Where do the hot springs in Fuzhou come from? Geological experts tell us that because Fuzhou is located in a warm and humid climate zone, it is rich in atmospheric precipitation, which can continuously seep down from cracks and form rich groundwater. At the same time, Fuzhou basin is also a region with strong magmatic activity and developed fault structures. There is a waterproof and thermal clay layer on the surface to prevent the loss of heat and hot water. These hydrogeological conditions are conducive to the penetration of groundwater into the deep crust. In the process of infiltration, hot water is gradually formed and stored under the heat conduction of exothermic rock mass. The passing fault provides a channel for the activity of hot water, and it is along this channel that the underground hot water rises and mixes with the cold water with lower temperature in the shallow part, forming the exposed zone of shallow medium-warm water and hot springs.
"Hot springs are raging near Gaocheng, but they wash away the dust and are light." I like to shake my clothes to keep it warm, and the lotus fragrance sends the afternoon breeze clear. "This is a poem by A Qing poet Chen Chiyang reciting Fuzhou Hot Springs.
Fuzhou Hot Springs enjoys a high reputation at home and abroad, and is one of the four hot springs in China. According to Fujian Tongzhi, Fuzhou hot springs are widely distributed, from Tangbian in the northeast of the city to Wangzhuang, with a length of six or seven miles from north to south. When did the earliest discovery and utilization of Fuzhou hot springs begin? There is no clear history. Lujia ancient hot spring on the east bank of Jinan River, the former east gate, is said to have been developed and utilized as early as the Jin Dynasty. According to the Five Dynasties Liang's "Zong Yi Master's Tower", Shi Bei (835 ~ 908), a famous mage, was born in the hometown of Nanshili Hot Springs in Fuzhou, with a common name of Xie. According to textual research, Li Guihua belongs to Xiekeng Village, Chengmen Township in the southern suburbs, where hot springs appeared in the Tang Dynasty and dried up in the Song Dynasty. According to reports, the four hot spring sites in Fuzhou were discovered when the Tang and Five Dynasties built the city. First, the Green Point Pool (now a new residence) is located in the east of Jinan; The second is the ancient third floor, between the soup side and the tree pocket; The third is ten-slot soup, and the fourth is octagonal well, all of which are in Jintang territory. It has been recorded for many years that the development and utilization of Fuzhou hot springs began in the Five Dynasties (907 ~ 960). When Wang Jian was in Luocheng, migrant workers saw hot water gushing from the ground in the wilderness, so they built Tang Chi with stones to wash their faces and bathe. There are also some local residents who "cut stones for troughs and wash spoons". Later, someone built three baths with stones and built huts on them for people to bathe in. These are the "three ancient buildings". At that time, it was customary for men and women to take turns to take a bath. The "three ancient buildings" are known as "five generations of monuments, three mountains and famous mountains". In the Song Dynasty, "Three Mountains" recorded that the hot springs in Chongxianli (now around Dongmen) could cook taro. Visible temperature is very high. In another article, the king of Fujian (reigned from 907 to 925) founded a soup courtyard outside Longde Temple, with the address in the east of the city (Chongxianli), which is today's Wenquan Road and Lane. According to legend, the King of Fujian was located in Tiande for two years (944). Prime Minister Zhan Cheng visited Fujian and suffered from scabies because of acclimatization. He took a bath in the outer soup courtyard and will be fine in a few days. He was surprised, so he donated 5,000 yuan to build a pavilion next to Tangquan to buy fields, and asked the monks to take care of him. At the same time, two stone tablets were erected to commemorate this event.
In the second year of Li Qing, Song Renzong (1042), the government rebuilt the stele pavilion and used the Waitang Courtyard as a place for officials to rest and bathe. In the Song Dynasty, a soup spring was built in the east of the city, so it was named "Neitang Pavilion" because it was located in the city. There is a cloud on the monument in the Song Dynasty: "In the seventh year of Jiayou (1062), Yuan (the general who knew Fuzhou at that time) read the county map, in which there were Buddhist temples, saying," There was Tang in it ". Historical records are more detailed: "In the seventh year of Song Jiayou, Yuan Jiang, the county magistrate, read the map of the county and saw the names of Tang Jing Lane and Wenquan Township. If you have it, dig its source, turn stones into wells and uncover the universe. In the sixth year of Xuanhe (1 124), assistant minister Lu Zao ordered the county to rebuild and build the fourth hot spring room. One of them is a clothes-vibrating pavilion, which is open on happy days. No swimming is allowed without clothes. After that, the county people bathed here. "It shows that Inner Tangyuan was built in the Northern Song Dynasty at the latest. Like Outer Tangyuan, it is managed by Buddhist temples and belongs to the nature of' official soup'. In the Song Dynasty, because "more and more people explore and dig, there are more and more hot spring pools", "Tang Min" appeared for the public to bathe in. There are official baths and private baths in the inner soup hall and the outer soup hall respectively. Scholars are more interested in poetry and painting after bathing. Celebrities such as Kezun, Li Gang, Cheng Shimeng and others all wrote poems in Xuefeng Tangyuan. Li said: "Yu Wu Yu Lanfang is the first soup of Huaqing in the ages. What should I do if the spring water flows backwards into the sick person? You might as well go to litchi township.
In the Ming Dynasty, more soup caves were discovered in Fuzhou, and most of them were dug by the people themselves for their own use. There are seven records of Fuzhou in Wanli. "Eight Min Tong Zhi" includes three places: one is Neitangjing, and the other is Fucheng Hot Spring Square. "Ancient inner soup courtyard, greenhouse and clothes-drying pavilion" is obviously the continuation of hot springs in Song Dynasty; Second, outside the soup well, "the pot calls the kettle black. Use the wall to dazzle, make a greenhouse and vibrate the clothing pavilion. " When the government has a rest, it often washes here, which is called official soup. This is the earliest outer soup courtyard; The third is ten-slot soup, "there are more than a hundred steps outside the soup door." In short, at that time, Tangquan was concentrated in Chongxian, east of Fucheng, "dozens of steps needed to burst into caves or go out of the river" and "the drought did not increase but decreased". It is convenient for people to take a bath. Tan Qian's Miscellaneous Jujube Tree in the Ming Dynasty wrote: "There is a hot spring in Chongxian, east of Fuzhou, which is sweet, very hot and full of sulfur." Xie's "Five Miscellaneous Notes" said: "There are fifteen hot springs inside and outside Fujian, and one of them is outside Tangmen, which is the smallest and extremely hot. The natives call it the killing dog spring." He said: "All springs in central Fujian are filled with sulfur gas, which is unbearable. People suffering from scabies can be cured by bathing. " At that time, people thought that hot springs could not only cleanse pollution, but also ward off diseases and evil spirits and prolong life. "people bathing in it can dispel evil and get old." During the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, there were seven hot springs in Fuzhou recorded in Fuzhou Fuzhi: one was in the East Hot Spring Square, which is now Tang Jing Lane; Second, there are four or five tricks in the north of Jinan Bridge; Three are in Yin Shan, 20 miles east of Changle City; Four in Chongxian, Min County; Fifth, the river outside Tangmen is commonly known as "official soup"; 600 steps outside Tangmen, the famous stone trough (ten troughs); Outside the gate of Jinglou, there is a stone valley, which is now soup side, also known as double groove, which is mistaken for three (that is, modern three). During the Wanli period, Wang Yingshan, a native of Fuzhou, said in Du Min Ji: "There is a soup well in the hot spring square ... after that, people in the county bathed here, which was mixed and decadent." It can be seen that there are fewer "official soups" and more "people soups" at this time.
In the Qing Dynasty, there were private bathhouses in Fuzhou since Kangxi. The earliest Tang Chi store is the famous "Fulongquan", which is said to have been founded in the reign of Kangxi. When Shi Hongbao recorded Daoguang in Min Miscellanies in Qing Dynasty, Tang Tang said, "There are hot springs outside Loujing Gate in Min County. Residents set up bathrooms in their places, called soup houses, especially in summer. " There are places of interest such as Rixin Room, Yiqingju, Wan 'an Spring and Liuyiquan, which are magnificent. The article also quoted a sentence from the Kangxi Dynasty poet Cha in Tang Quan's Poem of Inviting a Tour to the East of the City in the same year: "Wanhe Peak belongs to the sea, and warm soup is sent from the sea eye. The name is the same as Xiuling, so why worry about pollution? Cao school has its own fragrance. The dust outside the body is washed, and the heat of the world becomes cold. " Still full of water and wind, there is an old madman in the middle of Tong Guan. ""There are only a few feet left in spring, so you can't take a bath, so someone has already opened a soup restaurant at that time. "After Daoguang, private soup houses developed. During Guangxu period, it reached more than 40 at the peak, and it is still concentrated outside the Tang Gate and around the Jinglou Gate.