1. Different political attitudes lead to different romantic styles?
Both Qu Yuan and Zhuangzi lived in the Warring States Period with frequent wars and social unrest. They were all brilliant scholars at that time, but their political attitudes were quite different.
Qu Yuan is a national poet who grew up under the influence of national spirit. The spirit of loving the motherland, perseverance and enterprising formed by Chu people in the unique historical development process has cultivated his patriotic enthusiasm, Geng Jie personality and courage to struggle. Aristocratic background made his feelings for Zongguo deeper. It can be said that Qu Yuan struggled for virtue, merit and fame all his life until the last moment of his life. He always closely linked his personal fate with the fate of Chu, and always paid close attention to the rise and fall of the country with great enthusiasm. Therefore, he was ruined in Chu and saw that there was no hope of serving the country before he died in Miluo River.
Zhuangzi, a representative figure of Taoist school, was deeply influenced by Laozi's thought. He pursued the perfection of life all his life, that is, a free life that conforms to nature and is super-utilitarian, and the carefree view that "man has nothing but himself, God is omnipotent, and saints are not famous". Zhuangzi was poor all his life, but he despised wealth, power, fame and fortune, trying to maintain his independent personality and pursue carefree spiritual freedom in troubled times. This coincides with Qu Yuan's "I wake up alone when the world is drunk, and I wake up alone when the world is turbid". However, out of dissatisfaction with the rulers and society at that time, Zhuangzi always held a distant and indifferent attitude towards politics, and always held a rebellious and uncooperative attitude towards the rulers. Zhuangzi's political attitude can be clearly seen from the following passage: "Wen Zhuang, send thick coins to welcome him, perhaps thinking it is a phase. Zhuang Zhou said with a smile, the messenger of the State of Chu said,' One thousand dollars, heavy interest; Qing Xiang's status is also respected. I don't think the sacrifice in the suburbs is the only sacrifice. When I was a few years old, I entered the ancestral temple with words embroidered on my clothes. When it is, although you want to be a lonely dolphin, how can you get it? I am eager to go, it won't pollute me. I'd rather play dirty than fast, and I'm not bound by those who have a country. I will never be an official, which will speed up my ambition. " "
It is precisely because of their different political attitudes that their different romantic styles are formed. As a poet who was awakened by the rational spirit of the times earlier, Qu Yuan had a clear and profound understanding of the reality of the motherland, the future of the nation and his own destiny, and the decline of the national movement made him worried. He hates the greed and stupidity that pervades the ruling and opposition parties, and hates the small groups that persecute the sages and bring disaster to the country and the people. Self-confidence in his values and ideals made him indignant at his experience. Although Qu Yuan "takes responsibility by Tao", his extraordinary loyalty has brought the result of "believing and seeing doubt, being loyal and being slandered". Attachment to the motherland, affection for the monarch, sentimentality of waiting for no one, grievance of being exiled by loyal ministers, hope of reuse, all kinds of worries and grievances. This emotion stirred and collided in the poet's chest and melted into a spirit of grief and indignation, thus forming Qu Yuan's melancholy and angry romantic writing style. ?
Different from Qu Yuan, the purpose of Zhuangzi's writing is not to criticize the society, but to find a spiritual home for the people in trouble. This is only the natural expression of his passion and emotion, and his ultimate goal is to be free and easy. Different from Qu Yuan, Zhuangzi did not cling to political ideals, but devoted himself to transcending secular values and life difficulties, thus forming a calm and detached style in Zhuangzi's romantic creation.
2. Different political attitudes form different romantic spirits?
Because of their different political attitudes, Zhuangzi and Qu Yuan also formed their different romantic spirits in creation. Qu Yuan's poems are always full of the spirit of fighting for the world. As the core of Qu Yuan's romantic spirit, the ideal of "beautiful politics" wavered in Qu Yuan's magnificent poems. Qu Yuan's romanticism uses unrestrained language and magnificent imagination to create an image, express his inner feelings such as integrity, ambition, worry and ideal, and express his pursuit of ideal politics. This is the spiritual essence of Qu Yuan's romanticism.
However, Zhuangzi's works always retain the strong cynicism of ordinary intellectuals. When we read Zhuangzi, we often feel that we are reading a movement against the dark reality. Zhuangzi thinks that saints who advocate "holiness, courage, righteousness, knowledge and benevolence" are "less beneficial to the world" and "more harmful to the world", and advocates that "slap saints and leave thieves behind, and the world will be ruled" (a fable in Lieyu Kou, Zhuangzi even revealed that the political darkness of the Song Dynasty is "the abyss of non-straightness". Although Zhuangzi's romantic spirit is mixed with negative factors such as world-weariness, avoiding the world and mixing with the world, and contains some tendency of retro-ism and nihilism, his cynicism runs through Zhuangzi's life. In addition, Zhuangzi's romanticism is more about praising nature, criticizing people's alienation, pursuing the harmony between man and nature, expressing the demands of personality liberation and exploring the ideal realm of life freedom-this is the outstanding spirit of Zhuangzi's romanticism.
3. Zhuangzi's articles belong to negative romanticism, while Qu Yuan's works belong to positive romanticism?
Zhuangzi advocates "a small country with few people" and "supreme virtue", and his works advocate that people adopt an attitude of avoiding the world, which obviously belongs to negative romanticism. As far as Zhuangzi's ideological content is concerned, there are indeed many negative elements, so we say that Zhuangzi's romanticism belongs to negative romanticism. However, Zhuangzi's ideological content is not limited to these. We should also see its positive contents hidden in "heaven" and "Tao", such as following and respecting the objective laws of nature, exposing tyrant politics, and despising benevolence, righteousness and etiquette. We should scientifically analyze and evaluate its ideological content and absorb its beneficial things. ?
With the attitude of actively joining the WTO, Qu's principle actively participated in real politics, always wanted to transform Chu with "American politics", and repeatedly expressed his tenacious fighting spirit and determination of "not regretting his death", affirmed the pursuit of truth and bright enterprising spirit of "a long way to go", and showed the true spirit of Qu Yuan's positive romanticism.
4. Qu Zhuang's romantic literature had a great and far-reaching influence on later China literature?
Qu Yuan is the first great patriotic poet in the history of China literature and the pioneer of the romantic tradition in the field of poetry. Qu Yuan had the deepest influence on later generations. First, his patriotic thoughts and feelings and noble character. For thousands of years, in the struggle against traitors, upholding justice and safeguarding the interests and dignity of the motherland, people have always followed Qu Yuan's example and gained inspiration and enterprising power from it. Qu Yuan's spirit and character have always been admired by later generations, which can be seen from the tradition of eating zongzi and hanging wormwood on the Dragon Boat Festival. Secondly, Qu Yuan's romantic tradition of attaching importance to fantasy after The Book of Songs has influenced countless great writers since ancient times. For example, the romantic spirit in the poems of Li Bai, a famous poet in the Tang Dynasty, obviously belongs to the inheritance and development of Qu Yuan's creative tradition. Mr. Lu Xun once praised Qu Yuan's Li Sao, saying that "Yi Weixiang's ci is outstanding" and "the influence on later articles is more than 300"
It can be seen that its influence is far-reaching. ?
Zhuangzi's prose created a romantic style, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of China literature. Song Yu's fu, Jia Yi's prose, Ruan Ji and Tao Yuanming's poems in Wei and Jin Dynasties, Li Bai, Su Shi and Wang Wei's poems, ci and fu in Tang and Song Dynasties, and Cao Xue in Qing Dynasty all have traces of Zhuangzi's romanticism. On the second occasion, Mr. Lu Xun once said: "More than 100,000 words written in books, fables and places of people are empty words without any factual basis, while Wang Yang's writing style is magnificent and elegant, and the works of various philosophers in the late Zhou Dynasty cannot be the first. "
In the pre-Qin literary world, the works of Zhuangzi and Qu Yuan are the pinnacle of prose and poetry. They are a giant stream in the ancient romantic torrent of China, and they have nurtured generations of Chinese sons and daughters!