite to take the road of cooperative development, and adopt various profit distribution methods such as contract system, joint-stock system and profit return in the practice of agricultural industrialization, which can make each subject form the same interest subject and is conducive to the development of rural tourism industrialization. At the same time, rural tourism should also unite with agriculture, industry and service industry, establish an industrial development chain, give play to the multiplier effect and pulling effect of rural tourism, and accelerate the industrialization process. 1. From the resource background [1], the villages in Huangshan City have the following * * * characteristics: the supporting elements of the background are basically the same-they are all based on the beautiful ecological environment, based on the location and layout of the village where man and nature are integrated, with the distinctive Huizhou architectural symbols as the important explicit carrier and the charming Huizhou culture as the important hidden carrier and soul. Its differences are reflected in the details, such as local folk customs, local products, characteristic rural cuisine, and the specific environment around the village (such as the main backer? Facing the waterfront? Surrounded by bamboo? Surrounded by farms? ), rural landscape, village layout and cultural background.
Secondly, from the perspective of rural tourism products, theme villages are unique in that they all have the basic functions of tourist destinations (such as accommodation reception function, sightseeing function and catering service function), but their proportions are different and their emphasis is different. Its personality lies in: refining different themes on the basis of rural reality. Effectively getting rid of homogenization competition through individual themes has become an important support for Huangshan City to carry out rural tourism in depth and promote local economic development through rural tourism.
Thirdly, pay attention to combing and excavating the individual elements with development potential in the village, combine the market demand, deeply package and strengthen individual selling points, and highlight the distinctive theme and product personality of the village, thus forming a personalized rural theme tourism product cluster that can be widely understood and accepted by tourism wholesalers (middlemen) and end consumers-tourists, and can successfully arouse the desire of market consumption, so that rational projects can become a rural tourism product system convenient for market consumption. Thus, the overall brand of rural tourism in Huangshan City is shaped, and a more personalized tourism space-time continuum is constructed, which is characterized by the convergence and integration of various products, diversified product mix and more personalized tourism.