Basic concept of nutrition: Nutrition is a branch of biological science, and it is a subject that studies the relationship between beneficial ingredients in food and biological health. According to the research object, nutrition can be divided into plant nutrition, animal nutrition and human nutrition. Human nutrition is divided into normal human nutrition and clinical nutrition. The former includes maternal and infant nutrition, elderly nutrition, special population nutrition and public nutrition; The latter includes nutrition and disease, hospital catering, disease nutrition treatment, enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition and so on. According to the research content, nutrition can be divided into basic nutrition, food nutrition, population nutrition, public nutrition, clinical nutrition and nutrition research methods.
Clinical nutrition is a subject that studies the relationship between beneficial ingredients in food and patients' health. Nutritional treatment of diseases is a branch of clinical nutrition, and it is a subject that studies the metabolic characteristics, nutritional needs, principles and measures of nutritional treatment of various nutritional diseases. It is an important part of comprehensive treatment of diseases through dietary nutrition measures. The difference between food and medicine is that it has both nutritional and therapeutic effects; It tastes delicious, supports the digestive tract and has no toxic or side effects.
Nutritional xing disease refers to some diseases in which one or more nutrients in the body are too much or too little to meet the physiological needs and the proportion of nutrients is out of balance. Nutritional diet is the main cause and nutritional therapy is the main treatment. Nutritional xing disease is mainly malnutrition in developing countries, showing various nutritional deficiencies; In developed countries, it is characterized by overnutrition and malnutrition. (Diabetic urology, obesity, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, ventilatory diseases, etc.). ) In China, there are both malnutrition and malnutrition or excess. Some nutritional diseases are caused by excess of certain nutrients and deficiency of certain nutrients. For example, obesity is caused by excessive intake of productive nutrients and insufficient intake of certain micronutrients.
The origin of nutrition: China's diet culture, traditional Chinese medicine culture and health preservation are the ancestors of modern nutrition. More than 7,000 years ago, the study of nutrition began in ancient China. 7000 years ago, the initial research of human beings began with whether food was poisonous or not. The purpose of Shennong tasting herbs is to determine whether they are poisonous or not. 3000 years ago, the society was stable. The birth of the Yellow Emperor promoted the study of food, and a book called Huangdi Neijing appeared. It records the core of food: five grains are nourishing, five fruits are helpful, five animals are beneficial, five vegetables are filling, and the smell is harmonious and refined. That is to say, 3000 years ago, our ancestors thought that Gu Mi must eat, fruit should be eaten together, and meat should be seasoned. All kinds of vegetables are energy-supplementing foods, so they are suitable for the human body when eaten together. Generally speaking, it's four parts vegetarian and one part meat. This is a wonderful proportion, which conforms to the laws of nature. Before 2000, the father of western medicine, Xi Bocrallo, put forward the diet rule: eat your food as medicine, [2] don't eat your medicine as food. ? That is, the medical thought of eating more and taking less medicine and preventing diseases in advance was put forward. In about 16 16, Descartes founded analytic geometry and set up a new thinking viewpoint. He mainly decomposes food as a whole and determines the ideological basis. As soon as his thoughts came out, human beings began to think in decomposition, decomposing human organs and food. So mankind entered the history of decomposition.
At that time, China had not established decomposition thinking until about 16 16. Li Shizhen and other famous medical experts have established another study on food, that is, the classification of food in terms of temperature, heat and cold. Compendium of Materia Medica consists of 52 volumes, divided into 16 parts and 60 categories. Written in 1578. It represents the peak of ancient dietotherapy in China. The last one is 1900. According to Descartes' thought, western humans break down food and extract carbohydrates and other nutrients. From then on, the study of six nutrients came out. After 1950, China also began to learn the tracking history of six nutrients, while China did not make any major innovations. Until now, I have been learning the six elements of nutrition. This is the development history of nutrition.
The origin of modern nutrition began with the discovery of carbohydrates in 1900, and gradually became a professional discipline. China had the concept of nutrition for a long time. For example, China's jiaozi's raw materials and cooking methods conform to China's food culture with color, fragrance and taste while ensuring complete nutrients. This shows that China culture is profound.
General situation of nutrition in various countries: the general situation of nutrition in various countries, and the research papers on nutrition development in various countries by experts and scholars such as Li and others are extracted respectively. Because of the limitation of space, only the abstract content is extracted, and those who are interested can read the full text directly. The United States is the representative of decomposed nutrition, China is the representative of holistic nutrition, and both of them have their own characteristics. However, Japan is not a nutritionally developed country. A survey in 2004 found that there was no established system of clinical nutrition in Japan, and the national nutritional status was worrying. These are all topics worthy of attention. [4]
American nutrition
The development of American nutrition in the early 20th century laid the foundation of contemporary nutrition. Through the development history of nearly a hundred years, we can see a complete American nutrition concept. Its development is the general trend that Descartes' decomposition thought goes deep, and then modern natural science thought rises at the same time and develops horizontally. Some began to repeat the history of classical nutrition, and confirmed the guiding significance of classical nutrition through the summary of modern experiments.
In terms of data, American nutrition has experienced the evolution of mechanization and instrumentalization, trying to take the development of nutrients as the ultimate goal, but it ended in failure and entered a whole and systematic research stage, looking for a life password information through systematic research ideas to guide and reflect on the right and wrong experience of nutrition in the past history. The American pyramid model, represented by the American new pyramid diet structure, has returned to the essence of classical nutrition, and is consistent with the compound thought advocated by China in Huangdi Neijing, and refined in details? Five grains are for raising, five fruits for helping, five livestock for benefiting, and five grains for filling? The academic circles believe that the concept of "returning to nature" belongs to the trend triggered by the trend.
Japanese nutrition
The development of Japanese nutrition originated from the guidance of diet health. With the support of national laws and regulations, Japan has gone through the stages of diet guidance, health care legislation, nutrition clinic, establishment of dietitian system and popularization of nutrition courses. Compared with other countries, Japan has the characteristics of continuity and strong execution, and the state has set up special functional departments to carry out health intervention. Japan's diet pattern has quietly changed, developing towards high protein and high fat, which is out of the diet field described in history. Contemporary Japanese nutrition institutions are taking corrective measures. This paper has reference significance for understanding and studying the development of contemporary nutrition.
China Classical Nutrition
China has a long history of classical nutrition, with a history of 7000 years. Classical nutrition describes in detail the exploration and discovery of the law between man and nature by famous nutritionists and health preservation scholars in past dynasties, forming a rich and colorful nutrition classic. The ideological core of classical nutrition is holistic view, which embodies the harmonious relationship between man and nature, and its regularity in the field of diet and health preservation has influenced so far. The concepts of diet, nutrition balance, natural ecology, harmony between man and nature and clinical principles in classical nutrition have far-reaching significance for the development of contemporary nutrition and have guiding value for the development of modern nutrition. The future trend of classical nutrition will have a decisive impact on human exploration of the essential value of nutrition.
China's classical nutrition originated earlier, so it is impossible to verify the specific time. Huangdi Neijing belongs to China's earliest monograph recording nutrition and medical theory, which is more than 2,000 years ago. But this book is still used in many places? Ancient people? So 2000 years ago, the author still thought it was impossible to know the earliest time, because there were many ancient people who handed down various experiences. It is generally believed that the civilization of China can be traced back to? Age? It still has a history of more than 7000 years.