Heart failure (HF), also known as chronic heart failure (CHF), refers to when the heart cannot pump enough blood to maintain blood flow to meet the needs of the body.
Two types of left heart failure:
1. Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), also known as systolic failure: the left ventricle loses its ability to contract normally. The heart can't push enough blood into the blood circulation with enough force.
2. Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), also known as diastolic failure (or diastolic dysfunction): the left ventricle loses its normal diastolic ability (because muscles become stiff). During the rest between heartbeats, the heart can't be filled with blood normally.
right heart failure
Right heart failure is usually caused by pulmonary heart disease, which is usually caused by pulmonary circulation difficulties, such as pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary stenosis.
Physical examination can find peripheral sunken edema, ascites and hepatomegaly. Jugular venous pressure is usually evaluated as a sign of body fluid state, which can be aggravated by causing hepatic jugular venous reflux. If the right ventricular pressure increases, there may be a bulge near the sternum, indicating a compensatory increase in contractility.
Causes of heart failure:
congestive heart failure
Heart failure may also occur in the case of "high output" (called "high output heart failure"). In this case, the pumped blood volume exceeds the typical value, and the heart can't keep up. This may occur in overload (blood transfusion or blood transfusion), kidney disease, chronic severe anemia, beriberi (vitamin b 1/ thiamine deficiency), hyperthyroidism, liver cirrhosis, paget's disease, multiple myeloma, arteriovenous fistula or arteriovenous malformation.
Acute decompensation
Cray ultrasound in acute cardiac decompensation. The horizontal short line can be found anywhere in the right lung.
Chronic stable heart failure is easily decompensated. The most common causes are complex diseases (such as myocardial infarction (heart disease) and pneumonia), abnormal heart rhythm, uncontrollable hypertension or patients' failure to maintain body fluid restriction, diet or drug treatment.