Liu Heng's contribution
Emperor Wen of Han attached great importance to agricultural production. After he acceded to the throne, he repeatedly sent letters to persuade farmers to teach mulberry, and after he acceded to the throne, he repeatedly sent letters to persuade farmers to teach mulberry, and set up local officials such as Sanlao, Filial Piety and Tian Li according to the proportion of household registration, and set up local officials such as Sanlao, Filial Piety and Tian Li according to the proportion of household registration, and often gave rewards to encourage farmers to develop production. He paid attention to reducing the burden on the people, and they rewarded them to encourage farmers to develop production. He paid attention to reducing the burden on the people and often issued imperial edicts to reduce rent and tax. In 178 and 168, imperial edicts were often issued to reduce rents and taxes. 178 and 168 reduced the rent tax from 15 to 30 tax twice, that is, from 15 to 30 tax, that is, from 15 to 30 tax. After that, for seven years, it was ordered to exempt private land from taxes. Since then, thirty taxes have become the custom of land tax in Han Dynasty. At the same time, annual calculation and tax customization. At the same time, the annual tax is reduced from per person 120 yuan to 40 yuan every year, and the corvee is reduced to once every three years. In addition, the money was reduced to 40 yuan, and the corvee was reduced to three years. In addition, Emperor Wendi of Han Dynasty also issued a decree prohibiting the use of Chishanze and opening up land and forest resources to the public, and "also issued a decree prohibiting the use of Chishanze and opening up land and forest resources to the public for farming; In addition, in addition to stealing money order, opening up finance and implementing a policy of financial freedom, farming by the people; In addition to stealing money orders, opening up finance, and implementing the policy of financial freedom, the wealthy businessmen in Dajia fled the world, and the wealthy businessmen in Dajia fled the world. As a result, the rapid development of commodities in agriculture, industry and commerce led to the increase of livestock accumulation and household registration during the Wendi period. With the development of agriculture, industry and commerce, during the Wendi period, livestock accumulated wealth and registered permanent residence gradually increased. The granary of this country is full of money, while the granary of this country is full of money, rich in domestic wealth and prosperous in social economy. Economic prosperity.
Wendi criminal law
On the basis of Gaozu and Lv Hou's reform, Wendi's severe punishment of Qin was another major reform based on Gaozu and Lv Hou's reform. According to the Qin law, the parents, brothers and sisters of sinners have undergone major reforms. According to the law of the Qin Dynasty, the parents, brothers, sisters, wives and children of sinners should sit together, and if the circumstances are serious, they should be put to death. Light to be enslaved by the government, wife and children to sit together. Those who are serious will be put to death, while those who are light will be enslaved by the government. This is called the method of "sitting together". At the beginning of Wendi's accession to the throne, he was awarded "Tai Wei" in 179. Emperor Wendi's accession to the throne was originally a method of "receiving and sitting side by side." At the beginning of Emperor Wendi's accession to the throne, that is, 179, the decree of "do everything except accept and sit together" was promulgated. 167 years ago, will, ". 167 years, before sitting together. 167, "corporal punishment" was changed to 300 and 500 respectively. The Qin Law also stipulates that "corporal punishment" should be changed to 300, 300 and 500 respectively. The Qin law also stipulates that criminals with judges' concubines and officials' concubines or above have no prison term, and criminals with officials' concubines or above have no prison term and serve hard labor for life. Emperor Wendi issued a decree to re-enact laws and labor according to the severity of crimes. Emperor Wendi issued decrees, re-enacted laws and stipulated the term of office according to the severity of crimes; Criminals can be exempted from serving in Shu Ren after their service expires. Service period; Criminals can be exempted from serving in Shu Ren after their service expires. Emperor Wen also respected the jailbreak of officials to a certain extent, such as several jailbreaks for Ting Shi Zhi and several jailbreaks for Ting Shi Zhi. Although he had different opinions, he finally thought that Ting Wei was right and accepted Zhang's different opinions, but finally thought that Ting Wei was right and accepted Zhang's decision. When Chao Cuo was a literature and history, he punished evil and destroyed Qin, and made a decision to interpret the law. Chao Cuo made a more explicit decree for "the policy of punishing evil and promoting good and destroying Qin" in literature and history. "Talk about generosity", so a more explicit decree was made in the period of Emperor Wen, so "ban the net wide" and "save the province with punishment" in the period of Emperor Wen. Every year, only four people in the world are convicted of felony. The oppression of the people was obviously less than that of the Qin Dynasty.
Liu Heng's diplomatic ability.
Wendi adopted a policy of appeasement and friendship towards the surrounding ethnic minorities, and did not transfer troops easily. Emperor Wendi adopted a policy of appeasement and friendship towards the surrounding ethnic minorities, did not deploy troops easily, and tried his best to maintain a peaceful Lu Guan backyard. Because of his bad policy towards South Vietnam, the system was split. Lu Houshi, due to the policy of disharmony with South Vietnam, Zhao Tuo, king of South Vietnam, once established himself as Emperor Wu of South Vietnam, serving in Fujian, Vietnam and the Western Regions, and used the Huang family to rival the Han family. Emperor Wu of South Vietnam, who served in Fujian, Vietnam and the Western Regions, used the Huang family to compete with the Han Dynasty. Emperor Wen acceded to the throne to repair Zhao Tuo's ancestral grave and honor Zhao Kundi, and once again sent Liu Jia to South Vietnam to give books to Zhao Tuo. Later, he repaired Zhao Tuo's ancestral grave to honor Zhao Kundi, and once again sent Liu Jia to South Vietnam to give books to Zhao Tuo, so he proclaimed himself emperor and joined the Han Dynasty. In the early years of Emperor Wendi, he was kind, so Zhao Heng lost the title of emperor and joined the Han Dynasty. In the early years of Emperor Wendi, Xiongnu harassed the frontier fortress emperor Gavin three years ago (drama, three years before Emperor Wendi), and in May, Xiongnu right Wang Xian invaded Henan and killed a few officials and civilians. ) In May, the Huns invaded Henan, killed some officials and people, and looted livestock. The Prime Minister was ordered to lead 80,000 Qingqi to drive the Xiongnu out of the fortress and achieved initial victory. After looting livestock, Prime Minister Guan Ying was ordered to lead 80,000 Qingqi to drive the Xiongnu out of the fortress and achieved initial victory. Since then, although the Huns have repeatedly committed border crimes, Emperor Wendi only ordered border counties to be strictly guarded; And personally patrol, patrol the border barracks, although the Huns have repeatedly committed border crimes, but Wendi only ordered the border counties to be strictly guarded; He personally patrolled and inspected the border military camps, and praised the Xiliuying camp, which was strict in running the army, and criticized the Bashang and Ximen military camps, which were not strictly guarded. Praise the Xiliu camp, which is strict in running the army, and criticize the Bashang and Ximen barracks, which are lax in guard. He also adopted Chao Cuo's suggestion of "recruiting people to move the fortress" and moved some handmaiden, sinner and civilians to the frontier fortress to garrison, so as to train soldiers at ordinary times and meet the enemy when something happened. Garrison, with what military organization to organize them, training at ordinary times, have something to deal with the enemy. This method not only played the role of "preventing Hu", but also played the role of developing the frontier, which was the first in the Han Dynasty. The law not only played the role of "protecting Hu", but also played the role of developing the frontier, which was the first in the Han Dynasty. In order to strengthen the combat capability with the Huns, Emperor Wendi vigorously promoted the policy of encouraging horse-raising. "People have cars to ride, and people have cars to ride.". "In order to strengthen the combat capability with the Huns, Emperor Wendi vigorously promoted the policy of encouraging horse-raising." If a person has a car to ride, three people will retreat. "He also set up thirty-six horse-herding houses in the northwest border." Thirty-six horse-herding houses were set up in the northwest border, and three people will retreat. Ten thousand people are engaged in grazing and raising war horses. These measures played a certain role in preventing the large-scale invasion of Xiongnu, and also provided material guarantee for Emperor Wu of Han Dynasty to launch a large-scale counterattack against Xiongnu later. Use, but also for the later Liang Wudi launched a large-scale counterattack against the Huns provides a material guarantee.
Wendi Deng and His Queen
Dou Fangyi (? -Former 135) Yi Ming (also said to be Dou Fangyi (? —— Former Ming Yi (Fang Yi), Qinghe County (Qinghe, Hebei Province), Qinghe County Qinghefang), Qinghe County (now Qinghe, Hebei Province), Dou Taihou was the last ruler of the Western Han Dynasty who attached himself to the "Huang Lao Thought". Under her influence, the rulers of the Western Han Dynasty had the spirit of governing the country again. Pushed the Han Dynasty to a powerful peak.
Reject the luxury of Wendi.
Liu Heng is one of the few emperors who really advocated frugality in the history of China. According to historical records, when his old man was in power, his life was very simple and he often wore thick robes. All tombs are built with mud tiles, and even tombs are decorated with precious metals such as gold, silver, copper and tin. The favored Mrs. Shen and Wendi live a simple life. She doesn't need the long mopping skirts that ordinary expensive couples usually wear, but "dresses without mopping the floor" like a professional woman. The curtains in her room are completely free of embroidery and dragons depicting the phoenix. Once, Wendi wanted to build a terrace in the palace, so he asked the craftsman how much it cost. When the craftsman told him that he needed one hundred gold, Wendi immediately sighed: "One hundred gold is the product of ten China people." So I gave up the original plan. Emperor Wen of Han refused to be extravagant and frugal, but he did not dare to let it go. At that time, the country had just got rid of the disaster of war, and China was devastated, like ruins, surrounded by walls and poor financial resources. When the emperor went on patrol, he couldn't even find a carriage with factions. It is even more difficult for civilians to make a living. In the disaster year, they are thousands of miles away, starving everywhere, selling their wives and children and being displaced from place to place. The deterioration of the economic situation forced Emperor Xian of Han to take a series of measures to stabilize the situation, such as reducing taxes, restraining business and raising farmers, and bringing people back to their hometowns, which soon injected a little vitality into the national economy on the verge of collapse. At the same time, another unhealthy trend is quietly growing, that is, the arrogance and extravagance of imperial clan. In order to satisfy their own selfish desires, we will not hesitate to increase the burden on the domestic people, so that the people's livelihood, which was originally a little respite, will once again fall into dire straits. In order to solve this problem, Emperor Wen of Han strongly advocated frugality to resist the invasion of extravagant winds, and tried his best to influence the official style and folk customs. According to historical records, "Emperor Xiaowen ascended the throne for twenty-three years, rich in gardens, riding horses to serve the royal family, and got nothing. If it is inconvenient, relax and benefit the people. " His practice has played a certain role. The so-called "Han Xing", apart from stubbornness and harshness, enjoys happiness with the people. As for filial piety, we should be respectful and frugal. Filial piety has been in business for 56 years. As for changing customs and customs, the people are mellow. " Finally, one of the few thrifty societies in the history of China was created.
This is a high school history lesson plan ~
First, the basic knowledge to be mastered is: the time of the establishment of the Western Han Dynasty, the founding emperor and the capital; The measures taken by Emperor Gaozu to implement the policy of rest and recuperation; The rule of Wenjing; Seven countries rebellion. Second, by guiding students to think, "Why did the rulers implement the policy of recuperation in the early Western Han Dynasty? The relationship between the implementation of recuperation policies and measures in the early Han Dynasty and the emergence of the situation of "the rule of culture and scenery" can cultivate students' ability to analyze problems. "By comparing the taxes levied by the Qin Dynasty, that is, farmers have to hand over more than two-thirds of their crops to the state, while Emperor China advised farmers to pay only 30 taxes on land rent, so as to evaluate the rule of Wenjing and let students understand the concept of' ruling the world'. Thirdly, through the research on the reasons for the policy of rest and recuperation in the early Han Dynasty, students are trained to form a historical materialist world outlook. It is generally acknowledged that the social and economic recovery and development of the Western Han Dynasty is due to the peasant war in the late Qin Dynasty, the policy of recuperation implemented by the rulers in the early Han Dynasty and the hard struggle of the people. It is necessary to clarify a truth ideologically: economic development is the material basis of great unity, and national unity is the premise of a country's prosperity. . The teaching suggestions on "rest and recuperation" in the early Han Dynasty are of great significance for us to understand the reasons why "Qin perished and Han prospered". The good situation of the governance of cultural scenery in the early Han dynasty was praised by later generations because the rulers in the early Han dynasty came directly from the peasant uprising in the late Qin dynasty and could seriously learn the historical lessons of the rapid death of Qin tyranny. The policy of rest and recuperation in the early Han Dynasty, with various contents, is closely related to the prosperity of "the rule of culture and scenery" and has become the focus of this lesson. The comparison between the early Han Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty is mainly to cultivate students' ability to think and analyze problems by comparing the similarities and differences between the early Han Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty. As a means to consolidate the central government, the feudal countries in the Western Zhou Dynasty and the early Han Dynasty have many similarities. For example, feudal countries are mostly controlled by the relatives of rulers, enjoying great autonomy, and even becoming a country within a country, which eventually leads to rebellion; The difference is also obvious. At the end of the reign of the Zhou royal family, it was in the transitional period from slave society to feudal society, and its national strength declined, and it was unable to control its seclusion, thus forming a situation of hegemony and war during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. At the beginning of the Han Dynasty, after recuperation, the national strength became strong, and effective measures were taken to resolutely suppress the rebellion in the kingdom and solve the problems in the kingdom. Comparing the similarities and differences between them, we should not only see the appearance of history, but also analyze the problems according to the general trend of historical development at that time, which is difficult and can be properly grasped according to the students' understanding.
Analysis of the present situation: This lesson tells the history of the Western Han Dynasty from its establishment to its gradual prosperity. Liu Bang, the Emperor Gaozu of Han Dynasty, learned the lesson of the rapid demise of the Qin Dynasty and implemented the policy of "rest and recuperation". Emperor Wen and Emperor Jing further carried out this policy, and Emperor Jing put down the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" and formed the situation that "the rule of culture and scenery" ruled the world. It laid a good foundation for the realization of "great unification" in Liang Wudi, and also provided a good reference for the establishment of the later dynasty.
Suggestions on teaching methods: 1. About "the establishment and demise of the Western Han Dynasty". First of all, the teacher should make it clear to the students that this subtitle is about establishing and consolidating political power. Secondly, teachers should make students understand the inevitability and purpose of the recuperation policy in the early Han Dynasty. It can be compared with the Qin dynasty in terms of taxation, corvee and punishment. 2. About "cultural on-site governance". Teachers can make full use of the historical materials quoted in textbooks and the story of "Ti Ying wrote a letter to save his father" to let students understand the causes of "the rule of culture and scenery": first, attach importance to agriculture and mobilize farmers' enthusiasm for production; Second, the tax service is light, and farmers have a relatively relaxed and stable production and living environment; The third is to learn from the lessons of Qin's death, listen to opinions, reduce punishment, reduce unjust imprisonment, and be honest for officials. 3. About the "Seven-nation Rebellion". Teachers can compare and analyze the western Zhou dynasty enfeoffment system, such as the purpose of enfeoffment system, the object of enfeoffment system, and the influence of enfeoffment system on the rights and obligations of the sealed people.
Key points of teaching design examples: "rest and recuperation" and cultural rule in the early Han Dynasty
Difficulties: the comparison between the early Han Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty. Teaching thought: pay attention to the connection and comparative analysis of knowledge, and initially cultivate students' ability to draw historical conclusions by analyzing historical phenomena. Teaching Process: Review and Introduction: The Qin Dynasty was a short-lived dynasty in the history of China. What is the reason for its rapid demise? After the demise of the Qin Dynasty, what did Liu Bang and Xiang Yu compete for the throne for four years? What was the result? In 202 BC, the Western Han Dynasty was founded in the ruins of the peasant war and the dispute between Chu and Han at the end of Qin Dynasty. Today we are going to learn this lesson. Ask students to read the hints before class to understand what they will learn. First, the establishment and rest of the Western Han Dynasty 1. The establishment of the Western Han Dynasty (202 BC) In 202 BC, Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, with Chang 'an as its capital, which was called the Western Han Dynasty in history. Liu bang is the emperor gaozu.
2. Reasons and measures for rest and recuperation 1) Reasons The teacher should first explain what "rest and recuperation" means, that is, after social unrest or long-term war, the rulers implement a policy of lenient punishment and thin tax to safeguard people's strength, multiply population and achieve recovery.
The purpose of restoring and developing the economy and stabilizing the rule. Guide the students to read the big characters and small characters in the third paragraph of page 5 1. Students discuss and answer the reasons for implementing the rest and recuperation policy according to the content of 10. The teacher summed up: first, learn the lessons of Qin's death; Second, the economy in the early Han Dynasty was depressed and the country was extremely poor. 2) Measure students' reading and answering. Teacher's summary: The implementation of the rest and recuperation policy enabled the economy of the Western Han Dynasty to recover and develop rapidly, and stabilized and consolidated the feudal ruling order of the Han Dynasty. This ruling measure pleased both the rulers and the working people. In the Hui Di and Lv Hou dynasties, the economy gradually recovered, and in the Wenjing period, the social economy rebounded in an all-round way, and there was a situation of governing the world-the rule of Wenjing. Second, Mr. Wen Jing Zhi Zhi showed pictures and materials related to bamboo slips to reduce rent (see media materials). Students read books and classify the measures taken by Wendi and Jingdi. Tell the story of "Ti Ying saved his father". Emperor Wen of the Han Dynasty and Emperor Jing * * have been in power for 39 years, and they have implemented the measures of paying taxes lightly, encouraging production and sharing interest with the people, which has stabilized the society, further reduced the burden on the people and sustained the social and economic development. Later generations spoke highly of this and called this governance of the world "the governance of culture and the governance of scenery". However, in this period of world domination, there have also been rebellions. This is the "Seven Kingdoms Rebellion" that happened during the reign of Emperor Jing of Han Dynasty. Why did you send it when you were Emperor Jingdi? Quot what about the "seven-nation rebellion" Let's get to know each other.
Third, the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms Method 1: Students collectively read and think: What are the similarities between the chaos of the Seven Kingdoms and the previous knowledge points? Then the teacher arranged a group to briefly introduce the "western Zhou dynasty enfeoffment system"; A set of introduction to "seven quot；; The rest of the students look for similarities and differences. Finally, the teacher commented on the supplement and introduced the method of comparative analysis. Method 2: (Students read and think. A: What are the seven countries? Why are the seven countries in chaos? Conditions for the rebellion of the seven countries? What was the process and result of the Seven-Country Rebellion? What are the similarities between the Seven Kingdoms Uprising and the historical period? ) seven countries: it is a vassal state. After Liu Bang established the Han Dynasty, in order to consolidate Liu's world, Liu's children were made kings. Feudal lords owned vast fiefs, enjoyed the appointment and removal of officials-independent administrative power, minted coins, collected taxes-mastered financial power, and possessed heavy forces-mastered military power, which actually formed a relatively independent country within a country. The reason for the rebellion of the Seven Countries: in order to compete for more rights and interests. Conditions for the Seven-State Rebellion: The number of vassal states is large, the power is large, and the area is large-equivalent to half of the national area of the Western Han Dynasty. Wu Chu is the strongest among them. After the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion: Due to the growing power of the vassal states, Han Jing's minister Chao Cuo suggested weakening the power of the kingdom, that is, "cutting off the vassal states". In order not to affect their own interests, in BC 154, Liu Bi, the king of Wu, contacted other six countries and launched a rebellion with the call of "killing Chao Cuo and clearing the monarch's side". Chao Cuo listened to rumors in the rebellion and was killed by King Jing.
Results of the Seven Kingdoms Rebellion: With the progress of the rebellion, Emperor Jingdi recognized the true face of the warlord rebellion and decisively sent Qiu Zhou Yafu to lead the troops to fight back against the rebellion. Three months later, the rebellion was put down. Since then, the power of the kingdom has been greatly weakened, and the possibility of another rebellion has been greatly reduced, thus further consolidating the unity of the country. The teacher reminds the students to recall the Western Zhou Dynasty's feudal state, and discusses the similarities and differences between the Western Han Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty. Similarities: (1) The purpose of enfeoffment system is to consolidate the central government. (2) Subcontractor: all relatives or heroes. (3) Rights and obligations of fiefs: They enjoyed great rights in fiefs and actually formed an independent kingdom. Everyone must obey the orders of the son of heaven or emperor. (4) the act of sealing the country: finally, there was rebellion. Disagreement: the result of sealing the country: (1) Western Zhou Dynasty: Due to the decline of the Zhou royal family, the situation of hegemony and war was formed during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. (2) Western Han Dynasty: Resolutely suppress the kingdom rebellion and solve the kingdom problem. Conclusion: Whether in the Western Zhou Dynasty or the Western Han Dynasty, the purpose of enfeoffment system is to consolidate the rule. When the central government is strong, it can control the enfeoffment system and stabilize the rule, but when the central government declines, it will be unable to control the enfeoffment system and the rule will be difficult to maintain.
Summary: Method 1: What we are learning today is the history of the Western Han Dynasty from ruins to gradual prosperity and economic development. From the time when Emperor Gaozu Liu Bang dismounted to rule the world and implemented the policy of rest and recuperation, the situation of "ruling the world with literature" appeared in the Wenjing period. In the early Han Dynasty, following the national conditions and drawing lessons from the death of Qin, some effective measures were taken, which laid a good foundation for the prosperity of the Western Han Dynasty. Next class, we will study the prosperity of the Western Han Dynasty. Method 2: Students can summarize what lessons the Western Han Dynasty learned from the demise of the Qin Dynasty, and make a comparison table of taxation, corvee, punishment and other measures during the Qin and Han Dynasties. Better understand the reason of "Qin perished and Han prospered".