Tell me about the above two topics. Reading, generally manifested as mouth movements (sounds that people around can perceive); You can also read silently, showing a sound that only you can perceive. When it comes to sound, trouble comes. The source of trouble is that the sound changes with time and place. Strictly speaking, it varies from person to person. If we are lucky enough to go to Hongyi Garden in Grand View Garden often, we can close our eyes and tell that this voice is Qingwen's and that voice is offensive, even though they are both Beijing sisters of the same age. This is the charm, or, not the phonetic system, or, for example, the written Chinese pinyin, you can't tell the difference. The difference between time and place is not like this, but the difference of voice system. Sometimes, there are long and short, and there are places that are far and near. To what extent will it change? Variability has size. Small changes, or imperceptible changes, may occur in a relatively short period of time and in a relatively close area, right? It's hard to say when. Take the region as an example. In the early years of the Republic of China, old Beijing still retained the legacy of its native land. A good old Beijing friend told me that he could detect a slight difference in pronunciation between Dongcheng and Xicheng. By analogy, we can know that, in retrospect, the so-called ancient Chinese is limited to easily perceived differences, and the number is too large. For example, Tang Yin in Ming Dynasty and Shen Fu in Qing Dynasty were both from Suzhou, but their phonetics were different because of their differences. Meng Haoran (from Hubei) and Wang Wei (from Shanxi) are both contemporaries, but their pronunciation is definitely different, because they are different. This complicated situation will lead to a conclusion: we believe in the ancient times, and it is too difficult to know the pronunciation of the ancients in detail. This difficulty seems to be avoidable, because: first, we communicate our thoughts and feelings in modern Chinese, which requires the use of Putonghua pronunciation; Second, looking at the old literature, Chinese characters can escape pronunciation because they are meaningful. This is generally true. For example, reading Master Zhuangzi, "My life is limited, but my knowledge is also limited". We don't know what the pronunciation of this ancient Song Dynasty and modern Henan people is like (if we also read it), but it is enough to know that life is limited and knowledge is infinite. The problem comes from some rhymes in old documents; According to the topic, when we read a poem, we can look at the meaning according to the form, regardless of pronunciation, and sometimes we will stumble. Please look at the following example:

Fish and birds are hesitant and afraid of simple books, and the situation is often to protect storage. Disciple ordered General Nian Pingsheng to wield a magic pen, and finally he saw the King go to preach (Nian Pingsheng) the car. It is really not easy to have talent in wind music, and it is inseparable. Moreover, although a temple has been built for you in your birthplace, Yin becomes hate, Yu (Li Shangyin's "Preparation for Examination")

Yu Xiao's voice was sad and sad. When she woke up from her dream, a string of bright moons were hanging upstairs in Qin. Qin Louyue, willow color every year, Baling injury, don't. Leyuan Scenic Area is in the clear autumn season, and the ancient Xianyang road is full of sound and dust. The sound of dust is dead, the west wind still shines, and the Han tomb is gone. ("Li Bai's Biography of Yi Qin E")

The first one is a poem, pronounced with six fish rhymes. Pronunciation with today's (Putonghua) pronunciation rhymes with the words book, major, car, such as, Yu, etc. The vowels are "Fu", "Mi", "→" and → ",so they don't rhyme. Líng "ordered" the old pronunciation to be flat, but now it is pronounced, which is unqualified. The last one is the word, which basically has a rhyme of nine syllables (only "month" is the rhyme of June, and both month and syllable belong to the eighteenth part of rhyme, which is universal). When you read it in this tone, the words "don't, be frugal, be absolutely" become flat tones and are unqualified. Beat is the basis of musical beauty, and the result of unqualified law is to lose musical beauty and not listen well. How to deal with such setbacks? Obviously, from now on, the loss is not small, at least those who love beauty will not; Then we have to start from the old one. From the old, we must first understand the old situation, that is, the phonetic situation of poetry.

"The phonetic situation of poetry" is different from "the phonetic situation when the author writes poetry". Simply put, the latter is verbal and will lead to great differences; The former is written, which can be returned to the sea and scattered into abstracts. In fact, a large number of poetry writers and phonologists who study poetry phonetics all want to see generalization, regardless of oral differences. This brings great convenience to our current readers and people who want to learn to write, because countless actual pronunciations have become a few words in the pronunciation of written language. Specifically, infinity from time and place is reduced to a medieval sound system. This is called setting, and setting is a hypothesis. For example, Du Fu's five poems about historical sites, Wan Chongling Valley Near Jingmen, use thirteen yuan and one rhyme, and the rhyme characters are door, village, faint, soul and theory (read flat sound), Wang Shizhen's four poems about autumn willow, and Where is the most charming in Qiu Lai also use thirteen yuan and one rhyme, and the rhyme characters are soul, door, scar, village and theory. This is a rule. Since the Tang Dynasty, officials have always been keen on giving orders from above and obeying from below, so there are rules on how to rhyme poetry and fu, such as Tang Yun in the Tang Dynasty and A Brief Introduction to Li Buyun in the Song Dynasty. The actual pronunciation has changed and unified in the official rhyme book, which is stipulated. As a result, assuming that there are rules, it will make it difficult to write and read poems, that is, it is allowed to change with the same. Specifically, as long as we can understand the situation in the Middle Ages, we can turn the ups and downs into smooth roads. Let's talk about the middle tones first.

Before we talk about it, we should also talk about why we can ignore pre-medieval and post-medieval. There are three kinds of ancient sounds before Middle Ages, near ancient sounds after Middle Ages and Middle Ages. Why are they so neat and simple? The reason is that the specific pronunciation is always instantaneous, and we can only master the written Chinese characters. We can't infer the specific pronunciation directly from Chinese characters, such as "Friends come from afar" in The Analects of Confucius. We'll say it again like Kong. As a last resort, we have to take a step back, start with rhyme, and "indirectly" infer the "generalized" phonetic situation, or phonetic system. So I searched for useful documents, found the Book of Songs before the Middle Ages, and found the Central Plains Rhyme after the Middle Ages. Phonologically, the two books are integrated into one system, so we call the phonological system of The Book of Songs as archaic, and the phonological system of Zhongyuan Yinyun as nearly archaic. Why can you ignore the front and back when reading poetry?

There is more than one reason to ignore the ancient sound. First, we don't know much about the situation. As far as the sound, rhyme and tone of a voice are concerned, it is rhyme, easy to know and well known, but there are different views on rhyme. It is roughly divided into 10 units, such as Gu, Jiang Yongzeng, Kong Guangsen, Wang Niansun and Mr. Wang Li. In this way, if you want to know before you act, that is, to understand the phonetic system before you read, people who don't study phonology generally say that they should stop reading. The second reason is reading, and not knowing the pronunciation is not a big obstacle. For example, when reading "The so-called Iraqi people are on the water side", according to Qian Daxin's saying, "Fang" should be read with heavy lips. But we have been reading according to the present voice, and we don't feel anything wrong. The third reason is that there are not many readable articles in The Book of Songs, and reading is only for appreciation, not imitation. It is not only possible but also necessary to relax pronunciation.

There is only one reason to ignore the near-ancient sound, that is, the poems since the Middle Ages are written according to the middle ancient sound system (the near-ancient sound is divided into yin and yang, but the silent sound is another system), so it is of course unnecessary to ask the near-ancient sound when reading and copying.

Let's talk about the Middle Ages. Practically speaking, it is a bit exaggerated to call it Middle Ages. It is better to simplify the complex and call it "Pingshui Rhyme". Because, limited by the literature of rhyming books, it has been more than 600 years since Sui Lu Fayan's Qieyun to Pingshuiyun, not to mention the actual pronunciation, even the written pronunciation of rhyming books is not static. The reason why it can be summarized more with Pingshui Rhyme is that Pingshui Rhyme is adaptable to predecessors. Specifically, people in the Tang and Song Dynasties basically wrote poems according to this system. For later, it is binding. Specifically, since the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, people have to write poems according to this system. Therefore, whether reading or writing, as long as you are familiar with Pingshui rhyme, you can pass freely. There are two main reasons for the superiority of Pingshui rhyme. On the one hand, it borrowed the light of the times, including two situations: first, there were rhyming books in the Middle Ages, so the edges of ancient models (such as The Book of Songs) became clear; Second, from the perspective of rhyme, the medieval phonology has not changed much and can be adapted. On the other hand, with the help of the imperial examination, the work order requires rhyming according to the rhyme book. For example, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the actual pronunciation had long been different from the rhyme of peace and water, but poetry had to follow suit, so it was still binding.

The following is the introduction of Ping Shui Yun. It is a medieval rhyme hall. If you want to know it, you must know its rhyme book. The influential medieval rhyme books that can be seen or studied now began with Lu Fayan's Yun Qi in the Sui Dynasty. This rhyme book is a collection of ancient and modern north and south, which is relatively refined. * * There are 193 voices, and the tones are flat, up, far and forward. Later, Qieyun was written by Tang? It was changed to Tang Yun, with the rhyme slightly increased 195 and the tone unchanged. In the Song Dynasty, Chen Pengnian and others supplemented and revised it into Guang Yun, and the rhyme foot increased (at most) to 206, and the tone was still flat, high, far and progressive. The fineness of rhyme is a scientific consideration; For practical reasons, this is not appropriate. The way to close this distance is to rhyme, allowing adjacent rhymes to be used together. For example, in the imperial examination of poetry and fu in the Tang Dynasty, winter rhyme, bell rhyme, branch rhyme, fat rhyme and rhyme were allowed to be used together, so that the rhymes used together were counted as one, and there were not so many rhymes in actual use. This method was still used in the imperial examination in Song Dynasty. For example, The Rhyme of the Book of Rites compiled by Ding Du is an official book, which can be combined into 108 as a procedure for the senior high school entrance examination. Before long, the number of rhymes was reduced by two, and it became 106 of Ping Shui Yun. Pingshui is a place name, now Linfen City, Shanxi Province. This method of rhyme division is called "Pingshui" for two reasons: first, it is found in the rhyme department of Pingshui New Magazine edited by Wang Wenyu in Jin Dynasty; Secondly, Liu Yuan, the rhymer of Renzi New Magazine in Southern Song Dynasty, was a Pingshui person. Whatever the reason, it can only be said that this origin is not very high, and it has been running for 800 years from Song and Jin Dynasties to the present in the twentieth century. In the meantime, I added oil once, that is, the official version of Pei Fu in the Kangxi period of Qing Dynasty, and the rhyme was completely based on Ping, so Ping was added to the official list, which was called Pei Yun for short. This is an official book, and the imperial examination must of course be followed; Outside the examination room, we may be used to it, but we can't. In short, until now, we occasionally see one or two songs in the corner of newspapers and periodicals, and it is not impossible. The rhyme is still the same as Peiyun.

The arrangement of Pei Wen Shi Yun takes the four tones of "Ping, Shang, Qu and Ru" as the key link; Each sound has the following rhyme: at the foot of each rhyme, the word to which the rhyme belongs is commonly used in front and rarely used in the back. At the beginning, there is a flat tone (flat tone is divided into yin and yang, and the upper tone is the upper volume, so it is divided into upper and lower volumes because there are many flat tones), including Yidong (East is the representative word of this rhyme), Erdong, Sanjiang to thirteen yuan, Fourteen Cold, and Fifteenth Delete * *15 rhyme; The lower flat tone includes the rhyme of *** 15, from the first, second and third dishes to the thirteenth, fourteenth and fifteenth salt. The total * * * flat sound is 30 rhymes. The upper voice includes one dong, two swelling, three talks about twenty-seven senses, twenty-eight frugality and twenty-nine embarrassing rhymes. Tone-dropping includes one song, two songs, three crimson to twenty-eight, twenty-nine brilliant and thirty rhymes. Entering tone includes one room, two bedrooms, three senses, fifteen in one, sixteen in one and seventeen in one *** 17 rhyme. Flat 30 rhyme, rising 29 rhyme, falling 30 rhyme, entering 17 rhyme, add up to 106 rhyme. The word to which each rhyme belongs is somewhat different. Take Pingsheng as an example. The four branches include straight, straight, playing, reasoning and Chinese characters, with a total of 464 words. Fifteenth salty includes salty, salty, salty, glutinous rice, only 4 1 character.

Obviously, in order to read, especially imitate, we must be familiar with "poetic rhyme"; And if you are familiar with it, many ancient and modern troubles can be solved. But familiarity is not easy, because: first, there are too many words, tens of thousands, so it takes a lot of effort to remember; Second, readers of some words have different pronunciations from today, so don't learn today's past, just memorize it. There is only one way to overcome difficulties, diligence. In the past, scholars took familiarity with "rhyme" as a compulsory course, so many people, or most people, were familiar enough to recite, that is, they remembered all the words contained in a rhyme. The couplet of the General Assembly is sufficient to illustrate this situation. As described in the fiftieth chapter of A Dream of Red Mansions, Feng, who is ignorant of literature and ink, started with "the north wind stayed up all night", and then, it means "the snow is still floating". The rhymes of Xiangling and Tanchun are Yao, Miao and Rao. The first rhyme used 35 words. Because the second smallest rhyme includes more than 65,438+080 words, Baochai said to Xiangyun, "I will take you only if you use all the second smallest rhyme." They didn't finish it because "although they didn't finish writing the rhyme, it's not good to twist the words", not because they can't remember. Because the scholar has this ability, he looks at the bright moon from the roof, looks for fragrance in the stranger, and is used to humming a few words, but he doesn't have to recite "poetic rhyme". According to the principle of taking the dharma first, if we not only want to read poetry, but also want to do it, we'd better do it. This is obviously not easy, because times are different. In the past, people could do this with most of their energy, so we had to "apply what we have learned". The conditions are different, so we have to take a step back. Fortunately, it is no problem to take a step back and pay per view. Here are some ways.

Methods can be divided into two categories, one is to remember less and the other is to remember more. Let's talk about it first. It's not uncommon to remember less. For example, Pingdongyun contains 174 words such as verb, tong, tong, etc., but only a few dozen words are commonly used. Therefore, Mr. Wang Li's "Poetic Metrics" is accompanied by a summary of poetic rhyme, which only contains more than 60 words such as Dong, Tong and Tong. In fact, there are more than 60 kinds, and there is a difference between using more and using less. For example, compared with Tan and Yi, the latter is obviously a figure in the cold palace, which is rare. Therefore, the principle of taking less notes can be gradually added, and the burden can be changed from heavy to quite light.

In addition, remember the key points. This includes a variety of situations, but it is single in nature and pays more attention to ancient and modern times.

You must pay more attention to a lot of tone sandhi and so on. Among them, there are many old Rusheng words, because Mandarin has no Rusheng, so a considerable part of them are flattened; Entering tone is classified as a level tone, and when it becomes a level tone, it disrupts the law of the coordination of poetry level tone and destroys the musicality. After the Middle Ages, the entering tone changed into flat tone, rising tone, rising tone (less) and falling tone (more) respectively, with regularity. It's just that people outside the phonology department have exploited loopholes, which may be more laborious than breaking them all. It's better to use the method of "seeing more and understanding more". You should also take less notes and take your time. For example, commonly used numbers, one, six, seven, eight, ten, one hundred, and one hundred million * * * are entering tones. First of all, you should remember that one, seven, eight and ten of them should be read evenly and clearly, so as not to encounter the nature change of "but you broaden your horizons by three hundred miles, and you must be silent". You can also cite two small families. One is that there are many words, which used to be voiced, but now they are voiced, such as moving, clothing, having, and city. Second, the old flat and muddy characters, such as East, Middle, Empty, Public, Same, Worm, Red and Mongolian, have an east rhyme. The same is true of the old rhyme, except that now the first four read flat tones and the last four read flat tones. Compared with the big one, these two small ones have little to do with each other, because the upper voice has become a de-voiced sound and has not jumped out of the range of de-voiced sound; From the perspective of Middle Ages, there is no need to speak in a flat voice, and the guests should obey the will of the host. We adopt the same (flat voice) to set aside our differences, or even pretend to turn a blind eye, and we muddle through.

One is that some words have different pronunciations in ancient and modern times, so you should know the ancient pronunciation. For example, "drive away the orioles and don't teach the branches to crow." They woke her up when she was dreaming. You can't go to western Liaoning. " Read, you should know that "er" is a four-rhyme, and read ní, which rhymes with "crow" and "west" belonging to eight rhymes. Another example is "when a cold wind crawls under my mat, an empty city and the moonlight is pale." Qiu Yi, Xinghe (read Xu Sheng) Goose, and I heard, on the stones at night, thousands of washing mallets. The reading of season and climate (Pingsheng) should be late, and his heart is on credit. I find your poem so beautiful that I don't think the crow has sung it. " Read, know that "credit" is the rhyme of six hemp, read shā, which rhymes with "China", "home" and "crow". There are not many such words, but they are easy to remember after reading them.

One is that some words have different sounds and belong to different rhymes, so you may read this sound in this song and that sound in that song. For example, "car" reads j ū in Liu Yuyun and chā; Rhyme in Liu Ma. "Bang" reads zēn in the twelve rhymes and Z ā n in the thirteen rhymes; Kān in the fourteen cold rhymes of Kan and kà n in the fifteen Han rhymes; "Awakening" reads nine rhymes X τ ng and twenty-four rhymes xǐng. Different sounds have different meanings. For example, the verb "four" belongs to four rhymes, and it is pronounced s ○ and used as a noun to pronounce s ○ and belongs to four rhymes. The same is true of "Lun", which is used as a verb to pronounce lún, which belongs to thirteen rhymes, and as a noun to pronounce LΟ n (the old pronunciation is close to "chaos"), which belongs to (disyllabic). There are not many such words, so it is not difficult to remember them after reading them more.

There is another kind of words, which are homophony today, but belong to different rhymes, such as "zhong", "feng" is an eastern rhyme, "zhong" and "feng" are two winter rhymes, "fish" is six fish rhymes, "fish" is seven dangerous rhymes, "Guan" is fourteen cold rhymes, "Guan" is fifteen deleted rhymes, and so on. In modern poetry, the old rule is not to rhyme. If you can't remember clearly, it's easy to make mistakes in rhyme.

As mentioned above, there are many miscellaneous things, remember, you should be familiar with them for a long time; I haven't been familiar with it for a long time Reading, especially copying, will inevitably encounter difficulties, that is, I don't know whether a word is read correctly or used correctly. There is only one way to solve the problem, check. You can look up "rhyme" and see which rhyme it has entered. This is sometimes troublesome, because 106 rhymes, so many words are hard to find. Then you'd better look it up in the dictionary. In the early years of the Republic of China, a small edition of A Dictionary of School National Phonetics was printed, and the characters were arranged according to the radicals, such as the initial "one", Kotaro Oshio (ending with 36 letters), Qi (tone) and Quality (four syllables). Only a few words are used to represent the old sound. Unfortunately, such a small book is not easy to find, so we have to use the old etymology, Ci Hai and so on, or even further, Kangxi dictionary and so on. Those books all indicate that a word belongs to a rhyme. For example, if you flatter yourself several times and use the word "say" as a flat voice, you suddenly become suspicious. If you look up "poetic rhyme", there is no rhyme in the five songs. If you look up other rhymes and find a needle in a haystack, you might as well look through the old dictionary and look for it in the seven paintings of the phonetic department. It's good to be wrong. It's like buying a fake. If you were cheated last time, you can stop being cheated next time.

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#4: Author: Mozi, from: Vancouver, Canada Time: February 24, 2004 at 20: 53

It is mentioned that "there is only one way to solve the problem, check." You can look up "rhyme" and see which rhyme it enters. "

I found a quick look-up table of rhyme in China's poems, which is traditional. You can find it by entering traditional Chinese characters. You can enter traditional Chinese characters with Microsoft traditional Chinese characters. Address: /gushi/shiyun.htm