When a ship sails at sea, it will be influenced by local meteorology, hydrology and surrounding environment. If the operator underestimates various factors, makes inaccurate judgments and takes inappropriate measures, or encounters natural disasters and accidents, the sailing ship may be out of control, stranded, hit the rocks, catch fire, collide, capsize, sink and other serious accidents that endanger the safety of the ship, property and life.
After a ship is in distress, in order to get out of danger as soon as possible or minimize losses, people in distress should try their best to save themselves and report the name, registered place, call sign, loading port, location (latitude and longitude) and damage degree of the wrecked ship to the outside world through various methods without losing any time. The initial difficulties encountered by survivors at sea ..
Drowning: abandon the ship and fall into the water, can't swim, don't wear life jackets, don't carry any life-saving floats, and can't continue to float in the water. If you can't rescue in time, you will soon be in danger of drowning.
Immersion exposure: the body is immersed in water, and the heat dissipation is much faster than that on land. In this way, the human body can not maintain normal body temperature, which is easy to cause excessive body heat consumption. If the climate was cold and the water temperature was low at that time, the danger of human body soaking in water was greater, and it would soon be in a coma at low temperature until death. If the human body is exposed to the hot sun, it is easy to get sunburned, tired, and Chinese medicine.
Thirst: Thirst in the ocean is a great danger to people in distress. With the decrease of fresh water supply, the mortality rate also increases. According to statistics, when there is 240ml fresh water every day, the mortality rate is 10%, and when there is only120ml fresh water every day, the mortality rate increases to 90%. Fresh water is more important than food for survivors.
Seasickness: Even if the survivors are lucky enough to climb life-saving equipment, such as lifeboats, life rafts, life-saving floats, etc. Seasickness can cause excessive vomiting, resulting in a lot of water loss and dizziness.
Dangerous animals: The invasion of harmful marine animals is also a threat to people in distress at sea, especially sharks. Although there are few chances of being attacked by sharks in distress at sea, it directly affects the morale of survivors.
Difficulties in rescue: self-rescue at sea is much more difficult than in other places. The ocean is a vast area of several million square kilometers with changeable climate. It is difficult for fast-moving search planes to find life rafts or boats, and it is even more difficult to find people in distress. Moreover, the sea is very stormy, and the search plane can't land even if it finds people in distress. All offshore operators and crew should have a set of safety equipment.
The equipment list is as follows:
A knife with a sheath around its waist ..
Signal whistle ...
leather glove
Waterproof lighter (waterproof match)
Blankets, shirts, socks, hats
sunglasses
Fishing line, hook ...
Small first aid kit
In an emergency, the above items will save your own life and the lives of others.
The answer comes from the extreme outdoor network official website.
2. What necessary knowledge do you need to survive in the wild or at sea?
First, we should have team spirit. Outdoor sports take a long time and the terrain is complex, so accidents may happen at any time. The success, happiness and smooth completion of outdoor activities depend on everyone's efforts.
Especially in harsh and hard environment, team spirit is more important. Tip: 1, some things should be clearly distinguished, such as: clearing roads, breaking roads, making fires, camping, etc. 2. It is very important to choose the team leader in advance, be democratic and centralized, observe discipline and obey the overall situation; 3. When there are many people, pay attention to the type of procession. The team is too long, it is easy to lose teammates or someone can't find out in time; 4. All equipment and materials should be scientifically distributed and carried according to everyone's physical strength and gender, so that the team can maintain a consistent speed; If someone is seriously injured, the whole activity plan must be adapted, and all of them must be abandoned or part of them will retreat with the wounded.
Second, at the beginning of logistics activities, we should pay attention to the control of excitement, which is easy to be too fast, and we should master the speed of travel. Grasp the rest time properly.
Tip: 1, try to keep a constant speed throughout the whole process, master the rhythm, and rest and eat according to the planned rest time; Adjust the plan in time according to everyone's physical condition, and prefer to extend the time if necessary. Avoid unnecessary physical overdrafts and leave room for unforeseen accidents.
Third, we must master the route and direction, collect maps and related materials of the activity area as much as possible before going out, and fully understand and consider various possibilities. With the contour map, we can analyze the predetermined route and direction, such as how many mountains to climb, how many customs to pass, and the elevation rise and fall.
This helps to determine the direction in the journey. Tip: 1, carry a more accurate compass and altimeter (required in some areas); 2. Carry and protect maps and materials; 3. Take a signal pen and playing cards in case you get lost. 4. If you don't know much about the crossing area and the conditions are complicated, you'd better ask passers-by to accompany you or find a local tour guide to lead the way.
Fourth, pay attention to waterproofing in rainy season or rainy areas, especially when crossing for a long time. If the waterproof preparation is not sufficient, the whole activity will encounter great trouble and personal safety will be difficult to guarantee. Therefore, before going out, you should know the climate of the activity area and prepare the corresponding equipment.
Tip: 1. Tents should be made in three or four seasons (alpine tents are not waterproof and should be used with caution in low altitude areas); 2. Cover the backpack with a backpack cover or plastic sheet, even if the backpack has waterproof function; 3. Before the backpack is filled, wrap it in a plastic bag or a sealed bag, which is waterproof and conducive to the classification of items; 4. If possible, use waterproof clothes (waterproof, gore-tex and any material marked breathable), and rain gear is best prepared; 5. waterproof and breathable hiking shoes are very important. Fifth, we should pay attention to drinking water, which is extremely dangerous.
During short trips, if it is known that it is difficult to replenish water, you should bring enough drinking water, and each person needs about 2 liters per day. For long-distance crossing, water can be taken from streams, waterfalls, rivers and lakes on the way, but it is best to take running water and observe its pollution. Tips: 1. Drinking water in water-deficient areas should be distributed as planned.
Except in special circumstances, don't drink all the water until you find the water source; 2. After taking water in the wild, you need to boil the water (boiling for 5 minutes) before drinking it; 3, when there is a lot of sediment in the water, make the water settle for more than 10 minutes; 4. Water in areas with many leeches must be boiled before drinking; 5. If possible, you can bring filters and water purification tablets instead of using heating; 6. If you are active in water-deficient areas for a long time, you should learn other methods of collecting water in the wild. Sixth, you should pay attention to carrying more than one fire source when traveling with fire in the wild, such as lighters and waterproof matches.
If possible, it is best to bring camping gas stoves and gas tanks. From the point of view of environmental protection, don't make a fire unless it is necessary.
When making a fire in the camp, you should pay attention to whether the camp is a no-fire area. If it is not necessary for survival, please don't violate the rules. Tip: 1, pay attention to the wind direction, don't build a fire on the windward side of the tent, and keep a certain distance from the tent; 2. Put out the fire completely with water and earth-rock gland when leaving, and check whether there is smoke.
Seventh, safe camping. Find a safe, hidden, dry and flat place to camp. Pay attention to six principles: first, don't be in the middle of the canyon to avoid flash floods; Second, don't go near the water to avoid rising water; Third, don't be under the cliff to avoid falling rocks; Fourth, don't avoid strong winds in high convex places; Fifth, don't be under an independent tree to avoid electric shock; Sixth, don't be in the grass and trees to avoid snakes and insects.
Prompt: 1, it is better to have water near the camp, so it is convenient to take water; 2. If you need to make a fire, consider whether there is firewood nearby; 3. In rainy days or rainy seasons, pay attention to digging drainage ditches around the tent according to the terrain; 4. When the wind is strong, pay attention to the wind-resistant fixation of the tent to ensure that there is nothing to rest; 5. Put valuables, clothes and food in the account before going to bed (if there is still room in the account). Eighth, keep warm. In many areas (such as deserts and mountainous areas), the temperature difference between day and night is large, and it will also be large when the altitude rises (altitude rises 1000M, and the temperature drops -6 degrees).
In mountainous areas, temperature loss is extremely dangerous. When climbing or crossing at high altitude, keep warm after sweating and before going to bed.
Tip: 1. Fully estimate the lowest possible local temperature, prepare warm clothes, and choose appropriate sleeping bags accordingly; When clothes are wet by rain or sweat, the heat dissipation speed is amazing. At this time, dry underwear should be put on as soon as possible. If possible, you can choose underwear with sweat-wicking and quick-drying fabrics such as coolmax; 3. Pay attention to shelter from the wind; 4. drink hot water; Mountain areas need more professional equipment and knowledge.
Chapter II Survival Assistance Human beings have accumulated experience in conquering nature through setbacks and can stand in almost every corner of the earth. Survival is the art of maintaining life.
If you put a weak individual in dangerous nature and don't master some survival skills, how can you resist sudden disasters? First, common sense. Among them, the spiritual factor is the key to get out of the predicament. Modern people have already proved the great role of spirit by scientific means, and its significance is self-evident.
1. Don't irritate wild animals. For example, in Africa, there are many free-range animals in Botswana's Chobe National Park.
One day, yes.
3. Kneel for some survival skills at sea
Make your own hooks and lines and catch enough fish for yourself. You can use shoelaces, parachute slings or lines drawn from clothes to make fishing lines. Small fish will gather in the shadow under the life raft, so that they can be caught and used as bait to catch bigger fish. Make a fishing net, you can catch fish, crabs and shrimps. At night, some fish, especially flying fish, will jump on the life raft and become your ready-made food. You can also shine a flashlight on the water to attract fish. Reflecting moonlight on the water with a mirror can also attract fish.
Birds that catch birds are sometimes attracted by life rafts and use them as places to live. If a bird lands on a life raft, wait until its wings are completely closed before catching it. Or you can catch birds with bait.
When picking grass in the sea far from the coast, seaweed is sometimes found floating on the water. Seaweed is rich in minerals, but if your stomach doesn't adapt to seaweed, it may cause serious diarrhea. You can only eat a small amount of seaweed at a time. Collect water
Rainwater can be collected with tarpaulins. If there is salt frost formed by seawater crystallization on the tarpaulin, it should be washed with seawater, so that there will not be too much salt on the tarpaulin, which is harmful to health. At night, the tarpaulin should be tied into the shape of a parasol, so that its edge part faces upwards, so that dew can be collected. When it rains, try to collect and drink rainwater.
If the water supply is insufficient, use it economically and effectively.
Dehydration is caused by the following reasons: vomiting, diarrhea, reduced water consumption, sweating, drinking alcoholic beverages, bleeding, urination or drinking seawater. Drink water regularly to recharge your batteries. Sunburn is one of the most serious injuries to marine life. (Source: 5 17 Outdoor Network)
4. Some common sense of going to sea
First, drivers, engineers, communications and other positions should be fully equipped; The second is to carry out maintenance, repair and professional inspection of the hull and various equipment to achieve seaworthiness.
Safety, fire fighting, life-saving equipment and emergency equipment are complete without damage; Third, fishing vessel inspection certificate, fishing vessel registration certificate, fishing license and other documents must be complete and effective. It must be emphasized that not everyone in the marine fishing crew is qualified and must meet certain conditions.
The crew should be healthy and qualified after training; The crew must hold a valid post certificate; Ordinary crew members must receive basic safety skills training. Two points for attention before fishing boats go out to sea. First, pay attention to listening to the weather forecast and master the weather conditions in the navigation and operation areas; The second is to check the navigation instruments and equipment, so that communication, navigation, signal lights, numbers and other equipment are in normal operation; Third, make exit visas according to regulations; Fishing boats should be loaded reasonably to keep the ship stable; Fourth, group production, not going to sea alone; Fifth, shipowners should also buy insurance for every fisherman who goes to sea.
Pay attention to the following points when fishing boats sail: 1. When fishing boats sail, they must be guarded by special personnel, and the personnel on duty must not leave their posts without permission and perform handover procedures; Second, fishing boats are not allowed to sail beyond the navigation area, beyond the wind resistance level, and are not allowed to sail in the no-fly zone; Third, navigation operations should avoid the customary routes of merchant ships; Fourth, correctly display signal lights and shapes according to regulations, sound signals according to regulations, and accurately display the ship's dynamics; Fifth, we must strictly abide by the 1972 international regulations for preventing collisions at sea. 4 When a fishing boat sails in accident-prone waters, it should be noted that the captain must be on duty in person and arrange personnel to strengthen the lookout and accurately determine the ship's position. According to the current wind, wind direction, wave height and flow direction, we should drive carefully and keep a safe speed.
5 Precautions When a fishing boat is driving in fog, the first thing to pay attention to is to turn on the radar, use a safe speed, and send more watchmen; Second, when you are uncertain or have doubts about the position of the ship, you should choose to anchor nearby; The third is to send out corresponding sound signals according to the ship's dynamics, and display the signal lights and types; Fourth, keep quiet so as to listen to sound signals and VHF wireless phones in the fog of other ships; Fifth, use good navigation skills and drive with extreme caution; Sixth, when necessary, the captain should order all or part of watertight doors and windows to be closed; Seventh, during the foggy voyage, the crew of driving and marine engineering posts should stick to their posts and strictly perform their respective duties. Pay attention to communication when going out to sea for offshore operations. Fishing boats in the formation should keep in constant contact, listen to the weather forecast regularly, and take effective safety measures such as windproof and antifreeze before the arrival of bad weather.
For the crew, the requirements are as follows: first, the crew should wear life jackets and helmets when working on the deck, and slippers are not allowed; Second, you are not allowed to stand under the derrick, and you are not allowed to stand or stay beside the ship without safety protection devices; Third, it is forbidden to engage in any production other than that stipulated in the fishing license or foreign fishing license; Fifth, it is forbidden to catch aquatic wild animals under national or international protection. If caught carelessly, they should be released immediately. Sixth, when the crew enters the fish cabin, they should prevent the deterioration of fish cargo from causing toxic substances poisoning. Seventh, when the net gear is off-line, the net gear operator should wear safety protection articles, clean the mouth and cuffs of the work clothes safely, prevent the net gear or wire rope (rope) from being brought into the water when the net gear is off-line, and operate strictly according to the rules to avoid being twisted by the net gear.
7 When lifting the net, the following matters should be paid attention to: First, the net bag should be lifted with a safe weight, and the net bag should not be lifted forcibly to prevent the wire rope (rope) from breaking and injuring people, thus causing the ship to tilt at a large angle; Second, in the process of hanging the net, the distance and angle between the net and the stern or the ship's side should be kept at any time to prevent the distance and angle between the net and the stern or the ship's side from winding the propeller; Third, when the net is pulled out in the heavy wind and waves, the rope twisting speed of the net machine should be slowed down appropriately to prevent the rope from being broken due to the impact of the wind and waves; Fourth, load the fish and nets correctly to keep the ship stable. Before the storm, there are eight aspects to deal with the stormy weather: First, we should listen to the weather forecast in time, pay attention to the changes of local conditions and customs, and return to Hong Kong in time to avoid the wind.
If you can't take shelter from the wind for some reason, you should make the following preparations. One is to keep the ship watertight.
All watertight doors, portholes, hatches, vents, skylights, water outlets and anchor barrels should be reinforced or covered as soon as possible to maintain watertightness; The second is to ensure smooth drainage. All drainage machinery, pipelines, valves and deck drainage doors shall be in good condition; The third is to fix all moving objects, such as nets, shovels and anchors.
Adjust everything inside and outside the engine room, such as derrick, ice, grapple hook, oil and water, etc. To reduce the center of gravity of the ship and improve its stability; Fourth, check the rudder device and anchor equipment to ensure that they are in good condition; Fifth, the engine room should ensure that the main engine is in good condition. If you encounter big waves at sea, you should immediately report the situation to the onshore platform, take mobile anchoring or drifting measures, maintain a safe speed, and slow down against the wind and waves.
Remember, when sailing in a big storm, don't turn around easily to avoid crossing the waves. 9. What should I do if the fishing boat catches fire? Don't panic at this time, first slow down and adjust the direction, so that the fire is at a disadvantage; The commander quickly evacuated the scene and closed all the passages leading to the fire; Remove combustible materials near the fire, and use water to cool the bulkhead and deck around the fire; According to different fire sources, choose the types of fire extinguishing equipment; After the fire is put out, the site should be carefully cleaned, and the residual fire should be completely extinguished to prevent re-ignition; If the clothes on the crew are on fire, they should take off the burning clothes quickly, or roll around to put out the fire, or jump into the nearby water source to put out the fire.
5. Kneel for some survival skills at sea
Make your own hooks and lines and catch enough fish for yourself.
You can use shoelaces, parachute slings or lines drawn from clothes to make fishing lines. Small fish will gather in the shadow under the life raft, so that they can be caught and used as bait to catch bigger fish.
Make a fishing net, you can catch fish, crabs and shrimps. At night, some fish, especially flying fish, will jump on the life raft and become your ready-made food.
You can also shine a flashlight on the water to attract fish. Reflecting moonlight on the water with a mirror can also attract fish.
Birds that catch birds are sometimes attracted by life rafts and use them as places to live. If a bird lands on a life raft, wait until its wings are completely closed before catching it.
Or you can catch birds with bait. When picking grass in the sea far from the coast, seaweed is sometimes found floating on the water.
Seaweed is rich in minerals, but if your stomach doesn't adapt to seaweed, it may cause serious diarrhea. You can only eat a small amount of seaweed at a time.
Rainwater can be collected with tarpaulins. If there is salt frost formed by seawater crystallization on the tarpaulin, it should be washed with seawater, so that there will not be too much salt on the tarpaulin, which is harmful to health.
At night, the tarpaulin should be tied into the shape of a parasol, so that its edge part faces upwards, so that dew can be collected. When it rains, try to collect and drink rainwater.
If the water supply is insufficient, use it economically and effectively. Dehydration is caused by the following reasons: vomiting, diarrhea, reduced water consumption, sweating, drinking alcoholic beverages, bleeding, urination or drinking seawater.
Drink water regularly to recharge your batteries. Sunburn is one of the most serious injuries to marine life.