I'm afraid only China speaks the most languages. Basically, every language is different. We usually call it dialect. But now, if we meet different places, we all communicate in Mandarin. If there was no Mandarin in ancient times, they would communicate in Mandarin.
The number of ancestors in the early Han dynasty was very small, and the Chinese characters used were relatively simple. Later, due to the development of society, residents gradually expanded in all directions, or moved to distant places collectively, or came into contact with people of other races, and Chinese gradually divided, resulting in dialects distributed in different regions. Chinese dialects are widely distributed, with a population of over 900 million.
The northern dialect commonly known as Putonghua, that is, the generalized northern dialect, is commonly known as "Dabei dialect". Among the main dialects of Chinese, Putonghua has its prominent position and influence. In the past 1000 years, many excellent China literary works, from Tang and Song vernacular to Yuan Qu, to Ming and Qing novels, were created on the basis of northern dialects. In addition, since the Yuan Dynasty, the northern dialect area with Beijing as the center has been a highly concentrated center of politics, economy and culture in China. Traditionally, officials and officials used the northern dialect for communication, hence the name "Putonghua". In fact, it is a common communicative language in various dialects of Chinese. Putonghua is a common language of modern Chinese developed on the basis of "Putonghua" and is being popularized throughout the country.
Mandarin is widely used in Han areas in the provinces north of the Yangtze River. The lower reaches of the Yangtze River are in the upper reaches of Zhenjiang and Jiujiang. All areas except the southeast corner of Hubei Province; North Guangxi and the northwest corner of Hunan Province; All Han areas except Yunnan, Sichuan and Guizhou minority areas. In addition, in non-Mandarin dialect areas. There are also some mandarin dialect islands formed due to historical reasons. Such as "Junhua" in Yaxian County and Danxian County of Hainan Island, "Tuguan Dialect" in Chengguan District of Nanping City, Fujian Province, and "Kyoto" in Changle Island. More than 700 million users.
According to the linguistic features, the sub-regional Mandarin dialects can be roughly divided into four branches, namely, four dialect segments: North China Mandarin, Northwest Mandarin, Southwest Mandarin and Jianghuai Mandarin.
In a narrow sense, Putonghua in North China is widely used in Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Henan, Shandong, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang and parts of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Among them, the dialects of the three northeastern provinces and Hebei Province are closest to the national common language-Mandarin. Mandarin in Shandong and Henan has its own characteristics. Recently, some linguists think that they can establish two different types of Putonghua, namely Jiaoliao Putonghua and Zhongyuan Putonghua. Among them, the Central Plains Mandarin includes parts of Lu Yu, and Xuzhou, Fuyang, Xi, Yuncheng and other places north of the Yangtze River.
Northwest Mandarin passes through Shanxi, Shaanxi and Gansu provinces and parts of Qinghai, Ningxia and Inner Mongolia. The language used by the Han nationality in Xinjiang is also the Northwest Mandarin. Shanxi and some areas adjacent to northern Shaanxi, as well as areas north of the Yellow River in Henan Province, retain ancient Rusheng characters and have their own Rusheng characters. It is different from the general Northwest Mandarin and North China Mandarin. In recent years, some scholars believe that Jin dialect can be independent of Putonghua according to the characteristics of Rusheng. At the same time, some scholars suggest that the Northwest Mandarin, as a branch of Mandarin, should be reduced to include only Lanzhou, Gansu, Yinchuan, Ningxia and other dialects and renamed as "Lanyin Mandarin".
Southwest Mandarin is commonly used in most areas of Hubei Province, the Han nationality areas in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces, and the northern border areas of Hunan and Guangxi provinces. Southwest Mandarin has a vast territory, but its interior is relatively consistent.
Jianghuai Mandarin, commonly known as Xiajiang Mandarin, is commonly used in areas along the Yangtze River in Anhui Province, some areas north of the Yangtze River in Jiangsu Province, areas above Zhenjiang in the south bank of the Yangtze River and below Nanjing, and areas along the Yangtze River in Jiangxi Province. Jianghuai Mandarin is a branch of Mandarin dialect, with great internal differences and complicated language phenomena. Among them, Huizhou dialect in southern Anhui has many distinctive features. Many linguists have always thought that it can be separated from Putonghua and divided into southern Anhui dialect and Huizhou dialect independently.
In fact, the original meaning of ancient Chinese is said in the officialdom circle. Only by learning Mandarin well can we better adapt to the officialdom and achieve rapid development.
So, how to speak in officialdom? Generally speaking, as long as there are these six rules, any official will go all out and be at a disadvantage.
First, speak pretentious Mandarin.
The meaning of Putonghua is various. First of all, Mandarin must be an understandable northern dialect. That's understandable. For example, it is obviously unrealistic for an official in Guangdong to speak fluent Cantonese with his boss. Mandarin was formed as early as the Six Dynasties, when most southern officials used northern mandarin to show their political status. After the Ming Dynasty, the ability to speak Mandarin will also be included in the basic conditions for being an official.
On the other hand, this may be because many officials often use a more subtle tone when speaking Mandarin, especially when speaking to ordinary people or subordinates, which seems to be insufficient to show their identity. In addition, this trend will become more and more obvious in the future, and even the degree of local accent is often proportional to the level of official position, that is, the higher the official position, the more local accent is allowed to be retained.
From a social point of view, Putonghua can also be collectively referred to as official jargon. These are all high-sounding platitudes, such as "different from the system, please don't discuss it" and "you must be fully prepared before asking." These cliches can often easily send subordinates and people to ask for a few words, so that you are not anxious or annoyed.
Secondly, flattery is flattery.
In ancient times, the assessment, promotion, honor and disgrace, rewards and punishments of officials were all controlled by superiors, so whoever wants to stay in officialdom must be on the premise of pleasing superiors. There are many ways to please the boss, but the cheapest and safest way may be to start with flattery. As the saying goes, "everything is wrong, flattery is a good thing" and "you can't lose money by tossing" is a vivid expression of flattery to officials.
Of course, the most popular flattery in officialdom is to salute the emperor. Only people who are good at talking, especially flatterers, can win long-term trust. Otherwise, most of them will not work for a long time. So it can be said that flattery can be popular in officialdom. Ultimately, it is determined by the system.
Third, platitudes.
Conventional expression refers to the conventional expression in social life, and also refers to various formulaic official expressions. For example, when officials file tax returns, there is "no solution" and "flexible distribution". If you give relief to the people, you will "strive to donate relief" and "get better and better". When reporting an anti-corruption investigation, there are "reasons" and "no evidence".
In front of the emperor, there are also many traditional comments about praising the good situation or the wisdom of the Lord. In the conversation with a college student in his later years, Kangxi had some regrets, such as trying to cure diseases, insisting on health preservation, not sanctifying himself and pursuing peace after peace. But they are just expressions of praise, and such whitewash is full of ears.
Fourth, say unrealistic empty words, big words and lies.
"Virtual big virtual" is essential in official catchwords. Talking big is usually to cater to the leader and show loyalty. For example, when Emperor Huidi of the Western Han Dynasty was in power, General Fan Kuai said, "I would like to sweep the Huns with 100,000 soldiers!" Others chimed in. Only Lu Bu said, "Fan Kuai can be beheaded!" Why? Because when Liu Bang led 400,000 troops, he was still defeated by the Huns. Now you Fan Kuai can sweep the Huns with 100,000 troops. Is it time to hide? But Lv Hou didn't take the Oracle seriously.
Fifth, he said that he should cater to his superiors.
The rules of the officialdom game follow the rules of the game. No matter what else, they are only responsible to the top, so if they don't talk, they must get the approval of the leaders. Most leaders don't like subordinates who fight face to face. They like to hear what others tell them. What they hate most is subordinates like Harry. Even a sacred emperor like Emperor Taizong can't escape the rule of this iron law.
As we know, Wei Zhi often argued with Emperor Taizong, so Emperor Taizong sometimes disliked it and ordered to "kill this Tian She Weng". However, correspondingly, Yu Wenjie is very good at speaking. He said: "When the court meets, ministers always say that your majesty is wrong and your majesty is not happy. Now that ministers and others don't say a few words of obedience, what's the point of your majesty being emperor? " Hearing this, Emperor Taizong felt very reasonable. He immediately promoted the talking Yuwen Shi to the Secretariat.
Sixth, talk about advantages and avoid disadvantages.
Bosses are elusive, and subordinates are easy to blame. Protecting officials is actually more difficult than asking them. Therefore, whether you speak or write a document, you must be wise and mature. For example, how to report the flood to the superior is an art. Any danger of dike damage, the suffering of the victims and heavy losses must be punished as lightly as possible to avoid the responsibility of preventing losses and unstable river construction.
The above six official languages must be followed by officials in feudal times. No matter how dynasties change, "truth" will never be destroyed. It can be said that once you master these speaking skills, you can at least ensure that you don't lose your job. Even better, you will rise to the top.