1, the theoretical level is further improved.
Zhang Jingyue made the greatest contribution to the academic theory of health preservation in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Zhang discussed the discussion of Huangdi Neijing in the category of "taking life". His own unique views are embodied in the theory of governance.
Zhang Jingyue first criticized Laozi's negative outlook on life in "On Form", dialectically expounded the internal relations between form and God, form and life, put forward that form is the material basis of God and life phenomena, and clearly pointed out: "Those who are good at keeping in good health can't raise this form as a sacred house first?" Before Zhang Jingyue, most health care experts paid attention to spiritual cultivation, and never put forward the idea of "keeping fit" so loudly, which shows that his health care theory is really unique.
Besides Zhang Jingyue, Li Dan and Li Shizhen were also important health preserving theorists in Ming Dynasty. Li Dan put forward in his health-preserving theory that "eating moderately and living regularly in Huangdi Neijing" and "nourishing the heart" are authentic health-preserving methods, and on this basis, he founded a series of practical health-preserving methods, such as sheltering from the wind and cold, saving effort and relaxing, abstaining from lewdness and abstinence, and calming down. Li Shizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica enriches and develops the theory of diet aftercare, which has a great influence in the field of health preservation.
2, the expression is easy to understand.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, with the further development and popularization of China's health-preserving culture, the idealism component was decreasing day by day, and many health-preserving scientists began to pay attention to the popularization of health-preserving theory and practice. At this time, Neidan Qigong changed the old appearance of "elegance and difficulty" and began to become concise and clear. In this paper, the human body parts and the functions of the five internal organs involved in Neidan cultivation are clearly expounded, especially the important parts of Neidan cultivation are Sandantian and Sanguan, and the main points are pointed out, which makes people understand at a glance and is very popular.
The popularization of expression is also highlighted by the emergence of a large number of easy-to-understand health books in Ming and Qing Dynasties. Such as medical treatment first, respecting the eight tones of life, the words of a gentleman who eats sex, the words of moaning, the tips of taking classes, the words of being old and unchanging, etc. , all appeared in this period, including rich and colorful health culture content from ancient times to the present, but elegant and popular excellent health books. In the Ming Dynasty, Wang Wenlu's "Medicine First" used familiar things as metaphors to explain many abstruse health-keeping theories in simple terms, such as the relationship between form and spirit: "The shape is like a lamp filled with oil, and the spirit is like a lamp oil to ignite. As soon as the lamp jar was turned over, it burst, and the shape was in harmony with the spirit, that is, the soul was full and the camp was harmonious. "
Hu's "Essentials of Class Repair" summarizes many important health preserving methods in the form of aphorisms. For example, when talking about the health function of emotional regulation, Hu wrote: "Laugh less; If you are bored, you will be old; Fight a battle, thin; Make way and get fat. " Not only is the language easy and catchy, but the form is also lively and easy to be accepted by the public. The popularization of health books not only promotes the popularization of health culture.
3. The health care object is biased towards the elderly.
China's health preserving theory has gradually shifted its research focus to the elderly since Sun Simiao put forward the "major case of providing for the aged" in the Tang Dynasty. However, this view really became popular in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. In particular, Emperor Jiajing of the Ming Dynasty pursued immortality in his later years, and emperors Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty also held thousands of banquets and activities to respect the elderly. The above actions of the supreme ruler objectively promoted the formation of the atmosphere of paying attention to caring for the elderly. Most of the health preserving works in this period are related to the health and longevity of the elderly to varying degrees.
The object of health care in Ming and Qing dynasties was to take care of the elderly, which also shows that a large number of gerontology monographs appeared at that time, such as Shou Shi Bao Yuan, Old Man Bian Yu, Old Man Heng Yan, etc., all of which listed pension as an important health care content. Among them, Gong Tingxian, a physician in the Ming Dynasty, also wrote in Shishou Baoyuan? In the theory of aging, the causes of aging are studied as a special topic. In addition, many non-health monographs at that time also attached great importance to the health care and longevity of the elderly.
4. A variety of health preservation methods coexist.
Compared with the previous generation, the health-preserving methods in Ming and Qing dynasties have not improved significantly, but the existing health-preserving methods are eclectic, thus showing a diversified trend of paying equal attention to both static and dynamic and comprehensive conditioning. During this period, the static health care method pays special attention to managing the mind. In Eight Chapters of Respect for Life, Gao Lian emphasized that only by keeping healthy and caring for the soul can we delay illness and prolong life.
Corresponding to the characteristics of static health care, dynamic health care in Ming and Qing dynasties paid attention to guiding methods. The so-called "guidance" is actually a kind of medical exercise health care method characterized by "guiding qi to make harmony and attracting body to make softness", which combines active breathing exercise with body exercise. It originated in the Warring States Period, and together with Qigong and Tuina, it became the three pillars of China's dynamic health-keeping method.
After the Ming Dynasty, the publication of Taoist scriptures and the development of martial arts greatly promoted the popularization and improvement of Taoist sounds. For example, Hua Tuo's "Five Birds Map" is included in the "Forty-nine Formulas of Fairy Tales" written by Luo Hongxian, the champion of Zhengde period in Ming Dynasty, and points out that "mortals are uneasy, and if they play this game of animals, they will sweat and get sick." Point out the health care function of guidance method. In addition, comprehensive conditioning is also one of the most important health preservation methods in Ming and Qing Dynasties.