Classical Chinese is an article composed of written language in ancient China, mainly including written language based on spoken language in pre-Qin period. Classical Chinese comes from vernacular Chinese, characterized by writing based on words, paying attention to the use of allusions, parallel prose, and neat melody, including strategies, poems, words, songs, stereotyped writing, parallel prose and other styles.
2. Features: The characteristics of classical Chinese are: separation of speech and writing, concise writing. Compared with vernacular Chinese (including spoken and written language), the characteristics of classical Chinese are mainly manifested in grammar and vocabulary.
3. Structure: (1) The so-called judgment sentence is a sentence that uses nouns, pronouns or noun phrases as predicates to judge the subject. Its common form is as follows: 1). "... Zhe, ... is also" ",... is also" ",... Zhe also" "... Zhe, ..." "... Zhe also" and so on.
For example, "Chen She people are also from Yangcheng." (historical records. Chen She family)-Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng.
(2) "Although Cao Cao is a famous Han Xiang, he is actually a Han thief." (Zi Jian) ③ Yi, an ancient sharpshooter.
("Guanzi Situation Solution" back to 64) 4 "Four people, Lu Zhi, father of Changle Wang, father of Yu, father of An Shangchun." (Wang Anshi's trip) (5) If you are shocked, Zhou didn't make a move.
2) Adverbs "Nai", "Namely", "Ze", "Du", "Shi", "Cheng" and "Wei" are used to express judgment. This is the autumn when I was in service.
"(1) I don't know the palace in the sky, what year is this evening. (2) is now in the tomb.
(3) Fu Liang that chu will Xiang Yan. (4) This is the grand view of Yueyang Tower.
3) Use the negative adverb "Fei" to express negation. Such as: "Six countries collapse, not bad soldiers, bad wars, bad Qin.
"(1) Climb high and recruit, and you can see far without lengthening your arms. (2) The city is not high, the pool is not deep, the soldiers are not strong, and there are not many meters.
(3) The North Sea is not too mountainous. Passive sentences In classical Chinese, the subject of some sentences is the receiver of action, which is a passive sentence.
Its common types are: 1). See ... see ... in the passive voice. For example, "I often laugh at a generous family.
"(1) I'm afraid to see deceives you. (2) Qin Cheng was afraid that he could not get it, but saw his bullying.
(3) so confused in Zheng Xiu, deceives in yi cheung. (4) Li, seventeen years old, is good at classical Chinese and knows all six arts. He has unlimited time to learn from Yu Yu.
2) For, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for, for Yu ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... For ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for ... for
"(1) to die, laugh for the world. (2) For the country, no ambassador will be taken away by Wikipedia.
(3) Serve the Group in terms of income. (4) first fear for fuck.
Inverted sentences in ancient Chinese are relative to the sentence order in modern Chinese. Based on this, we divide inversion sentences in classical Chinese into prepositional object, attributive postposition, adverbial postposition and verb inversion. 1). Preposition object The so-called prepositional object is the component that is usually used as an object and placed in front of the predicate verb to express emphasis.
For example, the word "zhi" in "disagree" is the prepositional object. Preposition objects are usually divided into four situations.
(1) In interrogative sentences, interrogative pronouns are objects and prepositional objects. What is the king doing here? Wes, who are we going home with? (2) In negative sentences, pronouns are objects and prepositions are objects.
For example, "ancient people are not arrogant." (3) Advance the object with the help of "Zhi" and "Shi".
For example, "I don't know the sentence, but I'm confused." "Studying hard is urgent and rare.
(4) Preposition objects in prepositional phrases. For example, "Why else would the book be here?" 2) Attributive postposition usually puts the attribute before the head word, but there are many sentences in classical Chinese that put the attribute after the head word.
For example, "Earthworms have no advantages as minions, but their bones and muscles are strong. They eat soil and drink yellow water, but also with their hearts. " Among them, "benefit" and "strength" are post-attributes.
The attributive postposition in classical Chinese has the following situations. (1) Postposition the attribute with "zhi".
For example, "How many people are there in a big world?" (2) Use the postposition of "zhe". For example, "a horse can travel thousands of miles and eat one stone at a time."
"3. Adverbials are postpositioned in ancient Chinese. Preposition structures are adverbials and are often placed after sentences as complements. For example, "to be rich" is a prepositional phrase that is placed at the end of a sentence as a complement.
4). verb inversion is rare and is often used to express strong exclamation. I'm very sorry, but you are not well.
""come on, wind. " "Beautiful, I am a youth in China.
"[Exercise] Judge the sentence patterns in the following sentences. (1) It is impossible to protect the people and be king.
(2) There is no difference in love between the king and the people. (3) What is virtue, then you can be king? (4) How do you know I can do it? Elliptic sentences in classical Chinese generally contain ellipsis. Grasping the ellipsis helps to fully understand the meaning of the sentence.
The provincial sentence in classical Chinese is usually: 1). Omit the subject. (1) Carry forward the former provinces.
For example, "there are different snakes in Yongzhou wild, black and white." (2) carry forward the province.
For example, "Pei Gong said to me,' Gong' I'm going to join the army and enter the army. ""(3) self-reported provinces.
For example, "(giving) love is a stream. When it enters two or three miles, (giving) is the home of those who are particularly unique." (4) Dialogue province.
Such as: "(Mencius) said:' Dule (yuè) Music (lè), Tongle (yuè) Music (lè), which music (lè)? "(The king) said,' If you are not with others. "2). Omit the predicate.
For example, "One drum is full of energy, then (drum) will decline and three drums will be exhausted." 3). Omit the object.
For example, "You can burn it and leave." 4). Omit the prepositional object.
For example, "read it in public, let the mink out and cover the door." 5). Omit the preposition "Yu".
Today, the clock was put in the water, although no sound was heard in the storm. [Exercise] Fill in the omitted components in the following sentences.
(1) ran's taste in also, so the surname is creek for Ran Xi. (2) Therefore, Ximen Bao is a famous imperial edict.
(3) It's two strategies, not passive music. (4) all the mountains are flat and covered.
Fixed structure (1) and questionable fixed structure are: helpless, how, how, how, what, what, if ... what, such as (nai) ... what, which is it, is it ... which one is it? Take my treasure instead of our city What can we do? (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) My son brought his elk to our city to relax. What? (Battle of the Wars) How about 3 being different from each other? ("Zuo zhuan Qi Huangong Chu") (4) What about pot calling the kettle black? (。
2. What does "genus" mean in classical Chinese?
1, continue; Connectivity (focusing on interconnection)
The country broke and the family died. -Historical Records, Biographies of Qu Yuan and Biographies of Jia Sheng
Crown and cap belong to the same genus. -"Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi"
2, editing; write
Qu Ping's manuscript is undecided. -Historical Records, Biographies of Qu Yuan and Biographies of Jia Sheng
Heng Shaoshan is a writer. -"Zhang Hengchuan"
3. get together; gather
Qi potential will be prosperous, and Chen is alone, and he will be in power for three days. -"Zuo zhuan"
4. pass the "report". Entrust; trust
Belongs to Meng Changjun. -"The Warring States Policy Qi Ce IV"
It belongs to the composition to remember. -Song Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower"
It belongs to the salt patrol empire. -"Ming History"
5. hey; Be careful. Later, it was "inspired"
If it belongs to your son, you should hide it well and don't send a vulgar son to see it. -Lu You's "North Window Test Pen"
6. dodge; excuse
[Building houses according to law] is often an incurable disease. -"Purple Tongzhi Sword"
7. preach "foresight". watch out for
The purpose of the teacher. -"Zuo Zhuan Ding Gong Fourteen Years"
I am afraid that the sense of belonging of China people is invisible to me. -"Mandarin Golden Five"
The people sitting there are all humble. -"Han Shu Gai Kuan Rao Biography"
Step 8 wear
Don't die, hold the whip in your left hand and keep your right hand, just to deal with you. -"Zuo Zhuan Xi Gong Twenty-three Years"
9. Follow
When Xiang Wang crossed the Huai River, there were more than 100 riders. -"Historical Records of Xiang Yu"
10, inverted by "note" (zh).
Taking mysterious wine belongs to respect. -"In the Soul of Li Yi's Poetry"
Water belongs to the sun. -Zhou Li Kao Gong Ji craftsmen. Zheng Xuan's Note: "Genus, read as a note."
3. So what does it mean in classical Chinese? 1. Reason, emotion. Wen Zi naturally said, "There are people in the world who don't know the truth, and only saints can know it." Preface to Historical Records Taishi Gong: In the Spring and Autumn Annals, there are countless people who killed thirty-six kings and died fifty-two, and the princes left, unable to protect the country. I lost it after reading it. "Tang Hanyu's poem Li Hua:" If you ask me why, I will go all the way to the sunset. " Jin Dong explained the first volume of Yuan's The West Chamber: "The matchmaker said,' I don't know it for you'." Sheng said, "I want to hear it." "The Scholars" for the first time: "Ask the reason, all the counties along the Yellow River were killed by the river, and there were no houses in Tianlu."
2. It can form a noun phrase with adjectives or verbs, and still express reasons and feelings. Zhuangzi Tian Yun: "He knows beauty, but he doesn't know why." Historical Records Wei Kangshu's Family: "Those who must seek sages, sages, sages, ask why they are prosperous, so they die and serve the people."
3. used, used. "Zhuangzi Heaven and Earth": "It is the three, not the principle of cultivating morality." Biography of Historical Records of Meng Changjun: "If you are in a hurry, you will never be able to pay it. In fact, you are good for a gentleman and don't love literati. At the bottom, you have the name of staying away from the top, but you are not so good to gentlemen. " Xun's "Counting Strategies and Assessing the Situation": "Therefore, if you are strong and profitable, you will break the trend of the world."
4. Conjunction. Indicates a causal relationship. Used in the second half of the sentence, from cause to effect. Xunzi mourned for the public: "You didn't ask this question, but you asked Shunguan, so you were wrong." The Family Instructions of Yan Family: Mu Xian written by Yan Zhitui in the Northern Qi Dynasty: "The world is covered, your ears are humble, and it is far more important than the near ... so Lu called Confucius' Dong Jiaqiu'." Tang Li Bai's Book of Jingzhou with the Han Dynasty: "Once on the Dragon Gate, the reputation is ten times, so Longpan and Fengyi all want to set the price in the name of Jun." The sixth time in A Dream of Red Mansions: "He and Sister Lin are on the same day, so he remembers." Zhao Shuli's Three Mile Bay Holiday: "But she is the first to arrive every day, so she is very familiar with the situation in this room."
5. Conjunction. Indicates a causal relationship. Used in the first half of the sentence, from effect to cause. Historical Records Biography of Wei Gongzi: "The winner is married, and the noble righteousness of the son can help others." Ye's Biography of Gou Jian's Attacking Wu Liezhuan in the Spring and Autumn Period: "Another day, I'll remonstrate:' I was in the (early) dynasty, and if I was ill, I was Wu Er!'" "Surprise at the First Moment" Volume 28: "So the people who invited Xianggong from afar are coming here to meet Xianggong." The first chapter of the first volume of Li Zicheng by Yao: "Li Zicheng dared to go east because he contacted Luo Rucai to meet him at Tongguan."
6. Conjunction. Indicates a causal relationship. Use "cause" or "fate" in the first half of the sentence and "so" in the second half. Later, it developed into a sentence pattern of "because ... so ...". Su's Legend of Datang: "Because of my heart, I am surrounded." Guan Xiu's poem "Shu Wang attends classes in Daci Temple": "Because Zhidun talks about wonderful classics, Xu Xun talks about it." "Travel Notes of Lao Can" for the first time: "Because I can't write eight-part essays, I don't have any at school." Lao She's black and white plum: "Black plum is my good friend. I know a little because I often go to his house. "
7. Yes. "Ganyi": "Faithfulness, so I entered Germany; The rhetoric is sincere, so it is also a career. " Zhuangzi Know the North Tour: "Although human relations are difficult, they are teeth to each other." Wang Jing Ci Volume 9: "Words can be consistent." Wen Zi Ren Shang: "You can rule the world by yourself and give it to the world; Love yourself to rule the world, so trust the world. "
8. What did you do? "The Analects of Confucius is a government": "Confucius said:' See what it does and be safe. What about people? "How can people be embarrassed?" Kang Youwei noted: "Take it, too."
4. What does it mean in classical Chinese? 1. pronoun 1, personal pronoun, translated as "he", "she" and "they" ① Men and women take advantage of each other and fight for a long spoon.
(Cao Gui Debate) (2) Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders. (Chen She Family) 3 Why did Confucius call it "Wen"? ("Ten Rules") 4 Ask when you wake up.
("Bian Que meets Cai Xinggong") 2. Demonstrative pronouns refer to things, which are translated into "it", "them" or literally translated names of things. (1) study in time, what's more? ("Ten Laws") After killing himself, he broke his shares and was killed.
("Wolf Warriors") 3 Confucius said: Learn silently and never tire of learning, and never tire of teaching. (Ten Laws) 4 The ghost asked, "Who are you replying to?" Ding Bo is responsible for this.
(Song Ding Bo Catch Ghosts) (5) recast, then the wolf stopped, and the old wolf came again. ("Wolf") Second, the auxiliary word: 1, the structural auxiliary word, translated as "De" ① Jun's illness is in the stomach and intestines, and it will benefit if he doesn't treat it.
(Bian Que meets Cai Huangong) (2) With your strength, you can't destroy the hill of the Sheikh's father. ("Gong Yu Yishan") 3 Taste the benevolent heart of the ancients.
("Yueyang Tower") (4) Qin was made in the south, why did you take the right of chickens and dogs? ("Reading the Biography of Meng Changjun") ⑤ Knock on the stone to plow the soil and transport the dustpan to the end of the Bohai Sea. (Gong Yu Yishan) 2. The structural mood auxiliary word is placed between the subject and the predicate, which cancels the independence of the sentence.
(1) Good medical care is not a disease. ("Bian Que meets Cai Huangong") ② In the bone marrow, where Siming belongs, doing nothing! (Bian Que meets Cai Huangong) Although I am dead, I still have a son.
("Gong Yu Yishan") 4 The trip to the sun and the moon, if out of its territory. ("Looking at the Sea") ⑤ Give the lotus of love to the mud without being defiled.
("Ailian said") 3. Tone auxiliary words form syllables. (1) The male muscle arch crown is old, and stirring some helium will make it useless.
("Cao Gui Debate") ② For a long time, his eyes seemed awkward and his meaning was very long. (Wolf) 3 Disappointed for a long time.
("Chen She Family") (4) In a short time, more than 20 thieves rode around and hundreds of people followed the bow and arrow on foot. (Biography of the Great Iron Vertebra) 4. Structural auxiliary words, the symbol of prepositional object.
The love between chrysanthemums and flowers is rarely heard of by Taohou. (Ailian said) What' s the matter? What was the sin of the Song Dynasty? (Mozi. Public loss ").
5. Various usages of "zhi" in classical Chinese.
A: A brief analysis of the usage of "zhi" in classical Chinese.
Generally speaking, the usage of "zhi" is as follows: 1. The word "zhi" is used as a demonstrative pronoun. For example:
1 "What do you know about the second worm?" "Know" means "this", which means "How do these two fish know?"
(2) "It's my teacher, why destroy it?" "Know" means "like this" and means "(he) is my teacher". How can I slander him like this?
(3) "Please stay in Beijing." "Zhi" refers to the place, which means "there".
(4) "See its goal nine times out of ten, but it is a little embarrassing." "Zhi" refers to archery in nine cases out of ten.
2. "Zhi" is used as the third person pronoun. This situation often appears in the text, mainly referring to "he", "she" and "it". For example:
(1) "Confucius said,' What's the use for me to learn silently, to learn without getting tired, and to teach without getting tired?' "Knowing" means "it", and "knowing silently" means keeping it in mind silently.
(2) "Huan Hou asked him", "knowledge" refers to him (Bian Que), which means "Huan Hou specially sent someone to ask him (Bian Que)".
(3) "If you want to go to Wancheng, carry a ghost on your shoulder and hug it urgently." "Zhi" refers to it (ghost), and "grasping quickly" refers to catching it (ghost) quickly.
3. The word "zhi" is used as a verb, meaning "go, go", such as:
1 "What about the South China Sea I want?" "Zhi" means "Go", and this sentence means: "I want to go to the South China Sea. How about it? "
"I don't know what to do." "Zhi" means "for ...".
4. As an auxiliary word, the word "zhi" is relatively common, but I think it is also the most complicated, which can be divided into the following three types:
(1) "Zhi" as a structural auxiliary word is equivalent to "De", such as:
(1) "The way of a saint died in Shandong and was spread." Confucius' knowledge was eventually handed down by Zeng Shen, who was not very clever.
(2) "Benevolent people don't drink water from stolen springs, and honest people don't get food from others", and both "ambitions" mean that "benevolent people don't drink water from stolen springs, and upright people don't accept insulting alms".
⑵ Use the word "zhi" between the subject and the predicate to cancel the independence of the sentence. Such as;
(1) "Huan Hou said,' Good medical skills are the credit for not getting sick.' "Zhi" has no practical meaning here, and is used to cancel the independence of sentences.
(2) "I don't know how many miles there are in the South China Sea." Similarly, "zhi" has no real meaning here. ?
It is worth noting that this usage is easily confused with the word "zhi" when used as "de", so we should pay attention to the distinction to avoid mistakes.
⑶ The word "zhi" only plays the role of regulating syllables in sentences, and has no practical significance. For example:
(1) "For a long time, my eyes looked awkward and I was happy." "Long", a long time, "zhi", regulating syllables, has no substantive meaning.
2 "Fill it up." The word "zhi" here is just a simple tone, which has no real meaning.
Basically, the common usage of "zhi" in classical Chinese is the above. As long as we master its laws, it is not difficult to find its usage and significance.
6. What are the meanings in classical Chinese? 1. Correct. As opposed to "no".
Yan's words are right. -The Analects of Confucius? Yang Huo "
Not far from loss, today is not what it used to be —— Tao Qian's "Gui Xi Ci"
2. I feel right, I feel right.
Whatever the monarch does, it must be so. -"Mozi? Ditto "
3. Demonstrative pronouns. Here, here, like this
This is a horse. Although you can travel thousands of miles, you are short of food and physical strength. -Han Yu's Ma Shuo
So, it seems that
It's worrying about going in and going out. -Fan Zhongyan's "Yueyang Tower"
5. Pronouns, as symbols of prepositional objects
Elite management is promotion. -Chen shou's reflection, Shu Wei and Wei Wudi.
6. Yes, indicating judgment (same as modern Chinese)
This must be Yurang. -Sima Qian's Historical Records and Biography of Assassins
7. Everything
All medicine is familiar with sex. -Jia Dao's "Send Sun Yiren"
7. What does 7.pro mean in classical Chinese? 1 parents. Zhuangzi. Health advocates: "You can have a whole life and support your relatives, both inside and outside, including parents and brothers. Mozi. Festival burial: "Those who live in a country with canals in western Qin die, collect firewood, burn it, smoke it, and then be dutiful sons." This refers to parents. Zuo zhuan. Twenty-four-year Duke: "(Duke of Zhou) is feudal ~ ~, to screen Zhou." This refers to children.
2 relatives, relatives. Analects of Confucius Taber: "A gentleman is committed to benevolence." Du Fu's poem "Climbing Yueyang Tower": ~ Friends have no words "I am old and sick, and I am alone with me." (Not a word: refers to one, no news. )
Love, dear. Mencius. Hui Liang Wang Xia: "If you are kind, the people will be on it, and you will die for a long time."
Four people think. Book of Songs. Daya. Han Yi: "Wang ~ lives." Historical records. Biography of Qin Shihuang: "~ Travel around the world and see how far you are." (Zhou: everything. )
8. What does it mean in classical Chinese? What does the adjective mean: 1, recognize the word.
Small seal script, from the sky. Original meaning: positive; Not skewed.
Yes, Naoya. -"Shuo Wen".
Press, the ten-eye candle is hidden and straight, and the sky is right. And doubt is a fine and rough body.
-The Book of Rites Jade Algae. Sparse: "That's right."
The ninth day, the first day, is a blessing and a loss. -"Yi Wei Ji" 2, right; That's right.
Wang Fu is. -"Guoyu Chuyu".
Note: "Ye Li." I made my eyes wrong, and I didn't want to see.
-"Xunzi, Encourage Learning". Note: "Also known as the right path."
To establish is to abolish. -"Huai Nanzi distinguishes me."
Note: "Good." That man is zai.
-"Poetry Feng Wei Peach Blossoms in the Garden" does not mean that my words are affirmative, but that I have nothing to answer. -Lin Qing Chueh-min's Book of Wives and Concubines is not far, but it is not far.
-Tao Jin Yuanming's "Gui Xi Ci" 3, a summary word. Everything; Anything.
Meaning: 1, this; Here you are. It means Vader.
-"Poetry Xiaoya Bin's First Banquet" The day will drop to a big position, and people must first suffer their ambitions. -"Meng Zi Gao Zi" An Youwei is the danger of the world.
-Han Jia translated the verb meaning of "On many a mickle makes a mickle": 1, agreed; Considered to be correct; Absolutely. Pan Geng didn't change his degree for the complainer, but he didn't see it before moving, so he can regret it.
-Answering Sima's Words by Wang Song Anshi is a self-not a person, but a common fault. -Qing Liu Kay "Ask and Say" 2. Review.
If yes: amendment; Correct it. 3. Compliance; The law holds that.
Illegal king, not polite. -"Xunzi".
Yangliuqiao: "Er Ya":' Yes, then also. ""4. Relative words.
Words expressing positive judgment. It's Shikoku.
-"Poetry, Cao Feng and Pigeons" When I wrote this book, I was still alone in this world. -Lin Qingjuemin's Book of Wives and Concubines You are a big family, and you are an official in Taiwan Province.
-"Yutai New Poems for Jiao Zhongqing's Wife" 5. It means that two things are the same, or the latter refers to the former. The reason is that the valley is flooded, the sand is gone, and only the boulder stands.
-Song Shen kuo's Mengxi 6. Give in. Many years later, it should be a beautiful moment in name only.
-Liu Song Yong's "Yu Lin Ling" 7. Just try it. Use the same "try".
If yes: Try to guess. 8. like it; For example.
If what should be said is not true: it seems to be saying, but it is not; Beat about the bush auxiliary meaning: 1, indicating affirmation.
If necessary: it is necessary; Be sure. Yes: it is necessary; I have to.
Is to: make; Therefore. Link meaning: 1, indicating concession, meaning although.
If so: although, although. Yes is yes: yes is yes; Although it is.
Name meaning: 1, business, occupation or * * * affairs, business or national affairs. If the monarch and the minister are not in harmony, the country (the correct policy and plan of the country) will be uncertain.
-Ye Fan "were" volume 2, surname. Auxiliary meaning: 1, help the object in advance.
It is urgent to study hard, but it is rare. -Qing Liu Kay "Ask and Say" main pity, swallow the boat for the leak.
—— The significance of Qiu Chi and Chen Boshu in the Southern Dynasties: 1, positive; Not skewed. 2. correct.
3, refers to the correct judgment or positive conclusion. 4. think it is correct; Absolutely.
5. review. 6. Obedience is the law.
7. In general. Anything, anything.
8. Words that express positive judgment. 9. Words expressing emphasis.
10, if you agree. 1 1, used between two quantitative structures after verbs, has the meaning of "number".
12, pronoun. This, this; Here you are.
13, adverb. Represents a range, equivalent to "only".
14, conjunction. Said to undertake, equivalent to "then".
15, conjunction. Said to undertake, equivalent to "then".
16, conjunction. Represents a turning point and is equivalent to "harmony".
17, conjunction. It means causality, which is equivalent to "so" and "because".
18, conjunction. Expressing a concession relationship is equivalent to "although" and "although".
19, conjunction. Represents a hypothetical relationship and is equivalent to "even if".
20. auxiliary words. Used between the object and the verb, it plays the role of promoting the object to achieve the purpose of emphasis.
2 1, auxiliary word. Still "husband", the origin of the table.
22. convey the "vision". 23. Pass the word "yes".
Foot, full. 24. Pass the word "yes".
Reality; That's right. 25. Pass the "surname".
26. kill time. At this moment.
27. Use the same "try". Just try it.
28, still "very". How about it?
29, still "very". Extreme; Very.
30. Use the same "thing". Things.
3 1, last name. Wuyou in the Three Kingdoms is a musical instrument.
See The History of the Three Kingdoms and the Biography of Wu Zhi.