Chinese name: gibberellin mbth: gibberellin essence: chemical structure of plant hormones: diterpenoid acids abbreviation: GA4+7 Efficacy: tomato regulates growth and cotton improves boll setting rate CAS: 77-06-5 History, structure, numbering system, physical property data, distribution, classification, free type, combined type, combined type, toxicological data, molecular structure data, computational chemical data. Efficacy, application, matters needing attention, usage method, beer content, history 1926 Hideki kurosa plants will grow wildly, and the diseased plants are often more than 50% higher than the normal plants, and they are also prolific. Scientists sprayed the filtrate of Gibberella media on healthy rice seedlings and found that although these seedlings were not infected with Gibberella, they showed the same symptoms as "bakanae disease". In 1938, Shinjiro and Yujie Sumida isolated active substances from the filtrate of Gibberella media and identified their chemical structures. It's called gibberellic acid 1956 C.A. West and B.O. Fini respectively proved that some substances similar to gibberellic acid exist widely in higher plants. Up to 1983, more than 60 species have been isolated and identified. Generally divided into free state and bound state, collectively known as gibberellin, named GA 1, GA2, etc. Structural gibberellins all contain gibberellin skeleton, which is a diterpenoid compound with complex chemical structure. The precursor of gibberellin in higher plants is usually considered as kaurene. The basic structure of gibberellin is gibberellin with four rings. On gibberellin, various gibberellins are formed due to the different numbers and positions of double bonds and hydroxyl groups. Free gibberellin is a mono-,di-or tri-carboxylic acid with 19C or 20C. Most of the bound gibberellins are glucosinolates or glucoesters, which are easily soluble in water. Numeric system number. : 77-06-5mdlno: mfcd00079329 einecsno: 201-001rtecsno: ly8990000 brnno: 54346 Publication number: 248953 17 Physical properties: white crystal. Melting point? C):233~235℃。 Solubility: Soluble in ethanol, acetone, ethyl acetate, sodium bicarbonate solution and phosphate buffer with pH6.2, insoluble in water and ether. Stability: unstable, easily decomposed in case of alkali, and crimson in case of sulfuric acid. Widely distributed in angiosperms, gymnosperms, pteridophytes, brown algae, green algae, fungi and bacteria, mostly in vigorous growth parts, such as stem tips, tender leaves, root tips, fruit seeds and so on. Content: 1 ~ 1000 ng g fresh weight. The gibberellin content of fruits and seeds (especially immature seeds) is two orders of magnitude higher than that of vegetative organs. Every organ or tissue contains more than two kinds of gibberellins, and the species, quantity and state (free or bound) of gibberellins change with the development period of plants. GA is different from auxin, and its transportation does not show polarity (apical synthesis-transporting upward along the catheter to generate young leaves-transporting downward along the sieve tube). The transportation speed of different plants varies greatly. Free gibberellin is not bound to other substances in the form of bonds and is easily extracted by organic solvents. Belonging to physiological activities; Conjugated gibberellin)-Gibberellin combines with other substances (such as glucose), and only through acid hydrolysis or protease decomposition can free gibberellin be released, which is physiologically inactive. Binding type This is a storage form of genetic algorithm. When seeds mature, GA is transformed into bound storage, and when seeds germinate, GA is transformed into free storage, which plays its regulatory role. Toxicological data show estrogen-like activity. Intraperitoneal injection of 35 mg/(kg d) * * for 7 days can correct uterine atrophy in mature ovariectomized female rats. This product is also a plant hormone. Molecular structure data 1, molar refractive index: 85.78 2, molar volume (cm 3/mol): 23 1.93, isotonic specific volume (90.2 k): 675.44, surface tension (dyne/cm): 71.84. Kloc-0/, calculation reference value of hydrophobic parameter (XLOGP): 0.22, number complexity: 772 10, number of isotope atoms: 0 1 1, determined number of atomic solid centers: 8 12, and uncertain atomic stereology. The number of confirmed chemical bond stereocenters is 0 14, the number of uncertain chemical bond stereocenters is 0 15, and the number of * * * valence bond units is 1. The performance and stability are 1. It has no teratogenic and mutagenic effects. 2. The aqueous solution is acidic, stable in acidic and weakly acidic solutions, and easy to decompose in case of alkali. It has an aromatic smell after dissolution. Gibberellin can be stored in dry state for a long time. Storage method: the powder is packed in plastic bags, and the water solution is bottled in brown glass. Store in a low-temperature and dry place. The synthesis method is 1. It is made by fermenting and refining the culture solution of Gibberella fujikura strain in sterile air. The inoculation amount is 4% of the final liquid of the fermentation tank, and at the temperature of 25 ~ 30℃, it is continuously stirred and ventilated, and octadecanol is used as defoamer in the stirring process. After fermentation, the solution was precipitated with barium hydroxide and filtered. Then on cation exchange resin, at pH=5? 0, eluting with NH3 or other alkaline buffer, and refining. 2. Gibberellin can be produced by fermentation. Gibberella is fermented in the medium of bran, sucrose and inorganic salts, and gibberellin is metabolized to produce gibberellin. The fermentation broth is extracted by solvent and concentrated. 3. Now they are all made by fermentation. The fermentation broth passed through Amberlite XAD-4 column of ion exchange resin, washed with water until it was clean, and then eluted with 90% acetone aqueous solution. The eluent was collected, concentrated and dried, and the content of gibberellic acid in the finished product was above 90%. Usage: 1 This product has obvious yield-increasing effect on cotton, grapes and vegetables. It can promote seed germination, plant growth and early flowering. It can be applied by smearing, seed dressing, root soaking, spraying, etc. When gibberellin powder is used together, it can be dissolved with a small amount of alcohol or white wine first. 2. Efficient plant growth regulator. Can promote crop growth and development, early maturity, improve quality and increase yield. It can quickly break the dormancy of seeds, tubers, bulbs and other organs, promote the shedding of buds, flowers, bells and fruits, improve the fruit setting rate or form seedless fruits. It can be used for rice, wheat, cotton, fruit trees, vegetables and other crops to promote their growth, germination, flowering and fruiting. Whether gibberellin is sprayed, smeared or dipped in roots, it can improve the yield of different crops. However, if gibberellin is applied too much, the plants will have withered and slender branches, that is, they will lose their green color and grow white, which will affect the yield. Gibberellin can also be used to make malt from barley. It also promotes the development of insects.
3. Gibberellic acid has estrogen-like activity, which can promote cell life extension and cell division. When used in hair products, it can promote scalp blood circulation, reduce dandruff, promote hair growth and prevent alopecia. When used in skin care products, it can inhibit the production of melanin, dilute the color of colored moles such as freckles on the skin, and whiten the skin. Gibberellic acid can be used safely in cosmetics. Safety information Dangerous goods sign: * * Safety sign: S26S36 Danger sign: R36 Efficacy Gibberellin is effective, lasting, more efficient, more stable and safer for crops 100%. Spraying at seedling stage has the best effect, which can not only root, but also prevent diseases. It can significantly promote the growth of plant stems and leaves. If sprayed during the growth period, it can also balance nutrition, help crops grow, and spray at flowering period. It can not only protect flowers and fruits, but also make fruits swell, which has a more beautiful effect. Spraying cotton at full flowering stage can effectively reduce bud shedding, improve boll formation rate and effectively alleviate crop diseases. Gibberellin is suitable for the following crops: cotton, tomato, potato, fruit tree, rice, wheat, soybean, tobacco and so on. And promote their growth, germination, flowering and fruiting. It can promote fruit growth, improve seed setting rate, and has obvious yield-increasing effect on cotton, vegetables, melons and fruits, rice and green manure. The most prominent physiological function of gibberellin is to promote stem elongation and induce short-day bolting and flowering of long-day plants. Different plants are sensitive to gibberellin. Genetic dwarf plants, such as dwarf corn and pea, are most sensitive to gibberellin, and the plant type after gibberellin treatment is similar to that of non-dwarf plants. Non-dwarf plants have only a slight reaction. Some plants are genetically short because they lack endogenous gibberellin (others are not). Gibberellin plays a regulatory role in seed germination. Starch in the seeds of many cereal plants, such as barley, is rapidly hydrolyzed during germination; If the embryo is removed, the starch will not hydrolyze. When gibberellin is used to treat non-embryonic seeds, starch can be hydrolyzed again, which proves that gibberellin can replace embryos to cause starch hydrolysis. Gibberellin can replace red light to promote the germination of lettuce seeds, and replace the vernalization of carrots. Gibberellin can also cause parthenocarpy in some plants. For some plants, especially seedless grape varieties, gibberellin treatment at flowering stage can promote the development of seedless fruits. But sometimes it can also inhibit some physiological phenomena. The mechanism of gibberellin action is deeply studied by inducing starch hydrolysis in degerminated barley seeds. The sterilized degerminated barley seeds were treated with gibberellin. It was found that GA3 significantly promoted the new synthesis of aleurone layer α -amylase and caused starch hydrolysis. When the whole barley seed germinates, the embryo contains gibberellin, which is secreted to aleurone layer. In addition, GA3 also synthesizes protease in aleurone layer cells to promote the secretion of ribonuclease and glucanase. Promoting the transformation of maltose (inducing the formation of α -amylase); Promote vegetative growth (not promoting the growth of roots, but significantly promoting the growth of stems and leaves), prevent organ loss, and break dormancy. Gibberellin's most prominent function is to accelerate cell elongation (gibberellin can increase the content of auxin in plants, and auxin can directly regulate cell elongation), it can also promote cell division and cell expansion (but it will not cause cell wall acidification). In addition, gibberellin also has physiological functions of inhibiting maturation, lateral bud dormancy, senescence and tuber formation. Synthetic parts: bud, tender leaves, immature seeds, immature fruits, root tip function: 1. The elongation and growth of stems and leaves induce the formation of α -amylase 2. Accelerate cell division, elongate mature cells longitudinally, and elongate internode cells. 3. Inhibit tuber formation. 4. Inhibition of lateral bud dormancy and senescence. 5. Improve the level of auxin. The top advantage applies to potatoes, tomatoes and rice. Can * * * fruit growth, improve the seed setting rate, and has a significant yield-increasing effect on rice, cotton, vegetables, melons and fruits, green manure, etc. Gibberellin is insoluble in water, but soluble in alcohol. When in use, it is dissolved with a little alcohol or high-alcohol distilled liquor (such as 60-degree white dry wine), diluted to the required concentration, and sprayed continuously for three times at the flowering stage (every time is 7 days apart). Water solution with the concentration of 10- 15ppm is usually used on jujube trees. (ppm is the weight percentage, which means "one in a million", such as 1ppm, which means one in a million. The following technologies are provided by Zhengzhou Zhonglian Chemical Products Co., Ltd., as follows: 1, gibberellin powder: gibberellin powder is insoluble in water. When it is used, it should be dissolved with a small amount of alcohol or liquor, and then diluted with water to the required concentration. The aqueous solution is easy to fail, so it should be prepared now. Can not be mixed with alkaline pesticides to avoid failure. For example, pure gibberellin (per package 1g) can be dissolved in 3-5ml alcohol, then mixed with 100kg water to form 10ppm solution, and mixed with 66.7kg water to form 15ppm aqueous solution. If the content of gibberellin powder used is 80% (65,438+0 g per package), firstly dissolve it with 3-5 ml of alcohol, and then add 80 kg of water, which is the diluent of 65,438+00 ppm, and 53 kg of water is the solution of 65,438+05 ppm. 2. Gibberellin aqueous solution: Generally, gibberellin aqueous solution does not need to be dissolved in alcohol, and can be used by direct dilution. Caibao is directly diluted when used, and the dilution multiple is 1200- 1500 times. Precautions 1. Spraying gibberellin should be carried out in the weather with the daily average temperature above 23℃, because gibberellin does not work because flowers and fruits are underdeveloped when the temperature is low. 2. When spraying, the fine mist should be sprayed quickly, and the liquid medicine should be sprayed evenly on the flowers. Excessive concentration will lead to overgrowth, whitening, even death or deformity of plants. 3. There are many gibberellin manufacturers in the market, and the content of effective components is inconsistent. It is recommended to spray in strict accordance with the instructions when using. 4. Because gibberellin needs to be accurately configured when it is used, it is required to be centrally equipped and used by a special person. Usage 1: Promote multiple male flowers of cucumber and watermelon: spray 500 times 4% gibberellin EC or 800-1 000 times Caibao EC on the leaves of cucumber1leaf stage, and spray 8000 times 4% gibberellin EC on the leaves of watermelon in 2-3 leaf stage. Second, promote the germination of potatoes, peas and lentils: soak the seeds with 800 times of 4% gibberellin EC for 24 hours, and then take them out (potatoes need to be disinfected with plant ash or other chemicals because of the incision). Third, make the leaves of celery, spinach and loose leaf lettuce hypertrophy: 20 days before harvesting, spray 4% gibberellin EC 4000 times or Caibao 800- 1000 times, and spray/kloc-0 times every five days (this is the most common usage mastered by growers at present). Fourth, improve the fruit setting rate of cucumber, eggplant and tomato: spray flowers with 800- 1000 times solution of Caibao or 800 times solution of 4% gibberellin EC at flowering stage. 5. In addition, spraying 4% gibberellin EC 2000-4000 times before watermelon harvesting can effectively prolong the storage period of watermelon. Attention should be paid to the use of gibberellin: first of all, the concentration should be accurate (be sure to read the instructions. The above concentration is 4% gibberellin EC, and there are other dosage forms and other concentrations in production, which can't be the same, as well as other kinds of plant growth regulators introduced below). If the concentration is too high, it is easy to make plants white and green or even die, and it is also easy to deform the products. Pure gibberellin is insoluble in water, so it can be dissolved with alcohol or high-concentration soju first, and then added with water to the required concentration. It is forbidden to use hot water above 50℃ to prepare the solution, and it should be used immediately after the solution is prepared, which is easy to fail after long-term storage. Content of beer Because gibberellin can grow leaves and buds, gibberellin is used to improve the germination rate of malt in the production of malt, the main raw material of beer. There is no evidence that gibberellin has an impact on human health, but countries such as Europe and America have made relevant regulations on the content of gibberellin in beer. Take the United States as an example, it is stipulated that the gibberellin content in each liter of beer should not exceed 2 mg. There are no relevant regulations in China.