1, Hua Tuo, Zizi, Pei Guoqiao (now Bozhou City, Anhui Province).

According to textual research, he was born in the first year of Yongjia in Han Dynasty (A.D. 145) and died in the 13th year of Jian 'an (A.D. 208). Famous medical scientists in the three kingdoms.

3. I studied abroad when I was young, but I didn't want to make progress in studying medicine. I practiced medicine all over Anhui, Shandong, Henan and Jiangsu.

Hua Tuo has been practicing medicine all over the world all his life, with a good reputation and many achievements in medicine. He is proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology, pediatrics and acupuncture, especially in surgery. Medical skills are comprehensive.

5,? In his later years, he was suspected by Cao Cao and tortured to death in prison. He died in 208 AD (13th year of Jian 'an).

6. The medical book Qingnangjing has been lost. Today, there are relics such as "Huatuo Temple" in Bozhou City.

7. Hua Tuo was called "the master of surgery" and "the originator of surgery" by later generations. Ma Feisan and Wuqinxi were invented.

8. Later generations called him Hua Tuo, an imperial doctor, and praised him as a doctor with excellent medical skills by "Hua Tuo's reincarnation" and "Yuan Huanzhuan".

9. In Hua Tuo's medical practice for many years, he is very good at distinguishing different diseases from zang-fu organs and treating them according to symptoms. One day, there were two military attaché s, both of whom had fever and headache. The symptoms were the same, but Hua Tuo's prescription was quite different. They were surprised to use antiperspirants and laxatives, but they all recovered after taking the medicine. It turns out that after Hua Tuo's diagnosis, there is a kind of syndrome called exterior syndrome, which can be solved by sweating. One is internal heat syndrome, which is difficult to treat unless diarrhea occurs.

At 10, Mr. Hua treated the headache and body fever of government official Ni Xun, and then he went down and took away its external reality. When treating Li Yan's headache and body heat, he will sweat, which is also due to its internal reality. Hide the table and avoid the table, but it is also secret inside. According to it, the wet fire rushed up, and the ground was still depressed, waiting to be scattered. In fact, it is left in the soil, or idle water in the mountains, waiting to go down. People who have the same headache, the same body heat, but different treatments, although they have the secret of the fairy, are actually the way of heaven and earth. I tried again and again, but it worked again and again.

1 1, there are Du and Deng. After seeing the doctor, he felt that his illness had healed, but Hua Tuo warned: "Although your illness has healed, your vitality has not recovered yet. You should rest until you are fully recovered and avoid sexual intercourse, otherwise your life will be worrying." At that time, when his wife heard that Zhifu had recovered, she came from hundreds of miles away to visit him. That night, Deng's careful abstinence failed, and he died three days later. Another patient, Xu, was in bed because of illness, and Hua Tuo went to visit the doctor.

12, Hua Tuo's teacher, Xu said, "I have been coughing since I asked the doctor to acupuncture the stomach tube yesterday. I am upset and can't lie down." After the inspection, Hua Tuo said, "This is a mistake. The acupuncture missed the gastric tube, but it mistakenly stuck to the liver. Eating less and less in the future will be dangerous in five days. " The consequences are as dead as they say.

13, Hua Tuo once treated Chen Deng, the magistrate of Guangling. At that time, Chen Deng was flushed and upset. A subordinate said that Hua Tuo was here. Later, he ordered Hua Tuo to treat him. Hua tuo first asked him to prepare more than a dozen washbasins, and then Chen Deng spat out dozens of pots of red-headed worms and gave him medicine. The disease can be cured. Before leaving, I told him the address of Hua Tuo's home. Chen Deng was 36 years old that year. As a result, Chen Deng relapsed three years later and sent someone to look for it according to the address. However, Huatuo's medicine boy told Chen Deng's envoy that Huatuo had not come back from the mountain to collect medicine, and he didn't know when he would come back. Chen Deng died as a result.

14, when Zhou Tai was seriously injured, Hua Tuo cured him, so when someone recommended Hua Tuo to Cao Cao later, he said, "What about Jiangdong, who treated Zhou Tai?"

15, when jaundice was widespread, Hua Tuo spent three years repeatedly testing the curative effect of Herba Artemisiae Scopariae, and decided to use the tender leaves of Herba Artemisiae Scopariae in spring and March to treat many patients. Therefore, there is a folk song: "March wormwood, April wormwood handed down to future generations, so remember that wormwood can cure diseases in March and burn firewood in May and June." Huatuo also used warm soup and hot compress to treat the pain of scorpion sting, and used moss ointment to treat the swelling and pain after wasp sting. Use garlic paste to treat insect diseases; Treating fish-eating crab poisoning with perilla; Treating cough with Rhizoma Cynanchi Stauntonii; Use Polygonatum sibiricum to supplement fatigue. Wait, it's simple and quick.

16, government officials Ni Xun and Li Yan came to see a doctor at the same time. They all have headaches and fever, and the symptoms of illness are exactly the same. Hua Tuo said: "Ni Xun wants to get rid of evil spirits, and Li Yan wants to sweat out." Some people question these two different approaches. Hua Tuo replied: "Ni Xun is a disease of external fixation, while Li Yan is a disease of internal fixation, so we should treat it in different ways." Say that finish, immediately give two people medicine, so the second day early in the morning two people together.

17 the mystery of death

Hua Tuo took medical skills as his profession, and he often felt remorse in his heart (in the feudal society of China, doctors were regarded as "cheap occupations"). Later, Cao Cao personally dealt with the affairs of state affairs and was seriously ill (head wind). Hua Tuo specially treated him. Hua Tuo said: "It is difficult to cure this disease in a short time, and even long-term treatment can only prolong life." Hua tuo wanted to go back because he had been away from home for too long, so he said, "I have received a letter from home and will go back temporarily." "When I got home, I said that my wife was ill and asked for an extension of the holiday many times. Later, Cao Cao wrote to Hua Tuo three times and five times, ordering all counties to collect and send him back. Hua tuo, who has his own talents, hates being enslaved for food and still hasn't gone on the road. Cao Cao was very angry and sent someone to check it out. If his wife is really ill, give adzuki bean 4000 liters and relax the holiday. If you cheat, you will be arrested and escorted. As a result, Hua Tuo lied and was sent to Xuchang prison by courier. After trial, Hua Tuo confessed to the facts of the crime (Chinese law: 1. Crime of deceiving the monarch; 2. Not guilty). Yu Xun begged Cao Cao to say, "Hua Tuo's medical skill is really brilliant, which is related to people's lives and should be tolerated." Cao Cao said: "Don't worry, there is no such incompetent mouse in the world?" "Finally, Hua Tuo was tortured to death in prison. Before he died, Hua Tuo took out a medical book and gave it to the jailer, saying, "This book can cure diseases and save lives. "The jailer is afraid of breaking the law and dare not accept it. Hua tuo had to bite the bullet and beg for a torch to burn the book.

18, one of which is: In Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Cao Cao asked Hua Tuo, a famous doctor who once cured Zhou Tai, to treat his headache for many years, but Hua Tuo thought that Cao Cao's cause needed to be swept over, anesthetized with hemp boiling powder and underwent major surgery. Suspicious Cao Cao thought that Hua Tuo was going to kill him, so he detained Hua Tuo and tortured him to death for assassination.

19, medical contribution, medical achievement

After decades of medical practice, Hua Tuo has mastered the treatment methods such as health preservation, prescription, acupuncture and surgery. Proficient in internal medicine, surgery, gynecology and pediatrics, accurate diagnosis, simple method and rapid curative effect. He is called the "imperial doctor". In this regard, there are similar comments in the History of the Three Kingdoms and the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, saying that he is good at keeping in good health ("the art of keeping in good health means that people think that they are a hundred years old and strong") and uses drugs accurately ("there are only a few prescriptions for treating diseases and only a few soups, so he will not be called again, and he will drink it after cooking and give up his efforts." There are 6 medical records of the Three Kingdoms 16, 5 biographies of Hua Tuo, 5 other documents, and 26 * * *, which are mostly seen by physicians in the pre-Qin and Han dynasties. From the scope of its treatment, internal diseases include fever, visceral diseases, psychosis, obesity and parasitic diseases, while diseases belonging to surgery, pediatrics and gynecology include trauma, intestinal carbuncle, tumor, fracture, wrong needle, breast avoidance, stillbirth and infantile diarrhea. He invented Mafeisan, which was the first narcotic drug in the world. The records of general anesthesia in Europe and America began at the beginning of18th century, which was later than that of Hua Tuo 1600 years ago. The History of World Pharmacy points out that the use of anesthetics by Arabs may have been introduced from China, because "Hua Tuo, a famous doctor in China, is the best at this technique". One volume of Sui Shu Jing Ji Zhi, Acupuncture in Huatuo Pillow, has been lost. Hua Tuo's Classic of Acupuncture and Moxibustion quoted in Yi Xin Fang may be the lost text of the book, while Taiping Shenghui Fang quoted Tang Ming. Judging from the existing lost articles, the names and positioning of acupoints in Huatuo Acupuncture Classic are quite different from those in Huangdi Tangming Classic.

20. Ma Feisan

Hua Tuo first performed surgery under general anesthesia, and was called "the originator of surgery" by later generations. He is not only proficient in prescription science, but also admirable in acupuncture. Hua tuo visited many doctors everywhere and collected some drugs with anesthetic effect. After many different formulations of processing, he finally successfully trial-produced this anesthetic. He also mixed anesthetic with hot wine, which made the patient unconscious after taking it. Then cut open the abdominal cavity, remove the ulcer, wash away the putrefaction, sew it with mulberry thread and apply ointment, and it will be fine in one month. So Hua Tuo gave it a name-Mafengsan.

2 1, according to the research of Japanese surgeon Huagang Qingzhou, the ingredients of Mafeisan are one liter of Datura flower, four yuan each for Radix Aconiti Kusnezoffii, Radix Angelicae Sinensis, Radix Angelicae Dahuricae and Rhizoma Chuanxiong, and one yuan for fried Rhizoma Arisaematis.

22. If moxibustion is needed, it is only one or two acupoints, and the pain should be eliminated by hand. If the patient's body accumulates and stagnates, the curative effect of acupuncture and drugs can't be effective. If you want to gut him, he should drink his own "Ma Fei San". After a while, the patient will be as drunk as death, so he will surgically remove the affected area and take out the accumulated material. ? If the patient is in the intestine, cut off the diseased part of the intestine, clean the wound and susceptible parts, then suture the abdominal incision and apply ointment. After four or five days, the illness recovered and the pain stopped. During the operation, the patient did not feel any pain, and the wound healed and recovered within one month.

23. The "Mafeisan" he used was the earliest anesthetic in the history of the world. Hua tuo used "Ma Fei San" to perform abdominal surgery, which pioneered general anesthesia surgery. This general anesthesia operation is unprecedented in the medical history of China, and it is also a rare pioneering work in the medical history of the world.

24. Medical sports

Hua Tuo was also one of the founders of ancient medical sports in China. He is not only good at treating diseases, but also advocates the way of keeping in good health. He once said to disciple Upp: "The human body wants to work, but if it is improperly used, it will be tacky if it is shaken, but blood will not be born, and the hub will be immortal." Hua Tuo inherited and developed the predecessor's prevention theory that "saints can't cure themselves before they get sick", and arranged a set of aerobics-"Five Birds Play" for the elderly and infirm, imitating the posture of five animals, such as apes, deer, bears and tigers.

25. Hua Tuo also made important contributions to medical sports. Hua Tuo created an exercise method called "Five Birds Play". One is called Tiger Play, the other is called Deer Play, the third is called Bear Play, the fourth is called Ape Play, and the fifth is called Bird Play. It can also be used to prevent and treat diseases, and at the same time, it can make legs and feet light, which can be used as "Qigong". When I feel uncomfortable, I get up and do one of the scenes. After sweating, I soaked my clothes and put on talcum powder. My body felt relaxed and convenient, and I wanted to eat. This is how his student Upp exercised. When he was in his nineties, his hearing and eyesight were good, and his teeth were intact and strong. Wuqinxi is a set of medical gymnastics that can stretch all muscles and joints. Hua tuo believes that "the human body has to work, ... blood circulates, and diseases cannot be born, such as Hu Shu, and will never die." The action of Wuqinxi is to imitate the flapping forelimbs of tigers, the stretching of deer's head and neck, the collapse of bears, the vertical jumping of apes' toes, the spreading of birds' wings and so on. According to legend, when Hua Tuo was in Xuchang, he instructed many thin people to do this gymnastics on the open field every day. He said: "You can exercise regularly to get rid of diseases and benefit your feet and feet as a guide. If the body is unhappy, it will play the role of a bird, happy and sweaty. Because of the powder, I am light and hungry. " [?

26, surgery

Hua Tuo is the first expert who initiated surgery in the history of China, and also the first pioneer and founder who invented hemp boiling powder and acupuncture to treat diseases in the world. Mafeisan has created a new research field for the development of surgical medicine. His invention was successful more than Moreton (1846), an American dentist who invented ether anesthesia, 1600 years earlier.

27. Hua Tuo was able to perform surgical operations such as tumor resection and gastrointestinal suture. His surgery has been highly praised by generations. Chen Jiamo's Compendium of Materia Medica in the Ming Dynasty quoted a poem from Tu Zan, a famous doctor in the past dynasties, as saying: "Wei set up a sore department to cure diseases by removing bones, which has many miraculous effects." It can be seen that the late Buddha Hua Tuo was a veritable "originator of surgery".

28, medical spirit

Hua Tuo lived in the late Eastern Han Dynasty and the early Three Kingdoms. At that time, warlords scuffled, floods and droughts raged, epidemics prevailed, and people were in dire straits. At that time, RoyceWong, a famous poet, wrote two sentences in his Seven Injuries poem: "When you go out, you can't see it, but the bones cover the plain.". Seeing this situation, Hua Tuo hated the vicious feudal strongmen and sympathized with the oppressed and exploited working people. To this end, he refused to be an official, preferring to defend the golden hoop and run around to relieve the people's suffering.

29. Hua Tuo was not confused by the symptoms. He seldom uses drugs and is proficient in the interaction between body and mind. Hua tuo doesn't take drugs. Hua Tuo attaches importance to preventive health care, "treats people before they get sick", observes the natural ecology, teaches people to adjust their breath and live in harmony. But for terminally ill patients, don't add acupuncture and tell them frankly.

30. Hua Tuo did not seek fame and fortune, which enabled him to concentrate on studying medicine. Eastern Han Dynasty

Hua Tuo

In Hua Tuo's biography, he said that he was "proficient in the number of classics and the art of mending heaven", especially "proficient in prescriptions and medicines". People call him a "magic doctor". He once compiled his rich medical experience into a medical book called Qingnangjing, but it failed to be handed down. But it can't be said that his medical experience is completely lost. Because many of his successful students, such as Fan A, who is famous for acupuncture, wrote Materia Medica and Li Dangzhi, who wrote Materia Medica, all partially inherited his experience. As for Hua Tuo's "China Tibetan Scriptures", it is a work of the Song Dynasty and published in his name. But it may also include some still popular contents in Hua Tuo's works.

3 1, Hua Tuo can critically inherit the academic achievements of predecessors and create new theories on the basis of summing up the experience of predecessors. China's medicine made brilliant achievements in the Spring and Autumn Period, and Bian Que's explanation of physiology and pathology was a great achievement. Hua Tuo's knowledge may have developed from Bian Que's theory. At the same time, Hua Tuo also made an in-depth study of Zhang Zhongjing's theory. When he read the tenth volume of Treatise on Febrile Diseases by Zhang Zhongjing, he said happily, "This book is really a living book", which shows that Zhang Zhongjing's theory has a great influence on Hua Tuo. Hua Tuo opened up a new world in a down-to-earth manner along the road pioneered by his predecessors. For example, at that time, he discovered the method of squeezing the heart in vitro and the method of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. The most prominent thing is the invention of anesthesia-drinking hemp powder, and the creation of sports therapy "Wuqinxi".

32. Before Hua Tuo, some narcotic drugs were used as anesthetics. However, they are either used for war, assassination or manipulation, but they are not really used for surgery. Hua Tuo summarized his experience in this field and observed people's sleep state when they were drunk. He invented the anesthesia of taking hemp powder with wine, which was formally used in medicine, thus greatly improving the technology and curative effect of surgical operation and expanding the scope of surgical treatment.

33. Later evaluation

The reflection commented: "Huatuo's medical consultation, Du Kui's vocal music, Zhu Jianping's physiognomy, Zhou Xuan's dream,

Three Kingdoms 12 Hua Tuo Portrait

Guan Ju's skill and sincerity are mysterious, ingenious and unique. The past history has been handed down from Bian Que, Cang Gong and Japan, so it is widely known and miracles continue. So it is recorded in The Cloud. "(reflection review)

According to the Book of the Later Han Dynasty, Yu Xun once said: "If the prescription is practical, people's lives will be in danger, so it is advisable to add mistakes." (Comment on the Book of the Later Han Dynasty)

34. Hua Tuo is one of the few outstanding surgeons in the medical history of China. Good at anesthesia, acupuncture, moxibustion and other methods, good at thoracotomy. The surgical method is not the mainstream treatment method of traditional Chinese medicine based on the culture of "respecting Confucianism". Under the Confucian thought of "the strength of the body is what parents receive", surgery has not developed on a large scale in Chinese medicine. Some medical historians have verified that the treatment methods used by Hua Tuo were recorded in Indian medicine, and the main medicine "Datura flower" in Ma Fei San he used was also produced in India, so they suggested that Hua Tuo had traveled all over the Central Plains all his life, probably from India. This statement has certain reference value. (China Online Review)?

35. As early as the Han Dynasty, Chinese medicine surgery had reached a fairly high level, but with the passage of time and the continuous progress of Chinese medicine in theory and practice methods.

Imperial doctor Huatuo (3 pieces)

In one step, most diseases can be cured by acupuncture, drugs and other treatment methods, and these painful, severe injuries and broken meridians are gradually replaced by more "civilized" and "simple" internal treatment methods. Under this condition, Chinese medicine has also made great progress, and many other medicines have to admit that it is beyond science and the theory is exquisite and profound.

36. Although all of Hua Tuo's medical books were burned, his academic thoughts did not completely die out, especially in the study of traditional Chinese medicine. His disciple Upp is a famous pharmacist, and many contents in Upp's Materia Medica can be seen in later medical books. (Phoenix, Sina comments)

37. Anecdotes and allusions

psychotherapy

Hua tuo is good at using psychotherapy to treat diseases. There was a county magistrate who was very ill. Hua Tuo went to see him. The county magistrate asked Hua tuo to treat him. Hua Tuo said to the son of the county magistrate, "Your father's illness is different from other diseases. There is blood stasis in his stomach. You have to provoke him to spit it out, so that he can cure the disease, or he will die. Can you tell me all the wrong things your father usually does? I wrote and reprimanded him. " The sheriff's son said, "If you can cure your father's illness, what can't you say?" So he told Hua Tuo all the unreasonable things his father had done for a long time. Hua Tuo wrote a letter denouncing the chief. When the leader read the letter, he was furious and sent officials to arrest Hua Tuo. When he didn't catch him, the chief was furious and spit out more than a liter of black blood, and his illness was cured.

38. Dog legs cure sores

There is a beautiful girl who has been married for a long time, but she is not married yet, because her right knee has been sore for a long time and she keeps pouring strong water out. After Hua Tuo saw it, his father asked his daughter about her illness. Hua Tuo said, "Send someone to ride a horse to lead a chestnut dog for thirty miles." When he came back, while the dog's right foot was still hot, he cut it off and put it on the sore. "After a while, a small red snake emerged from the sore and got into the arch of the dog. The girl recovered. (from "unparalleled record")?

39, spear into wine

At the end of the later Han Dynasty, someone had a lump in his stomach, which was extremely painful day and night. When he died, he said to his son, "After I die, I can take it out by caesarean section and see what it is." His son couldn't bear to disobey his father's orders, so he took out a copper spear head by caesarean section, which was about a third of a liter. When Hua Tuo heard about it, he went to find out. After reading it, Hua Tuo took the medicine out of the small box and put it on the gun head, which immediately turned into wine. (Excerpted from Zhi Zhi)

40. Lacquer leaves are sticky

Hua tuo had many disciples in his life, and Peng Cheng, Fan A, Guangling and Xi Li Dangzhi were all famous all over the world. Upp wrote Upp Materia Medica, Li Dangzhi wrote Li Dangzhi's Medical Records, and Fan Axi wrote Acupuncture. These three disciples later became famous doctors.

4 1, Hua Tuo carefully wrote medical books in his later years in order to pass on his medical experience to future generations, including Qingnangjing, Acupuncture in Pillow and many other works, but unfortunately they have all been lost. Upp followed Hua Tuo's medical skills, and many people were cured and saved. Hua Tuo said to Upp: "The human body should exercise, but not excessively. Shui Gu's qi can only be digested after exercise, and the blood circulation is smooth, so the disease will not happen. For example, the revolving door shaft will not rot. Therefore, people who used to cultivate immortals and monasteries often did exercises like "Qigong". They imitate bears climbing branches, owls turning their necks and looking around, stretching their waists and moving their joints to prolong their life. Fan A is proficient in acupuncture therapy. All doctors say that the needle should not be inserted between the internal organs of the back and chest. Even if the needle is inserted, the depth should not exceed four minutes. Fan A's needle, however, is inserted one or two inches deep in the acupuncture point on the back and five or six inches in the Juque point on the chest, and the disease is often cured. Fan A asked Hua Tuo for a prescription that can be taken and beneficial to human body, and Hua Tuo taught him "Ye Qiqing Sticking Powder". The prescription uses 1 liter of lacquer leaf crumbs and 14 liang of green sticky crumbs, which are prepared according to this ratio. It is said that taking this medicine for a long time can kill three kinds of parasites, benefit the five internal organs, make the body light and keep people's hair from turning white. Fan A did as he said and lived to be over one hundred years old.

42. Scraping bones for healing

In Luo Guanzhong's Romance of the Three Kingdoms, there is a description of Hua Tuo's treatment of Guan Yu's bone scraping, which tells that Guan Yu's right arm was poisoned by Wei Jun in Xiangyang War. Later, the wound was swollen, and it was too painful to move. Hua tuo cut off Guan Yu's arm and scraped off the toxic substances on his bones, but Guan Yu looked the same and was still playing chess with others. This story was originally a tribute to Guan Yu's courage, perseverance and patience, and it also showed that Hua Tuo, a wonderful doctor, had superb medical skills. Win people's praise and admiration. He is the founder of our surgical medicine. [25]?

This is a fictional story based on facts, which is contained in the Romance of the Three Kingdoms and the Records of Xiangyang County, Hubei Province, and widely circulated among the people. Although Guan Yu had curettage, Hua Tuo died several years ago. [25]?

43, cao cao's head wind disease

Hua Tuo is famous for his successful scholarship and rapid improvement in medical skills. Just as Hua Tuo was eager to dedicate his superb medical skills to the people, Cao Cao, who rose in the turmoil of the Central Plains, heard the call. It turned out that Cao Cao had a head wind disease in his early years, and it became more and more serious after middle age. Every time, my heart is dizzy and my headache is unbearable. All kinds of doctors have treated it, and the effect is not great. After Hua Tuo was called to see a doctor, he put a needle into the Shu point of Cao Cao's thoracic vertebra. In a short time, his brain was awake and the pain stopped. Cao Cao is very happy. But Hua Tuo told the truth: "Your disease is a chronic brain disease, which is difficult to eradicate in the near future. It must be treated for a long time and gradually relieved in order to prolong life. " After hearing this, Cao Cao thought that Hua Tuo was mystifying and unhappy, but he didn't show his face. He not only left Hua Tuo in the government, but also allowed him to treat the people.