Tao Yuanming
Series: Complete Works of Landscape and Pastoral Poetry
Two songs of immigrants
There are many beautiful days in the spring and autumn, and there are 7 new poems.
The door is more welcoming, and there is wine to consider.
Farming goes back to hometown, and you need to miss home in leisure.
Acacia wears clothes and laughs endlessly.
This reason will be invincible? Doing nothing and suddenly going to this place.
Food and clothing should be well-behaved, and efforts should not be bullied.
These two sentences mean how sunny it is in the spring and autumn, just to climb mountains and write poems.
8 pour wine: put the wine in the spoon. Action: Fill up the wine. Consideration: pour wine and drink, and persuade people to drink. These two sentences mean that neighbors greet each other and drink.
9 farm work: farm work. Acacia: Miss each other. These two sentences mean to go back to farming when you have farm work, and miss each other when you have leisure.
Ten clothes: put on clothes, which means talking to people. Tired: satisfied.
⑾ This principle refers to laughing and drinking with neighbors. Will: Yes. Will be invincible: not beautiful. Z: These all refer to the above sentence "this principle". These two sentences mean that this kind of happiness between neighbors is not better than anything else. Don't give up this practice suddenly.
⑿ Ji: management. When the meaning of these two sentences changes, I think it's good to have a heart-to-heart conversation with friends, but you should earn your own living and practice hard.
The predecessors' comments on Tao are all dull, and they also said that "any light ancient poetry must have profound language and simple truth, thinking that the bones are immortal" (Shi Buhua's Poems on Your Servant). Tao Yuanming was born in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, where metaphysical poetry prevailed for a hundred years. It is a poetic fashion that "what you say is reasonable, but in fact it is plain". Therefore, bone is not difficult to make sense, but plain, and its value lies in lightness, not dryness, but quality and reality. It can transform profound and simple philosophy into sincere and broad-minded family, and seek natural pleasure in life from the troubles of pastoral cultivation. Try reading the second paragraph of Tao's poem "Second Movement" and you will know this meaning.
Tao Yuanming abandoned Peng and returned to Chaisangli in 405 AD. Four years later, his old house caught fire. In 408 AD (the seventh year of Yixi), he moved to Nancun, Li Nan, at the age of 47. The whole poem writes the joy of self-satisfaction with the pen of self-freedom, and strings the trivial events of neighborhood obedience in daily life into a flowing stream. The first two sentences, "It's a fine day in the spring and autumn, climb high and write new poems", implicitly inherited the end of the first poem, "Appreciating strange writing and analyzing doubts and differences", and the articles were disjointed, cleverly connected and natural. Starting with the word "Spring and Autumn", this paper summarizes the whole article, and shows that what is described in the poem is not "real fun at times" (Xie Zhen's Poems of Four Things), but common fun in life all year round. Whenever it is sunny in spring or cloudy in autumn, it has always been cited as an elegant victory by literati. For Tao Yuanming, after the Chaisang fire, he moved to Nancun, and he was even more gratified to own this place. Mountain climbing is not only a good day in spring and autumn, but also a day of slack farming. This is a busy season. For a scholar-bureaucrat who is leisurely all day, it is by no means interesting, not to mention that the "innocent people" in the same village can enjoy new poems with * * *. Therefore, the literati's sense of elegance and vulgarity has an unusual significance in this poem. These two sentences are meaningful, but they are inadvertently revealed. Although it is impossible to describe the scenery in words, the scenery in Gao Shuang is so beautiful that it is worth appreciating, and the poet's expression is super broad, just like now.
When I moved to Nancun, I had the pleasure of climbing mountains and reciting poems, and I had the pleasure of drinking with my neighbors: "When I enter the door, I have more greetings, and I can consider drinking." These two sentences have nothing to do with the previous events, but if you understand the poetry of wine tasting, it seems acceptable between the four sentences. You don't need to make a phone call at the door, and you don't need to make a phone call at the invitation between literati. Attitude is rural, more casual. Shouting, not worrying about manners, simple tone, but seeing the truth of family. The meaning of "exchanging greetings" may be that neighbors have wine and deliberately invite poets to drink; It may also be that the poet invited his neighbor to drink when he had wine, or that the neighbor visited and considered it together when he had wine to enjoy new poems. Du Fu said, "Do you want to call my old neighbor and shout over the fence to empty the jar? "("Guests Arrive ")" Tell that woman to open a big bottle and put it in a basin to get it for me. ..... rude command, I didn't feel ugly in the countryside. " ("I was drunk by the mud of Tianfu") All kinds of realms can be appreciated in these two sentences of Shi Tao, so I feel more subtle.
Of course, people don't drink and have fun all day. They are usually busy with farming, and when they get together in their leisure time, they feel endless interest: "When they are busy with farming, they need to miss each other in their leisure time. Acacia needs to dress and talk and laugh. Buy each other a drink if you have wine, and go home if you have something to do. In this xiaonan village, the relationship between people is very real and sincere. " "Go home separately" originally meant to farm separately at home during busy farming, but it is literally linked with the last sentence about drinking, and the meaning of each sentence is the same, giving people a feeling of being busy after drinking. This is better than the first four sentences, using the coherence between sentences, from the time sequence and poetic internal relations, the common trivial things in daily life can be easily integrated into a whole. This sentence not only resisted the drinking in the previous sentence, but also led to the acacia in the next sentence. I go home when I am busy, miss you when I am free, and get together when I miss you, which seems to be a repetition of the meaning of calling the door, causing a cycle. "Acacia wears clothes" and deliberately uses the common thimble pattern of folk songs to emphasize this repetition, which makes the brushwork more fluent and free because of the repetition of syllables. This repetitive composition is very common in China's poems, such as Su Wushi, Nineteen Ancient Poems of Northwest Tall Buildings and Nineteen Ancient Poems. Among them, there is the charm of singing praises because of overlapping cycles and doing their best. Tao Yuanming does not use the overlapping of rules and regulations, but only uses the cycle of intention to form a reciprocating rhyme, which is the uniqueness of his learning from French and Chinese. Besides, this is not a simple repetition, but a poetic deepening. Drinking at home can only show the truth of your feelings, and only when you are idle can you see the depth of your friendship. Put on clothes, it can be seen that even if you are asleep, you can always recruit each other. After meeting each other, you can talk and laugh, which will make poetry go further. If the relationship between the door and the neighbors shows that the communication between poets and villagers is not limited by empty rituals, then it shows that their party time is not limited by vulgar etiquette. Therefore, writing the simple friendship between the poet and his neighbors to the extreme will also pour out the natural joy of rejecting hypocrisy. At this time, the poem has reached * * *, and then it is very natural to sigh, "This principle will be invincible. I will go here and do nothing. "This kind of fun is not better than anything? Don't leave here in a hurry! These two sentences buckle the topic of migration, write down the desire to live here for a long time, and also summarize the joy of submission mentioned above. We don't say "this joy", we say "this truth" because there is truth in joy, and we realize the philosophy of life that nature is above all else from the pleasure of ease. On the surface, this quick and self-sufficient pleasure embodies the principle of nature, which is no different from the metaphysical view of nature of ordinary aristocratic literati in the Eastern Jin Dynasty. Wang Xizhi said in the preface to the Lanting Collection: "The lady's phase has been pitching all her life, or taking all her arms and talking in one room; "Or because of the entrusted, let the waves go. Although the fun is different, the calmness is different. When he is happy with what he has encountered, he will temporarily get it from himself and soon become self-sufficient. He never knew that old age was coming. It seems that it can also be used to explain the true interest of the second part of Tao Yuanming's migration. But both of them are the joy of "harmony with people" and the joy of meeting people, and their essence and expression are very different. The gentry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty prided themselves on their nobility and superior social status. They ate and kept in good health every day, talked about Hyunri and met people at banquets and gatherings. For a time, they were aristocratic families and celebrities. The temporary pleasure of sightseeing is nothing more than doing nothing and pretending to be elegant; The Hyunri they placed seems unfathomable, but in fact it is just a parasitic philosophy of emptiness and laziness. Although Tao Yuanming's view of nature is still based on metaphysics, his interest in nature is to get rid of the false and dirty dust net and regard the countryside as a paradise to return to nature. The people he associates with are simple and hardworking farmers and like-minded neighbors; Hyunri, entrusted by him, is simple and lively, which is the true meaning of life he realized after he personally participated in agricultural labor. Therefore, the two sentences at the end of this poem "suddenly follow the farming, work hard, and enjoy it for the first time." It is easy to be in a state of service shortage, why can we enjoy it for a long time? Make an example to others, which means that there is no harm in starting a week, but using a pen will correct the abnormality "(Zhang Yugu's Appreciation of Ancient Poetry). Finally, it is pointed out that the root of natural joy lies in hard work, which is the core of Tao Yuanming's view of nature. " Life belongs to the Tao and food and clothing are solid. Don't camp at all, for safety? The poet believes that life can only be based on productive labor and self-sufficiency, so as to enjoy the quiet natural scenery and pure human friendship, and to understand the highest Hyunri-the way of nature. This theory of "nature is promising" which advocates practical work is in direct opposition to the theory of "natural inaction" of the gentry in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and it is the product of Tao Yuanming's critical transformation of the gentry's metaphysics with the simple materialistic world outlook of small producers. This poem begins with joy and ends with diligence, interspersed with farming. Although Syaraku is the main theme, exploration is the main theme in the end, and composition and poetry complement each other. However, there is no trace of axe luck. The whole article lists the rambling events in daily communication, which runs through the natural joy, full of romance, ups and downs, intermittent and unprovoked, fluent in language and profound in meaning, so it seems dull and slow, but in fact it is very natural and muddy.
It can be seen that poetry is based on reason, and the noblest person should be one who is good at changing reason in emotion. At the turn of the Jin and Song Dynasties, the mysterious wind was blazing, and most poets could talk about it. Most of the elements in landscape poems are criticized by later generations, while Tao Yuanming's pastoral poems are full of reasoning works, which have won a high reputation. The reason is that the landscape poems just separated from metaphysical poems are mostly based on nature, and the reason is redundant in words; Tao poetry, on the other hand, can be reasoned with emotion, rational and unreasonable, interesting beyond pen and ink, and revealing true feelings in images. This calm and natural state has set a high artistic standard for future generations.