Luo Shen Fu is a masterpiece of Cao Zhi, a writer of Cao Wei in the Three Kingdoms period.

This poem fictionalizes the author's own meeting with Luo Shen and their yearning and love for each other. The image of Luo Shen is absolutely beautiful, and the love between man and god is vague, but it can't be combined because of the different ways of man and god, and finally expresses infinite sadness and disappointment. The whole article can be roughly divided into six paragraphs: in the first paragraph, when the author returned to the fief from Luoyang, he saw Luo Shen standing on the cliff in a trance; The second paragraph writes about the beauty of Luo Shen's dress; In the third paragraph, the author worships Luo Shen, who knows etiquette and is good at words. Although they give each other answers, they are worried that the encounter will be blocked. The fourth paragraph describes Luo Shen's sincere feelings for "Wang" and his future situation and actions; In the fifth paragraph, I wrote that Luo Shen had many followers and finally left with hatred. The sixth paragraph describes the author's deep affection for Gu Wang after Luo Shen left. All the poems are colorful, delicate in description, rich in imagination, full of emotions, and full of sustenance.

original work

Roshev (parallel order)

In Huang San, Yu moved the capital to Luochuan. The ancients said that the name of water god was Fu Fei. Feeling Song Yu's concern for the goddess Chu, he wrote a poem. Its words say:

I come from Beijing, and I have returned to Dong Fan. Back to yique, cross the shaft, pass through Tonggu and Lingjingshan. The sun sets in the west and the car is in danger. Second, taxes have promoted Gao, Zhitian, Luochuan. Therefore, the essence is dynamic and suddenly comes to mind. Looking down at the end, looking up at the special scenery, I saw a beautiful woman on the bank of the rock. But he helped the protector of the empire and told him, "Do you trust him? Who is he? If so, it will be gorgeous! " The coachman said to him, "I have heard of the God of Heluo, whose name is Fu Fei. However, what the king saw was only one day? What is its shape? I am willing to listen. "

I told him, "It's as beautiful as Youlong. Glory Qiuju, Song Chun, Hua Mao. As light as Yun Zheyue, swaying as the wind flowing back to the snow. Looking from a distance, if the sunrise rises; If you are forced to check it, it will burn like a wave. If you are free, you can trim it. If the shoulders are cut, the waist is as good as the elements. Neck stretching looks good, and its quality is exposed. If you don't add Fang Ze, you will get rich in lead. The clouds are towering and the eyebrows are repaired. Red lips are bright outside, white teeth are fresh inside, bright eyes are good at looking, and cymbals help. Elegant, elegant and quiet. Tender as water, charming language. Stunning clothes are outstanding, and the bone image should be mapped. The glory of wearing a sweater is the glory of Yao and Bi. Wear jade jewelry and embellish pearls to show off your figure. To practice a long journey of writing is to drag the fog lightly. The fragrance of small orchids lingers in the corner of the mountain.

So how can you suddenly jump and travel and play? Leaning on the left, leaning on the laurel flag on the right. Filled Hao's wrist with gods, he adopted the mysterious wisdom of turbulent wrasse. I am happy for my beauty, but my heart is shaking and unhappy. The unscrupulous media greeted Huan and made a speech with the help of microwaves. I hope to be sincere first, and Yu Pei will be understood. The letter of beauty is cultivated, and Qiang people are polite and understand poetry. Anti-Joan [Wang Di] is a period of peace and harmony, which means diving into the abyss. Pay close attention to your family's money, you are afraid of being bullied by me. I feel that I just gave up my words, but I am hesitant and suspicious. Be calm and calm, and be self-sustaining when cashing.

So Luo was inspired, wandering around, the lights flickering. To stand out from the crowd, it is not enough to have a body. The practice of pepper coating is very fierce, and the steps are fine and fragrant. Super-long songs are always praised by people, and their voices are sad and long.

I am a wandering soul, a lonely soul, or clean, or flying, or picking pearls, or picking jade feathers. From nanxiang's second concubine, I took Hanbin's wandering daughter. Sigh that the melon has no horse, and sing the morning glory alone. Young people are arrogant and their sleeves are repaired and dragged around. The body flies very fast, like wandering, walking a little step, socks are gray. Unstable is dangerous, and dangerous is safe. Enter a difficult period, if you go, if you return. Into liquid sperm, smooth and beautiful. If you don't spit, you will be angry. Huarong is graceful, which makes me forget my meal.

So the screen will collect wind, and the waves will calm the river. Feng Yi sings drums and Nu Wa sings. Teng Wenyu took the police to ride, and Luan died together. Six dragons go hand in hand, carrying the capacity of a cloud car, whales fly to the hub, and waterfowl fly as a precaution.

So he went to the north. After Nangang, I returned to Qingyang and moved my lips to the handover outline with Chen. There are different ways to hate people and God, and it is not appropriate to hate the prime of life. Resist Luo Mei's tears, and the tears flow. Always mourn for a beautiful society. Mourn for the death and leave a foreign land. Cherish without love, offer Jiangnan wisdom. Although I am a grandson, my heart grows in the king. Suddenly I didn't realize what I had given up, and I was disappointed that God hid the light at night.

So, I carried the mausoleum high on my back, leaving my mind to God, imagining my feelings and longing for my sadness. The complex shape of the dead body can be traced back to the royal canoe. Floating in the long river and forgetting to return, thinking about the governor. Sleepless at night, stained with countless frost. I'll go east when the servant drives. I hate to leave, but I can't.

translate

In the year of Huang San, he made a pilgrimage to Kyoto and returned to Luoshui. The ancients once said that the name of this water god was Fu Fei. I wrote this essay because I felt what Song Yu said to the king of Chu about the goddess. Fu:

I set out from Luoyang, Kyoto, and returned to Juancheng, a fief in the east, carrying Yi Que, crossing a shaft, crossing a bronze drum and climbing Jingshan. At this time, the sun is setting and the car is tired. So he unloaded the car on the grassy shore and fed the horses in the grassy field. Himself strolling in Yanglin overlooking the vast Luochuan. So I won't feel in a trance and my thoughts will drift away. I saw nothing when I looked down. I looked up and found an unusual scene. I saw a very beautiful man standing by the rock. I couldn't help pulling the coachman to my side and saying, "Did you see that man? Who is that, so gorgeous! " The coachman replied, "I heard that the name of Heluo was Fu Fei, but the king saw her! I want to hear her figure. "

I told him that she was as elegant as a flying swan and a Youlong. As bright as chrysanthemums in autumn and as full as pine trees in spring breeze. She is like a light cloud, floating around like returning air and spinning snow. Looking from a distance, it is as clear as the rising sun in the morning glow; At close range, it looks as beautiful as a new lotus in full bloom between blue waves. She has a moderate figure, a tall figure, narrow shoulders and a thin waist, and fair skin on her beautiful neck. Not fat or pink, the bun is towering like a cloud, the long eyebrows are curved and slender, the red lips are fresh and moist, the teeth are white, a pair of shining eyes are good at looking around, and there are two sweet dimples under the cheekbones. She is elegant and charming, gentle and demure, soft and smooth, and elegant in speech. Luo Shen's costume is gorgeous, and his physique is the same as that in the picture. She is dressed in bright clothes and exquisite as jade. Wearing gold, silver and jade jewelry, the whole body is bling. She was wearing patterned long boots and a misty skirt, wandering on the hillside, vaguely emitting the fragrance of orchids. Suddenly, he floated lightly, playing, leaning against the pheasant on the left and the laurel flag on the right, reaching out on the beach and picking black grass by the water.

I deeply love her beauty, and I feel uneasy and uneasy. Because there is no suitable matchmaker to intercede, we can only send messages by microwave. I hope my sincere heart can precede others. Chen Da, I took Yu Pei and sent her an invitation. Alas, the beauty is really beautiful, polite and eloquent. She answered me with Qiong Yu, pointing to the deep water. I am sincere as soon as possible, I am afraid of being cheated by this goddess. I feel that Zheng Jiaofu has met the goddess of dishonesty, and she is depressed, hesitant and hesitant, so she calms down and treats her with courtesy.

At this time, Luo Shen was deeply moved, hovering low, and the divine light flickered and flickered. She raised her light body like a crane, as if she could fly without flying; There is also stepping on a path full of fragrant peppers and walking through the grass of Polygonum multiflorum to let the fragrant gas flow. Suddenly, I sang a long song to express my deep thoughts, and my voice was sad and long. As a result, immortals flocked to various places, some playing in the clear water, some flying in the magical hut, some collecting pearls, and some picking up the feathers of kingfishers. Luo Shen was accompanied by two concubines, E Huang and Nv Ying Nanxiang. She held hands with the God of Hanshui, sighing for the absence of Gougua Star and lamenting for the loneliness of Cowherd Star. Sometimes raise the coat that flutters with the wind, cover the sky with long sleeves and stand for a long time; Sometimes, the body is as light as flying and erratic. She walked on the water waves, and the foam splashed by stockings was like dust. Her movements are irregular, like crisis and leisure; Advance and retreat are unpredictable, like walking and returning. Her eyes were shining, her face was radiant and moist, but her words were already fragrant and dead. Her elegant appearance reminds me of tea and rice.

At this time, Fengshen calmed the evening breeze, Shuishen stopped the waves behind the river, Fengyi drummed, and Nuwa sang a clear song. Feitian Wenyu guarded Luo Shen's car, and the God left with Jingling Yuluan. Six dragons are neck and neck, calmly driving a cloud car. Whales and salamanders prance on both sides of the driver's car, and waterfowl guard around. The car rode over the sandbar in the north and over the hill in the south. Luo Shen turned Bai Jie's neck, gave a delicate look, and his lips were slightly parted, slowly stating the outline of the handover. I only hate the difference between man and god, although we are all in the prime of life and can't get what we want. When I said this, I couldn't help but lift my sleeves and hide my face and cry. I couldn't stop crying and got my skirt wet. The intersection of sadness and joy never ends. Now I am in two places, and I have never expressed my love with subtle tenderness. It can only be given to Mingjun as a permanent memorial. Although I am in the depths of the moon, I always miss the king. Luo Shen said that he suddenly didn't know where he went. I was deeply disappointed. All the spirits disappeared for a while and lost their luster.

So I climbed the mountain with my feet moving, but my heart was still there. I am filled with emotion, imagining the scene of meeting and the appearance of Luo Shen from time to time; In retrospect, it is even more melancholy. Full of hope that Luo Shen would reappear, he drove the canoe upstream in despair. Sailing in the long waterinfo, I forgot to return home, but my yearning for love became stronger and stronger, so that I couldn't sleep all night, and my body was covered with thick frost until dawn. In desperation, I ordered my servant to get ready and set foot on the road of returning to the East, but when I was holding the reins and holding the whip to make plans, I was disappointed and attached, and I couldn't leave.

Creation background

According to the Preface, Cao Zhi's Fu was written in the year of Huang San (222). After he entered Luoyang, the capital city, he passed through Luoshui and returned to Juancheng, a fief, "feeling Song Yu's worries about Chu women". Shortly after Cao Pi proclaimed himself emperor, he killed Cao Zhi's close friends Ding Yi and Ding Kuang. After going abroad, Cao Zhi himself played "Drunk and Slow, Robbed the Messenger of Danger" for the country, and was demoted as the Hou of Anxiang, later renamed as the Hou of Juancheng, and then established the King of Juancheng (for details, see The History of the Three Kingdoms, Chen Sichuan). These are undoubtedly a heavy blow to Cao Zhi, who is determined to "serve the country faithfully, benefit the people, make contributions and make a lasting legacy" (a book with Yang Dezu), and his depression and anguish can be imagined.

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Cao Zhi has made outstanding achievements in the creation of poetry and ci fu. His Fu inherited the tradition of lyrical small Fu since the Han Dynasty, absorbed the romantic spirit of Chu Ci, and opened up a new realm for the development of Ci Fu. Luo Shen Fu is an excellent work in Cao Zhi's Ci Fu. Through the dreamlike realm, the author describes the sincere love between man and God in a romantic way, but he is disappointed and separated because of the "different ways between man and God".

The work begins with a trip out of Beijing, which includes "carrying a gap, crossing a shaft, crossing a bronze drum and crossing Jing Ling", and describes the scene when the author and his entourage arrive in Robin. At that time, "the sun sets and the car is in trouble." They levied high taxes, cultivated fields, endured poplars and flowed to Luochuan. In a quiet atmosphere, the author looked at the sparkling waterinfo in a trance. At the moment when he occasionally looked up, a miracle appeared: a beautiful goddess stood on the cliff opposite. This makes the author extremely amazed. Unconsciously, he grabbed the ruler beside him and asked eagerly, "Do you have to believe him?" ? Who is he, if this is gorgeous! "Here, the beautiful scenery and water on the hillside before sunset set off the surprises of the characters and created a fascinating artistic conception. Next, the charioteer's answer is also very clever. He evaded the author's first question-"I am bound to the other" and did not answer. Instead, the goddess Luo was put forward in the tone of speculation such as "I heard" and "nothing is", which intentionally left a foreshadowing for the later description of Luo, and also cast a mysterious color on the already strange experience. Luo Shen is said to be the daughter of the Mi family in ancient times. She is a water god because she drowned in waterinfo. Qu Yuan mentioned this ancient legendary goddess in Tian Wen and Li Sao. Later, Zhang Heng described her in their fu: "If my husband is a piano player, he is definitely unconventional, enchanting and refined, elegant." ..... fragrant and melancholy, cool and melancholy; White teeth, laugh it off; Long eyebrows, joint volume, slight shame "(Shanglin Fu); Xi Taihua's jade girl is called Fu Fei of Lop. Xian Jiaoli's charm is charming, which increases her eyes and eyebrows. The waist is thin and the yang hui is miscellaneous. Smile when you leave your lips, and the light on your face disappears ... "(Fu Xuan). Different from the direct description of predecessors, the work first gives a colorful description of Luo Shen's presence with a series of vivid and peculiar metaphors: "Its shape is also strange, graceful as Youlong, and glorious as autumn chrysanthemum and spring pine in Hua Mao. "Like light Yun Zheyue, gone with the wind like romantic back to the snow. Looking from a distance, if the sunrise rises; If you check it forcibly, it will burn like a lotus. " Its vivid image and gorgeous colors attract people's attention. Among them, "If you are amazing, if you are graceful and restrained, if you are Youlong" especially vividly shows the charm and charm of Luoshen. It, along with Light Yun Zheyue and Love Back to Snow, gives people graceful and graceful movements in terms of posture. Autumn Chrysanthemum, Spring Pine, Sunrise and Soaring Up give people a sense of bright, clear, gorgeous and enchanting colors in appearance. This sense of movement and color are intertwined and immersed in each other, weaving a colorful magical scene, which shows people the beauty of Luoshen. On the basis of the strong artistic effect of this repeated metaphor, the author further describes Luo Shen's posture, appearance, clothing and manners in detail by using traditional techniques. This Mi Xi's daughter has a moderate figure, shoulders and waist, and is born with beauty. Her eyebrows are trimmed into a bun, her lips and teeth are fresh, and her eyes are hidden and radiated; Coupled with the gorgeous clothes, bright jade and shining pearls, it is even more "elegant and elegant, quiet and leisurely". These descriptions by the author remind people of the praise of Wei Zhuanggong's wife Zhuang Jiang in the Book of Songs: "Soft hands, firm skin, collar like a dragonfly, teeth like a rhinoceros, low head, clever smile and eager eyes" ("Feng Wei said people"); It is also reminiscent of Song Yu's praise for the woman next door in the East: "One point is not increasing, one point is not decreasing, the powder is too white, and Zhu Taihong is not enough" ("The Loser"). The author is obviously influenced by them, but he pays more attention to the dynamic beauty of characters than his predecessors. Next, he focused on Luo Shen's naive and lively behavior: "Practice the pen and shoes of traveling far away, and drag the fog lightly." The fragrance of small orchids lingers in the corner of the mountain. So how can you suddenly jump and travel and play? Leaning on the left, leaning on the laurel flag on the right. I am busy exercising my wrist, and I am learning the mysterious wisdom of the noise. "At this point, the image of Luo Shen has both grace and be vividly portrayed. The author was deeply moved by the beautiful goddess in front of him. At first, he was depressed because he couldn't convey his love. Later, he "wanted to be sincere first" and "understood Yu Pei to get it". After receiving Fu Fei's response, he remembered the legend of Zheng Jiaofu's mourning for Han Bin, and was suspicious of her "pointing out the abyss and temporarily avoiding the edge". The twists and turns of the author's feelings vividly reflected his subtle inner situation at that time. Correspondingly, Luo Shen was also moved. However, unlike the writer, the work does not directly describe her psychological changes, but through a series of detailed descriptions of her actions, it shows the passionate love in her heart and the strong sadness that this love cannot be realized. She wandered around. The light of god flickers on and off, and at first glance it turns cloudy to sunny. After a while, I shrugged and lifted it lightly, as if to fly and not get up; After a while, I wore a thin pepper coat, which attracted a strong fragrance; After a while, I was disappointed, and my voice echoed with the depth of lovesickness ... When Luo Shen's mourning called the gods, they "played clean, or picked pearls or jade feathers" without any worries. Although the Second Princess of Nanxiang was accompanied by a quiet girl named Hanbin, she still couldn't help sighing that there was no horse in the melon and singing about Petunia. In a flash, she was like a flying waterfowl, wandering on the foggy water with uncertain whereabouts. Only the flowing, affectionate eyes and the lip kiss seem to pour out their infinite attachment and sadness to the author. The author's description of Luo Shen is like a dance drama, with intense feelings and beautiful posture. The character expresses her inner love, contradiction, melancholy and pain with changeable and swaying dance steps. In particular, "the body flies fast and erratic." Limbo walked slightly, and Luo's socks were covered with dust. Unstable is dangerous, and dangerous is safe. The passage "If you go back, if you go back" pushed this dance drama to a climax, and the psychological contradictions and emotional waves of the characters were fully expressed here. Just as the author and Luo Shen were relatively speechless and reluctant, the moment of parting finally came. This is a fantastic and colorful scene: the screen is full of clouds and waves, and the river waves are still there. Fu Fei is driven by six dragons and set off under the escort of whales, whales and fins. The beautiful Luo Shen sat in the drifting car, turning his head and pouring out his heart to the author. "Sorrow will last forever, sorrow will die in a foreign land", and deep sorrow hangs over this mythical picture. After stating the "Handover Outline" that "hating God is different and complaining about others", Luo Shen also vowed: "Although I am in the moonlight, my heart grows on the king." Finally, Luo Shen's gorgeous image finally disappeared in the boundless twilight, but the author still stood by the water, looking disappointedly at the direction of Luo Shen's death, and suddenly lost. He sailed back to Sichuan in a canoe, hoping to see the beautiful image of the goddess again. However, the misty waves and the long night have made him more affectionate and considerate. After dawn, the author had to "retreat to the East Road", but he still "took the initiative to take countermeasures, but he couldn't leave. "This passage of the work is full of rich lyrical atmosphere and has a fascinating power, which more prominently and perfectly outlines and sets off the image of Luo Shen in people's minds.

This fu has three main characteristics: first, it is rich in imagination. The author set out from Luoyang, the capital, and returned to Juancheng, a fief in the East. On the way, on the edge of Luochuan, I stopped to drink horses. When I was walking, I saw Luoshen. This is imagination. Her posture is swaying like a wild goose, graceful as Youlong in water, more delicious and gorgeous than Qiuju and Maosong, beautiful as sunrise, pure as hibiscus, and absolutely beautiful. Then, he took a fancy to her, sent her a short message from Shui Bo, and made a promise to Yu Pei. However, her holiness and nobility made him dare not expect anything. Luo Shen was finally moved by his true feelings, met and poured out his feelings. But in the end, because of the different ways of man and god, the combination of the two was hopeless, so I said goodbye. The imagination is gorgeous, and the romantic sadness is light and unchanging, which makes people feel sad. However, this kind of imagination is not bizarre, so this poem was written with the feelings of Song Yu's two poems, Goddess Fu and Gaotang Fu.

The second feature is that the rhetoric is gorgeous but not impetuous, and the fresh air is refreshing. Pay attention to the arrangement of duality, antithesis and melody, and the language is orderly, concise, vivid and beautiful. The conception of Han Fu based on materials has no rival. This pen just creates a dull and strange atmosphere. Just like the beginning of Wu Lingren's boat trip in Tao Yuanming's Peach Blossom Garden, the fairyland appeared without any warning in advance. But at this moment, the author suddenly witnessed an unforgettable scene: a pretty woman-Luo Shen appeared. Then the author tries to describe the beauty and pain of Luo Shen, as if he wanted to compete with Song Yu's Wushan Goddess. Then write Luo Shen leading everyone to leave, similar to Qu Yuan's "Lisao" describing the tragic death of the protagonist.

Thirdly, the vivid description, combining metaphor and contrast, is ingenious and appropriate, giving people a grand but not disturbing feeling, beautiful but not shocking, making people feel like watching a wonderful painter, in which the characters are flesh and blood, without making people feel nothingness. When describing Luo Shen's figure, facial features, posture, etc. It conveys the appearance of Luo Shen sinking fish and the ability of falling geese. At the same time, there is a fresh and noble "clear water gives hibiscus, natural carving." In the description of Luo Shen's manner when he saw him, people felt that the Sri Lankan people emerged in front of them and were personable. As for Luo Shen's description when he broke up with him, "the screen gathers wind, the river is quiet, Feng Lai Ming drums, and Nuwa Qing songs." The sincerity and purity of love, everything is so beautiful that after parting, people all go to stay in their hearts and their feelings continue. Luo Shen's beautiful image and the scene when they met each other are vivid, romantic and bitter, and I am uneasy and reluctant to leave.

Predecessors spoke highly of the ideological and artistic achievements of Luo Shen Fu, most obviously compared with Qu Yuan's Nine Songs and Song Yu's Goddess Fu. In fact, Cao Zhi's Fu has both. It not only has a strong lyrical component with Mrs. Xiang, but also has a delicate description of female beauty by Song Yufu. In addition, its plot is complete, its technique is changeable and its form is meaningful, which is beyond the previous works.

Famous comments

Shen Yue: Luo Shen seems to be different from other works of Chen Si. So we know that when the cat is awakened, the rhythm will adjust itself, and the rhythm will be awkward. (Book of Southern Qi, Volume 52, Biography of Lu Jue)

Zhong Rong: The character is extremely high, the words are taken from Hua Mao, the feelings are elegant, the style is stylish, and it overflows the present and stands out from the crowd. Oh! Chen Sizhi's article also compares human relations to Zhou and Kong, scales and feathers to dragons and phoenixes, music to piano and sheng, and female workers to jealousy. Those who suck lead ink in their arms admire the chapter and reflect the afterglow like a candle. ("Poetry")

Liu Kezhuang: The Ode to the Goddess of Luo is also a fable built by Zi, which was made by a kind man and made true. If the fruit is there, it will be blamed on the dynasty of Huang Chu. Tang said, "I was very surprised when I saw You Long, but I was very annoyed when I was angry with the king." It's like building a partition for children. (The Complete Works of Mr. Houcun, Volume 173)

He Chao: Since the planting was not for the monarch, I gave Luochuan this gift, and I gave my heart to Wendi on the pretext of sacrificing his ambition. (Selected Works of Yimen Reading Secretaries, vol. 1)

Horse position: "Luo Shen Fu" is very similar to "Nine Songs". ("Autumn Window Essay")

Zhu Gan: It's absurd to interpret Jian Zhen's story with the Ode to the Goddess of Luo ... But the Ode to the Goddess of Luo is the way for a monarch and a minister, the separation of flesh and blood, the words of farewell between God and man, hiding in the dark, worrying about the king, the death of a virgin is irresistible to him, loyal ministers have the will to die, and novelists must attach "chastity" (Volume XIV of Yuefu Justice).

Pan Deyu: That's Luo Shen, a poem, purely a sentence of loving your husband and loving you. The love story begins with "paying homage to the return of the capital to Luochuan" and ends with "being in the shadow of the moon and putting your heart at the king". Gaiwei's writing style is incomplete and thin, and Zi Jian is more afraid of being slandered, so it is different from the poet, and this is the same. Isn't it a common saying of poets to put talent first, virtue second, trouble second, and finally desire? I don't understand why this benefactor entered Zhen, which led to the loyalty and loyalty of painstaking efforts, and was falsely accused of evil deeds by animals, which caused great injustice through the ages. I have been holding this argument for a long time. Later, I saw that my close friend Zhang Junruo needed a poem called "Tomb of King Chen": "The poem of a white horse is sad, and the poem is more impressive than Xiang Jun". I soon realized that it was practical, but it was vague. ("Yang Shi Hua" Volume II)

Ding Yan: It is also written as "Ode to Luoshen", which entrusts the goddess, sends her heart to the king, and still cherishes her ambition. The popular saying is that it is ridiculous to falsely call "the truth of love"! I tried to sigh Wang Chen's loyalty and filial piety, which is beyond words and is the highest among poets in ancient and modern times. After all, he is only one person. (Appendix to Cao Ji Review)

Liu Xizai: Cao Zijian's Ode to Luoshen originated from Xiang Jun and Mrs. Xiang, but Qu Zi had a far-reaching influence. (Art Outline, Volume III)

Brief introduction of the author

Cao Zhi (192-232) was born in Zijian of Peiguoqiao (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province). Cao Wei was a famous writer in the Three Kingdoms period and a representative of Jian 'an literature. The son of Cao Cao, Emperor Wudi of Wei, and the younger brother of Cao Pi, Emperor Wendi of Wei, used to be the king of Chen before his death. After his death, posthumous title "thought", so he was also called King Chen Si. Because of their literary attainments, later generations are called "Three Caos" with Cao Cao and Cao Pi, and Xie Lingyun, a writer in the Southern Song Dynasty, even commented that "there is one stone in the world, and Cao Zijian monopolizes eight fights". Wang Shizhen evaluated the poets who have lived for two thousand years since the Han and Wei Dynasties as "immortals", including Cao Zhi, Li Bai and Su Shi.