There is not a one-to-one correspondence between the four great poets of Yuan Qu and the authors of the four great love dramas. The four tragedies of Yuanqu are Guan Hanqing's Yuan, Bai Pu's Rain, Ma Zhiyuan's Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty and Ji's Orphan of Zhao. Four major love dramas in Yuan Dynasty: Moon Pavilion by Guan Hanqing, Romance of the West Chamber by Wang Shifu, Climbing the Wall at once by Bai Pu and Ghost Story by Zheng Guangzu. The four southern operas are Jing Ke, Willow, The Story of Worship and Killing, The Story of the White Rabbit, Mingyue Pavilion (not written by Guan Hanqing) and Killing Dogs.
Guan Hanqing was a zaju writer in Yuan Dynasty. Number has been lent (one for another). Most (now Beijing) people. It is also said that qi zhou (now Hebei) and Hezhou (now Shaanxi) people. Born in the late Jin Dynasty or late Jin Dynasty, Jia called him "the master of the pear garden, the master of zaju, and the head of the troupe", which shows his position in the Yuan Dynasty zaju circle. Guan Hanqing once gave "A Flower in Lunan" as a gift to the actress, which shows that he has a close relationship with the actor. According to various documents, Guan Hanqing compiled 67 zaju, including 18. Whether individual works were written by Guan Hanqing is still controversial in academic circles. Among them, Dou E's Grievance, Saving the Wind and Dust, Wang Jiangge, Moon Pavilion, Lu Zhailang, Single Knife Meeting and Adjusting the Wind and Moon are his representative works.
Guan Hanqing's life story is unknown. According to fragmentary records, he was born in the late Jin Dynasty and early Yuan Dynasty, and lived in Yuan Chengzong Dade from about 12 10 to about 1300. Mainly in the area of Dadu (now Beijing), I have also been to Bianliang, Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) and other places. Zaju has achieved the greatest success, with more than 60 kinds of creation in his life. Today, there are 18 kinds, of which Yuan is the most famous. Today, there are more than 40 pieces of Xiaoling Sanqu, and the number of sets is 10.
Guan Hanqing's image of "I am a copper pea that can't be beaten, fried, broken and boiled" is also widely known. There is a crater named after him on Mercury.
Ma Zhiyuan (1250? - 1323? ), the word Dongli, was a zaju writer in China in the early Yuan Dynasty, mostly from Beijing. Most of the works reflect the pastoral theme of retreating mountains and forests, and the style is both bold and quiet. Wang Zhaojun's legend is described in Autumn in Han Palace and Ren Fengzi. Autumn in the Palace of Han Dynasty is called the best masterpiece of Yuanqu by later generations. His works are included in Dongli Yuefu.
Together with Guan Hanqing, Bai Renfu, Zheng Guangzu and others, they are called the four masters of Yuan Qu.
Zheng Guangzu (? —? ), the word Dehui, Pingyang Xiangling (now Xiangfen County, Shanxi Province), the year of birth and death is unknown. A famous writer of zaju Sanqu in Yuan Dynasty, he is as famous as Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan and Bai Pu. There are few records about his life, except that he is "honest" and not good at making friends. He wrote 18 kinds of zaju in his life, among which "Away from the Soul" (full name "Away from the Soul") is famous. The actor called him Mr. Zheng Lao and was cremated in Lingyin Temple in Hangzhou after his death. Besides zaju, Zheng Guangzu also wrote lyrics, including six poems and two songs.
According to the research of scholars in the fields of literature and drama, Zheng Guangzu wrote 18 kinds of drama scripts in his life, all of which have been preserved to this day, including Lost Young Woman's Soul, Sweet Grass Deceiving Hanlin, Drunk Country King Can Climb the Tower, Assisting the Duke of Zhou as Regent, and Hulao Pass's Three Wars Lu Bu.
From these preserved plays, we can see that his plays have two themes, one is the love story of young men and women, and the other is the historical story. This shows that he doesn't dare to face and expose reality like Guan Hanqing, and the theme of his plays is far from reality. He wrote the play out of artistic needs, not political needs.
Among the plays with the theme of describing the love story of young men and women, Lost in Soul is his masterpiece. The script is adapted from the novel Away from the Soul written by Chen in Tang Dynasty. The general plot is: Wang Wenju, a scholar, married a thousand girls, and Wang Wenju's parents died young, so the mother of a thousand girls had a plan to break her word, and she wanted to get rid of this marriage on the pretext that Wang Wenju could not get married until she was admitted to Jinshi. Unexpectedly, Qiannv is very loyal to love, so she went to Wang Wenju to take the exam. After parting with Liu Ting, her soul left her original body for missing Wang Wenju and went to Beijing with Wang Wenju. However, Wang Wenju didn't know that it was the soul of Qiannv who was with him. He thought it was Qiannv who went to Beijing with him. Therefore, when he won the first prize, three years later, he was going to leave Beijing to be an official and visit his mother-in-law. He first wrote a letter to tell Qian Qian's parents. Wang Wenju came to Qian Qian with her soul. Her soul and body were reunited, and a loving couple reunited.
The whole play depicts the image and character of a beautiful girl who pursues marital autonomy and is loyal to love. In marriage, never be easily pushed around. When her mother wanted to break her promise and asked her to be commensurate with Wang Wenju's brother and sister, she saw through her mother's intention at a glance and expressed her firm opposition. When Qiannv's soul left her body and followed Wang Wenju to Beijing, Wang Wenju thought Qiannv had come by herself. At first, she said that she was afraid that thousands of female mothers would know and advised her to go back. The lover boldly said, "What if he catches up with us?" As the saying goes, don't be afraid! "Wang Wenju discouraged her from working and taught her ethics, saying that" if you hire a wife, you run away, you will be a concubine "and that she" came here without permission, which is immoral ". Qiannv said more firmly: "Your anger is getting bigger and bigger, so I won't go home. My true feelings, not for teasing, have been confirmed. "This shows her resistance and contempt for feudal ethics.
Zheng Guangzu successfully created a girl who is faithful to love and sincere and passionate in The West Chamber, which makes this play comparable to The West Chamber. It is precisely because of this that Zheng Guangzu is "famous all over the world, sounding like a boudoir". Zheng Guangzu's historical plays are not as attractive as his love plays, but he is unique in describing the inner activities of characters.
Although Wang's story and structure are not satisfactory, the lyrics and songs are beautiful, but the description of the characters' emotions is quite clever. Amin dynasty, think Zheng Guangzu yuanqu above Guan Hanqing, Ma Zhiyuan, Bai Pu, he said; "Wang Can climbed the stairs for the second time, imitating his lofty aspirations, generous words and refreshing spirit. After that, "Yaoshan Song" and "December" were especially wonderful. If you are a fat man, you can get a glimpse of it. " Sister Liu also said that these lyrics "show homesickness and indignation, sincere feelings, lofty image and handsome language, which can set off the mood of the characters at that time."
Zheng Guangzu was engaged in the creation of zaju all his life, and devoted all his talents to this folk art, which enjoyed a high reputation in the art world at that time. The actors all respect him as Mr. Zheng Lao, and his works have had a wide influence among the people through the spread of many actors. He is closely related to the actors in Suzhou and Hangzhou. After his death, Huo Ling was cremated in Lingyin Temple.
Besides zaju, Zheng Guangzu also wrote some words, including six poems and two songs. The contents of these Sanqu include the praise of Tao Yuanming, the expression of feelings, the yearning for hometown and the description of the lotus pond mountains and rivers in the south of the Yangtze River. No matter the scenery is lyrical, it is fresh, smooth and charming, which is of great value in literary and artistic research.
Like many great artists, although their works have been circulated for centuries, their own life experiences are little known. The same is true of Zheng Guangzu, who worked silently in the art garden, dedicated his artistic achievements to the people and passed away silently.
Ma Zhiyuan was born in 1250 and died in 132 1. He was a famous playwright in Yuan Dynasty. Most (now Beijing) people. Ma Zhiyuan's name is ominous. The name "Dongli" was later used to show Tao Yuanming's ambition. His time was later than that of Guan Hanqing, Bai Pu and others. His birth year should be before the Yuan Dynasty (starting from 1264), and his death year should be between the Zhi Zhi Reform and the first year of Taiding (132 1- 1324). He used to be a provincial official in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces.
There are sixteen kinds of Ma Zhiyuan's zaju, among which there are seven existing ones: Tears of Sima Qing in Jiangzhou, Lonely Goose in Autumn in the Han Palace, Three Drunken Yueyang Tower in Lv Dongbin, Thunder at Midnight, Ma Danyang Being a Wind Son Three Times, Opening an Altar to Teach Yellow, and Sleeping in Chen Tuan on the West Huashan Mountain. Ma Zhiyuan's Sanqu works are also famous. A volume of Dongli Yuefu, revenue 104, 17 episodes. The content of his zaju is mainly deified Taoist priests, and all his plays involve stories of Quanzhen religion. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Jia said in his poem: "Fairy horses are among the flowers, and immortals are far away", and "the name is fragrant all over the pear garden".
Bai Pu, formerly known as Heng, was named Renfu, and later renamed Park, Zi and Ming. Born in Zheng Da for three years in Jin 'aizong (1226) and in Dade, Yuan Chengzong for ten years (1306), his whereabouts are unknown. Originally from Li Ao (now Hequ County, Shanxi Province), he moved to Calm (now Zhengding County, Hebei Province) and lived in Jinling (now Nanjing City) in his later years. He was a famous writer and dramatist in Yuan Dynasty.
Bai Pu was born into a family of bureaucrats and scholars. His father, Bai Huawei, Jin Xuanzong, was a scholar for three years (12 15) and was tried by the Privy Council. Guan Zhongbai was originally from Taihe, Jin Zhangzong. He was a county magistrate, and his uncle died young, but he had a poetic name. The White House and Yuan Haowen are family friends and close friends. Children in these two families often communicate with each other in poetry.
Bai Pu was born in such a family. He should have been carefree and studied for knowledge, so as to become famous in the future. However, when he was a child, he happened to be in the era of war, and he had to endure the time with his family in fear and confusion. Shortly after his birth, Nanjing, the capital of the Jin Dynasty, was surrounded by Mongolian troops. Baihua, who was in the center, was busy with the survival of the Jin Dynasty all day and had no time to take care of his wife and children. In the first year of Jin Aizong (1232), the Mongolian army attacked the city with artillery, and Aizong made up his mind to abandon the north of the city and return to Germany. Bai Hua had to leave his family in Bianjing and cross the river with Aizong alone. In March of the following year, Bianjing City was broken, Mongolian troops were looted, the city's gentry were killed, and wealth was plundered, unprecedented. During the war, Bai Pu lost her mother and son. Fortunately, when Yuan Haowen was in the city, he and his sister were taken in and saved their lives in the mutiny and famine. At the end of April, Yuan Haowen took Baipu's brother and sister across the river to the north, stayed in Liaocheng temporarily, and then lived in Guanshi (now guanxian, Shandong) county magistrate Zhao Tianxi's shogunate. Although Yuan Haowen was also a minister who fled for his country, his life was extremely hard, but he took the Baipu brothers and sisters as his own flesh and blood and took good care of them. Baipu was attacked by the plague and her life was dying. Yuan Haowen held him in his arms day and night, but he broke out in a sweat and recovered on the sixth day after the epidemic. Bai Pu is smart and open-minded, and likes reading since he was a child. Yuan Haowen cultivated him carefully, taught him to read and study classics, and lived a comfortable life, which made him receive a good education from an early age.
Bai Hua, Baipu's father, defected to the Southern Song Dynasty after the demise of the Jin Dynasty and became the prefect of Zhou Jun. However, soon, the commander of Zhou Jun in the Southern Song Dynasty also surrendered to the Yuan Dynasty, and Bai Hua then went north to the Yuan Dynasty. In the ninth year of Emperor Taizong of Mongolia (1237), when Bai Pu 12 years old, he came to Zhending with some desperate ministers of the rulers and attached himself to the Mongolian general stone who was loyal to the truth on earth. In the autumn of the same year, Yuan Haowen returned to Taiyuan from Guanjia, and the road was really settled. So he sent Baipu's brother back to Baihua, so that the father and son who had been separated for several years could reunite. When father and son met, Bai Hua felt great comfort. He wrote a poem "Man Ting Fang Lie Angel", which expressed his feelings at that time: "He is a general in a castle, in the middle of a ten-year dream. A short coat and a horse, and then look at Zhou Zhenshan. Naihan was drunk in those days, and the sarong was still high and wide. Nowadays, the children in front of the lamp are floating and living happily. " He also appreciated Hao Yuan Wen's kindness in raising children for him. He once said in a poem of thanks, "Although I really became a lost dog, Lai Jun once took care of my children."
With the stability of the north, Bai Pu and his son settled down and calmed down. Since then, according to his father's request, he has written poems and fu, and studied the lessons of the senior high school entrance examination. He made considerable progress in the study of law and fu, and soon became famous for his ability to write poems and be good at fu. At that time, Yuan Haowen often went in and out of Beijing to compile Jin Dynasty history books, so he went back and forth to be calm and concerned about his studies. Every time I go to his home, I should guide his academic career. There was a poem praising Bai Pu: "Bai Yuan is an old family and Zhu Lang is a sage." Encourage him to study hard and achieve something. However, the brutal plunder of Mongolian rulers made it difficult for Bai Pu to heal her spiritual wounds. He was full of disgust for Mongolian rulers, and his mother and son were separated in the war, which made him often lament the mountains and rivers and felt even more sad to serve the rulers. As a result, he gave up the struggle for fame and fortune in officialdom and turned to adapt to the subjugation of the country and the adherents, taking words as his major and venting his depression in his chest with songs.
With the growth of age and the expansion of social experience, Bai Pu's knowledge has improved. In the second year of Yuan Shizu's reunification (126 1), Bai Pu was 36 years old. In April this year, Yuan Shizu ordered various Fu Xuan envoys to improve their literary talents so that they could learn from the candidates and listen to their opinions. At that time, he sent envoys from Henan to the center and recommended Baipu as an official, but he declined. He not only disobeyed Shi's recommendation, but also found it inconvenient to stay in Zhending for a long time, so he abandoned his family and went south this year, which further demonstrated his determination to escape from the world and never be an official again. However, the wife's affection for her son as soon as possible can't be cut off, and she is often forced by his contradictory mood and feels very painful.
Nevertheless, he still wants to stay away from the world of mortals. He went to Hankou first, and then to Jiujiang. 4 1 year-old, returning to calm in the north and passing through Bianjing. Then he went south again, traveled back and forth between Jiujiang and Dongting, and settled in Jinling from Yuan Shizu to the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty (1280). Before and after this, perhaps because of his original death, he calmly attended his wife's funeral. Taking this opportunity, he was suggested to be an official in North Korea, but he declined politely. Shortly thereafter, he returned to Jinling. After that, he mainly traveled to Hangzhou and Yangzhou in the south of the Yangtze River, and revisited Yangzhou until he was 8 1 year old. Then, there is no way to find his whereabouts.
Bai Pu is a prodigal son, leaving his feelings between mountains and rivers, but he can't really be isolated from the outside world and turn a blind eye to reality. In addition, his footprint is precisely the desolate situation that used to be prosperous, but now it has been looted by soldiers and fires. The contrast between the scene before and after aroused his resentment against the Mongolian ruler. He used poetry to vent this resentment and accused the Mongolian rulers of evil deeds.
In the 14th year of Yuan Shizu to Yuan Dynasty (1277), Baipu swam to Jiujiang and then to Baling. Jiujiang's former prosperity was swept away, leaving him depressed and deserted. He couldn't help but sigh with infinite sadness: "I don't know how the world has changed, but the soldiers saw Sichuan alone bleeding and sighed that Yueyang Tower used to sing and dance, and the prosperity was over." As for Jinling's nostalgia for the past, Hang Cheng's "Gu Su Works in Linping of Southern Song Dynasty and Six Dynasties" expressed the feelings of adherents from all over the world. "Hurting time and discipline are all between the lines." His emotional injury is revealed in his brushwork.
Bai Pu was, after all, an intellectual in feudal times. Although he feels sad and sad for his different world and desolate countryside, he is more worried about his life experience. Teana Collection can be said to pour out his feelings about the deserted life in various places. In addition to expressing his will and feelings with words and songs, he also created many zaju, which contributed his talents to the prosperity of Yuan Zaju.
Guan Hanqing, the number has been borrowed. Its representative figure is Yuan.
Tai Su Baipu,No. Gu Lan. Its representative is "immediately on the wall"
Ma Zhiyuan, a thousand miles away, is called Dongli. Its representative is the autumn in Han Palace.
Zheng Guangzu, the word dehui. His masterpiece is Ghost Story.
Guan Hanqing, according to "Ghost Record Book", was a former hospital Yin. So in Tian Han's drama Guan Hanqing, he said to Julian Embroidery, if I am a scholar, I am below you ("eight propositions and nine Confucianism"), I am too many doctors, and I am above you ("seven craftsmen and eight propositions"). Ma Zhiyuan used to be an official, maybe a county magistrate.