Twelve Legalists contending for a hundred schools of thought advocated the combination of Taoism with benevolence, righteousness, etiquette and law, and strengthened reform.
Advantages: Responsible by name and making laws.
Disadvantages: over-exaggerating the role of law, emphasizing the use of harsh laws to govern the country.
Representative figures: Guan Zhong, Shang Yang, Shen Buhai, Han Feizi, Li Si, etc.
Representative works: Guan Zi, Fa Jing, Shen Zi, Shang Jun Shu, etc.
Classic saying: if you release the punishment and use it, you will counter the minister.
Confucianism advocates: the combination of etiquette and law, the theory of good nature and the theory of evil nature.
Advantages: Confucianism advocates the rule of courtesy and justice, and emphasizes the value basis of a social order.
Disadvantages: emphasizing politics over economy, and overemphasizing the distinction between justice and benefit.
Representative figures: Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi.
Representative works: Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi, etc.
Classic saying: There are three kinds of unfilial, and none is great.
Taoist thought advocates: simple materialist dialectics and homogeneity theory.
Advantages: Taoism emphasizes the common development of mind and matter.
Disadvantages: hermit ideal and hermit philosophy are too negative, advocating inaction and inevitably illusory.
Representative figures: Laozi and Zhuangzi.
Representative works: Tao Te Ching, South China Classic, etc.
Classic saying: Tao can be Tao, but extraordinary. The name can be named. It's very famous. The beginning of the nameless world; The famous mother of everything.
Mohist thought advocates: politically, it advocates respecting the holy, respecting the same, and not attacking; Economically, it advocates vigorously saving costs; Put forward the idea of respecting heaven and ghosts.
Advantages: You can't give up the idea of saving money.
Disadvantages: Mohism is frugal in everything, and it is difficult to follow.
Representative: Mozi
Representative works: Mozi
Classic saying: All rivers run into the sea, with great tolerance. Three rivers lead to five lakes.
Famous experts advocate: name symbol, name, birthright, wealth, fame and fortune.
Advantages: famous artists make people frugal and good at distortion; However, its name is real and we can't ignore it.
Disadvantages: pursuing fame and fortune, attaching importance to officials and good business.
Representative figures: Hui Shi, GongSunLong, Xiao He, Kongming, Liu Ji, etc.
Representative works: Deng Xizi, Yin Wenzi, Keiko, Gong Sunzilong, etc.
Yin-yang school's ideas: Yin-yang theory and Five Elements theory.
Representative: Zou Yan
Representative works: Lu Chunqiu, Huainanzi, Chunqiu, etc.
Classic saying: small things should be pushed forward, big things should be pushed forward, as for infinity.
The representative figure of strategists: Guiguzi
Representative works: Guiguzi
Classic saying: strategists, strategists, for the benefit, just want to slap.
Sage thought advocates: learn from Confucianism and Mohism and summarize the essence of name and law.
Representatives: Lv Buwei, Liu An, Shijiao, etc.
Representative works: Autopsy, Lu Chunqiu, etc.
Farmers' ideological proposition: persuade mulberry to have enough food and clothing.
Advantages: the basic means to ensure people's survival.
Disadvantages: emphasizing agriculture and restraining business.
Representative: Xu Xing
Representative work: History of Chinese Literature and Art.
Representative novelist: Yu Chu
Representative works: Yi, Xun Zi Shuo, Zhou Kao, Qingshizi, Wu, Song Zi, Tianyi, Waiting for an Imperial Envoy to Spare His Heart, The Life of an Imperial Envoy and Yu Chu.
Military strategists advocate that the purpose of reunifying the country can be achieved through the use of force in war.
Advantages: the most practical one, the purpose of the strategist is clear-winning.
Disadvantages: too utilitarian, which is criticized by Confucianism, is the way to level the world, not the way to govern the country.
Representative figures: Sun Wu and Sima Mao in the late Spring and Autumn Period; During the Warring States Period, there were Sun Bin, Wuqi, Liao Wei, Wei Wuji, Bai Qi and others.
Representative works: Sun Tzu's Art of War, Woods, Sun Bin's Art of War, Sima Fa, Liu Tao, Sanlve, Wei Liaozi, etc.
Classic saying: soldiers, national affairs, places of life and death, and ways of life and death must not be ignored.
Representative physicians: Cang Gong, Chunyu Kun, Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao, Li Shizhen, etc.
Representative works: Treatise on Febrile Diseases, etc.