After picking and sowing ginseng seeds, it takes 20 ~ 2 1 month to germinate and 8 ~ 9 months to accelerate germination. Because ginseng seeds have two processes: embryo post-ripening and physiological post-ripening, it needs certain temperature and humidity conditions to complete this process. Under field conditions, seeds were sown in 5 cm thick soil, the soil humidity was about 35%, and the soil temperature from sowing to seed cracking was about 17 ~ 18℃. At this time, the change of soil temperature from high to low can be roughly divided into three stages: the first stage is sowing to the visible point of seed embryo, and the average temperature is about 265438 0℃; In the second stage, from the visible point of embryo to 1/2 milk, the average ground temperature is about 17.4℃. In the third stage, the embryo accounts for 1/2 of the endosperm to crack. At this time, the endosperm continues to grow for one stage. After more than three months of low temperature (about 5℃), when the temperature rises to11.8 ~15.2℃ in spring, the germination rate can reach over 90% in about 20 days.
Fourth, cultivation techniques.
1. Choose a place where the environment for planting ginseng requires no flood, drought, wind disaster or freezing damage. To plant ginseng in farmland in plain areas, we should choose land with high terrain, loose and fertile soil, strong water retention and good drainage. Ginseng likes the soil in forest-rotting areas. If the content of soil organic matter is low, organic fertilizer should be added during soil preparation to make the soil fertile and close to forest humus. If ordinary farmland is used as cultivated land, the previous crops of corn, millet, beans and wheat are better; You can also sow corn and beans in spring and turn them into green manure in summer. Apply all 1/3 decomposed pig manure, decomposed leaves, green manure (soybean straw) and cake fertilizer, 1/3 peat. If the soil is tight, add an appropriate amount of fine sand and mix with 1/3 for three times. When mixing soil, apply 0.0 1 ~ 0.025 kg of calcium superphosphate per square meter to increase fertility, or apply 2.5 kg of pig manure, 1 kg of old house soil, 0.5 kg of bean cake and 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate per square meter, and mix them evenly with the border soil. To cultivate ginseng on the hillside, we should choose a gentle slope with a slope of 5 ~ 25 degrees and a high dryness, generally 20 ~ 30 degrees in the platform and mountainous area. The slope is too large, which is inconvenient to operate and easy to cause soil erosion. Soil with thick humus (about 1.3 cm) should be selected, and a certain amount of base fertilizer should be applied if conditions permit.
After selecting the mountain, the site will be treated. Clear the trees and stones out of the construction site, then cut down the shrubs and grass on the ground, spread them evenly on the ground to dry, make a fire around, choose a windless day, clean up the clearing, light a fire, and turn them all into red charcoal to put out the fire. It can be buried in the soil or watered with water to increase phosphorus and potassium fertilizer and kill underground pests. The ground temperature rises, accelerating decomposition.
There is a principle for planting ginseng in mountainous areas: "wear a hat, belt and boots" to prevent soil erosion. According to the steep slope, a dam is set aside to block the drainage. So determine the location of the drainage dam after burning the construction site. Generally, a pedal is set every 2000 ~ 4000 cm with a width of 100 cm, and the included angle between the slope of the pedal and the contour line of the mountain is 2 ~ 3 degrees, which is reserved as a tree column of the pedal and plays a fixed role. When turning the ground, the position of the fixed pedal does not turn over. Put the stone. It is difficult to find out sundries, etc. Make it into the shape of a dam to block and drain water.
Determine the direction of the competition: mainly use Fuyang and evening sunshine to avoid direct sunlight at noon. The trend of planting ginseng beds in mountainous areas is mostly due south. Due north, if things are affected by high mountains, it is better to be slightly west. On the north and south slopes, ridges can be built along the mountain. The east-west slope is not steep, so the rain can flow downstream. For extremely steep mountains, ridges can be built along the mountain. After the direction is determined, you can also nail a stake and sprinkle white ash as a mark. The reference general standard line is determined by compass or theodolite. Set up the instrument at one end of the ground, adjust the degree on the instrument to reach the required degree of the bed, find the position of the standard rod from the lens barrel to make it coincide with the compass crosshair, insert wooden stakes in the standard point and the compass weight, connect the two wooden stakes with a measuring rope, and sprinkle white ash along the measuring rope to form a baseline. The vertical lines starting from the two endpoints of the reference line are end lines. From both ends of the reference line, measure the width of the border line (the width of the border and the width of the working track) along the direction of the end line with a measuring rope or rod, and insert the reference. Connect two corresponding piles on the end line with a measuring line to form a midline parallel to the datum line. The area between the two series lines is the reference bed, and the length of the bed depends on the plot and terrain.
Soil preparation; Plough the land in the first year and use it in summer and autumn in the second year. Plow the land in July of the second year after sowing. In September, the transplanting site was ploughed 1.5 ~ 20cm deep. In places with inconvenient transportation, people planed the land, buckled it in the middle of the border with picks, shovels and shovels, piled it into ridges and weathered it. Dig out all the roots and fill the pit to prevent water accumulation. Crush the soil. Pile it in the middle of the frame, and pour the soil again before sowing or planting ginseng, so as to completely remove impurities such as gravel blocks and roots, and make the frame. In China, ginseng is planted with American ginseng, with multiple beds in one shed, width of 130 ~ 150 cm, distance between two beds of 50 cm and working channel width of 200 cm. One shed with two beds, bed width 130 ~ 150 cm, distance between adjacent beds 50 cm, working track width 200cm；; One shed and one frame, frame width 120 ~ 150 cm, working track width 150-200 cm, frame height 20 ~ 25 cm.
When choosing land, we should also determine the direction of the boundary. Ginseng should not be exposed to strong sunlight. After the shade shed is set up in the ginseng bed, ginseng seedlings should not be exposed to strong sunlight at noon in principle. The height of ginseng frame is 20-33cm; The width of the border shall be subject to the convenience of operation, generally100 ~130cm; The frame length is not limited, and the working track width is 130 ~ 300 cm, which should be based on keeping the operation convenient and ventilated. Ginseng is planted in high mountains. The traditional cultivation method of ginseng in China is in Changbai Mountain and Xing 'an Mountains. During the period of 1998, serious floods occurred in Northeast China and Jiangnan, which was directly related to deforestation. Pay attention to soil and water conservation when planting ginseng in mountainous areas in the future.
2. Propagation method Seed propagation, first seedling cultivation and then transplanting, mostly using artificial cultivation.
Seedling raising: there are spring sowing, summer sowing and autumn sowing. Spring sowing is in the middle of March, and autumn sowing is in the end of June at 5438+ 10. The seeds used can be planted after germination according to the specific situation, or they can be planted without treatment. When sowing in spring, seeds are sown after germination; Dry seeds can be sown every other year at the beginning of June (before the awning); Summer sowing can be carried out from late July to late August, and this method is often used at present. Seeds sown in autumn also need to germinate.
There are many ways to accelerate germination, so that seeds can complete the post-ripening stage of embryos and accelerate germination under suitable temperature and humidity conditions. Now introduce two methods as follows:
Soak the seeds in clear water for 48 hours to make them fully absorb water, take them out, mix them with twice the amount of wet sand (fine sand and humus, with a humidity of about 35%), put them in a pot, keep them moist at 18 ~ 20℃, and sow them after 2 ~ 3 months, when most of the seeds crack. If the seeds are not sown immediately, they should be frozen in a kiln or buried in outdoor soil in winter to inhibit the elongation of buds.
Accelerating germination outdoors: choose a site with high dryness and good drainage, dig a deep pit of 23 ~ 33 cm and put it into a bottomless wooden frame (or masonry frame). The size of the frame depends on the number of seeds. Mix the seeds with twice the amount of mixture (1/3 fine sand, 2/3 humus soil), pour them together with water, spread them on the ground, and then mix them with the seeds, and cover them with about 6 cm, which is practical. Cover it with a straw curtain in the evening and rainy days, open it in the sun in the daytime and sunny days, take out the mixture every 1 ~ 2 weeks, adjust the moisture, and then put it in the into the pit. After 2 ~ 3 months, the seeds will crack.
In areas with high temperature, direct seeding of dry seeds can be tried in early June, and after sowing, the embryo post-ripening stage can be completed, and seedlings will emerge in the following spring. In practice, seeds with imperfect germination treatment can emerge in the next year, although they do not emerge in that year. This is the truth.
Water sowing, that is, seeds collected in July and August, can be sown by washing pulp. You can also collect seeds, store them in wet sand one by one, and concentrate on sowing. In this way, the post-ripening stage of the seed embryo can be completed under natural conditions, and seedlings can emerge in the next spring.
Sowing methods include on-demand, drilling and broadcasting. Sowing is to press holes at a spacing of 3 cm and put 1 seed. This method makes ginseng seedlings grow evenly and saves seeds, but it takes a lot of labor. Sowing costs money and saves labor; Drilling is in between. At present, broadcasting is widely used. When sowing, scrape the border surface into a groove with a depth of 5-6 cm with a wooden board, sow, cover the original surface flat and keep the soil moist. If the seedlings emerge in the second year, they must be covered with a layer of grass and pressed for 3 ~ 6 cm. 0.03-0.05 kg of seeds per square meter,
Transplanting: Transplanting after the seedlings grow for 2-4 years, usually 3 years. If the soil fertility is not high, it can be transplanted again. It can be transplanted in spring and autumn. At present, ginseng seedlings have been cultivated in China for two years. First, the seedlings make full use of water, fertilizer and light in the soil, which is beneficial to the growth of ginseng seedlings. The survival rate of two-year-old ginseng seedlings is high, because the seedlings are small and easy to delay, and the reproductive growth period is increased by one year, which is beneficial to the weight gain of ginseng roots. Autumn sowing is generally adopted, and autumn sowing is carried out at 10. Take out the seedlings on the first day of planting ginseng, as many kinds as possible, report them far away, and pack them with moss. Choose ginseng seedlings with big buds, full flesh, complete reed heads and complete health. Disinfect ginseng seedlings, soak them in 150 unit of antimycin and 120 times of Bordeaux solution for 5 ~ 10 minutes, take them out and transplant them without soaking buds. In order to facilitate field management, seedlings are divided into three to seven grades according to their size, and generally divided into three grades. Ginseng seedlings should be covered tightly with white cloth to prevent wind and sun. Use a scraper (length 26 cm, width 16 cm, thin blade below, comb-shaped back) to level the furrow where ginseng is planted, and the bottom of the furrow should be flat or inclined. Put the reed heads of ginseng seedlings evenly on the edge of the border, cover the soil with a scraper, press the ginseng together with the ginseng, and then cover the soil. The last row of seeds should be planted upside down, that is, the reed head is facing the end of the frame, and the ginseng must be facing it. After planting, rake the border surface to make the middle of the border surface slightly higher, so as to drain water and cover the residual leaves of plant straw, and cover the soil for 3-6 cm. The row spacing, number of seedlings and coverage depth of transplanted plants should be different according to the size of seedlings.
3. After the field management soil is thawed, the cold-proof grass is pulled out before bud germination, and raked into the deep soil at one time, and the depth does not hurt the roots. After that, loosen the soil shallowly, 3 ~ 4 times a year. After removing the cold-proof materials, it is necessary to disinfect the border surface with chemicals in time, which is an effective measure to protect seedlings, prevent diseases and increase production. Especially in transplanting areas and plots with serious diseases, before putting cold-proof materials and after putting down cold-proof workers, apply 50% carbendazim 1000 times solution, 1% copper sulfate 1000 ml/L, 500 times solution from polyoxin or zineb and mancozeb1000 times solution to the bed surface. The dosage is bed surface 1 ~ 2 cm, then the soil is loosened and the liquid medicine penetrates into the soil. The top medicinal materials of ginseng are unearthed, which have the functions of sterilization, seedling protection and disease prevention. After loosening the soil for the first time, a shade shed was set up when the seedlings emerged or did not emerge. The eaves height in front of the shed is 100 ~ 130 cm, and the eaves height behind the shed is 66 ~ 100 cm. The difference is called mouth opening, which is generally 26 ~ 33 cm. Cover with straw curtains, reed curtains and wooden boards, and reeds can also be used. Trees and other materials are woven into a simple curtain, which can transmit light and leak rain. The curtain width is 200 ~ 250 cm, and the light transmittance is about 30%. You can use a double-transparent large flat shed, which means it can transmit light and prevent rain. After people participate in the exhibition, cover 3 ~ 5 cm leaves on the edge of the simple market to keep soil moisture, prevent soil hardening and rain erosion, and reduce diseases.
Water the soil properly when it is dry, especially when planting ginseng in farmland in areas with little rainfall. Loosen the soil after watering to prevent water accumulation in rainy season.
In addition to the reserved land, other plots should be pinched off at the germination stage to increase the reported output. Pinch method: hold the stem of ginseng with your left hand and pinch it with your right hand. Never pull or pull hard to avoid damaging the plant. Concentrate and dry the pinched buds to make ginseng tea, ginseng flower essence or extract saponins. Usually only five-year-old seeds are left.
In hot summer, broadleaf branches should be planted on the front and back eaves of the boundary to block the direct sunlight and prevent the ginseng leaves from dying prematurely. It is better to plant a row of corn after simple curtain planting, and it can also play a role in shading. Ginseng is super luminescent. It is a four-or five-year-old seedling that grows outside the border. The plant is large and has strong phototropism, so it should be cultivated at the root to prevent strong wind, rain and lodging. You can also pull the wire to prevent it from falling out.
Autumn ginseng management: from late July to early August, the fruit gradually matures. Collect it in two times. When the fruit is red, sow or cut off the pedicel, remove the diseased seeds and pedicels, rub off the pulp, wash the seeds with clear water, remove the pulp and shriveled seeds, take out the full seeds that have sunk to the bottom of the water, and put them on the table to dry or dry in the shade. When the water content of seeds drops to about 65,438+05%, collect them. Mix it with sand, put it in a certain container and bury it in a cool place to prevent it from raining and getting wet. Take it out in the second year to accelerate germination, or sow it directly without sand storage. After ginseng withers in autumn, the border is covered with grass for the winter, and the curtain can be removed or not.
Winter field management:
(1) After it snows and removes snow in winter, it is generally necessary to dismantle or open the board shed and curtain shed, so that the snowfall in winter falls on the border, which plays the role of cold protection and heat preservation. In winter, when there is little snow in the border area, it is necessary to sweep the snow manually, especially for the reference border surface without dismantling the shed. It is necessary to cover the boundary with snow pinch on the working track, and the thickness is above 15cm.
Frozen or thawed from late autumn to spring, the snow falling to the border melts into snow water and easily penetrates into the border, making ginseng sick, rotten buds, rotten roots and broken stomachs. This snow must be cleared in time. When the thickness of snow reaches more than 10 cm, the canopy without curtain is easy to be crushed and should be removed in time.
(2) Prevent peach blossom water from starting to melt in March and April every year. Because the drainage ditch is not well dug or blocked, the snow water can't flow out, and the stagnant water is immersed in the border where the water is cut off, and the ginseng border is easily washed away or overflowed from the border where the water flows, so the ginseng in the affected area is prone to disease, bud rot and root rot, so preventive work should be done. When the ice and snow melt, send someone to check, dredge the water storage place and draw peach blossom water.
(3) Prevent the temperature from changing greatly in early winter and early spring, especially in sunny slopes and tuyeres. If it is not thawed, it will freeze at night. Once it freezes, it is easy to cause the root of ginseng to suffer from thawing freezing injury, commonly known as thawing freezing injury, which should not be taken lightly. Therefore, when applying cold-proof soil or cold-proof materials, it must meet the standards, and when cleaning the drainage ditch, add more soil or water to the boundary.
4. Pest control
(1) Rice sheath blight, also known as soil pinching disease, is caused by a semi-unknown fungus. The disease mainly occurs in the stage of emergence and leaf development, and ginseng 1 to 3 years is seriously ill. The stems of injured ginseng seedlings at the junction of dry and wet under the soil surface were brown and collapsed, and the seedlings collapsed and died.
Control methods: ① Before sowing, fumigate the soil with 80 ~ 65,438+0.20 ml chloropicrin per square meter. When making the bed, apply 0.0 1 ~ 0.0 15 kg of 50% carbendazim wettable powder per square meter, mix it into the soil layer 3-5 cm deep for soil disinfection, and then sow. If mixed with Dixon or metalaxyl, it can also treat membrane rupture caused by pythium. Or evenly mix 0.4-0.8kg of 50% thiram wettable powder and 0.4-0.7kg of 70% tujunxiao wettable powder per/kloc-0.00kg of seeds, or seed dressing with 0.5kg of 40% thiram wettable powder. (2) The diseased plants found in the seedbed should be pulled out in time, and the bed surface should be watered with the above chemicals to prevent the spread.
(2) The pathogen of spot disease is a semi-unknown fungus. The disease mainly harms leaves, stems and fruits, and can also be harmful when red is ripe. The leaves produce irregular or nearly round brown spots, and in severe cases, the leaves fall off early. The red ripe fruit turns black and shrinks after being damaged, and the seeds also turn black to varying degrees.
Prevention and control methods: ① Do a good job in clearing the garden and remove and burn pathogens in time. ② polyoxin 100 ~ 200 units should be used at the initial stage of foliar spraying. After foliar spraying, especially in rainy season, it can be changed to spraying1:120 bordeaux solution, 50% chlorpheniramine 500 ~ 800 times solution or midazolam 400 times solution alternately. (3) For the seriously ill plots, the operation channels and ginseng supports of ginseng beds should be thoroughly disinfected with 100 unit polyoxin or 1% copper sulfate solution.
(3) Plague, also known as "tying towels", is caused by a fungus similar to algae. The disease mainly harms leaves and roots. The diseased leaves are dark green and soaked with water. After the root is damaged, it is light yellow-brown soft rot, the root bark is easy to peel off, and the internal tissue is yellow-brown and irregular. The rainy season is more serious.
Prevention and control methods; Unplug the diseased plant in the center immediately, and disinfect the diseased site and the surrounding soil with the mixed solution of copper and ammonia: (1:1500), 1% copper sulfate or 70% dixone 500 times solution to prevent the spread. Strengthen field management and timely drainage in rainy season. Spraying 1: 1: 120 bordeaux solution, 40% ethyl aluminum phosphate 300 times solution or 58% metalaxyl manganese zinc 1000 times solution or spraying on the middle and lower parts of plants and soil surface, preferably after heavy rain, for 7 ~ 10.
(4) Rust rot is a fungus. The disease mainly harms roots and buds, and can also harm the base of stems. The diseased spots on the roots are rusty red and gradually expand, causing root rot.
Prevention and control methods: strengthen cultivation management, select disease-free plants to cut ginseng to avoid wounds. Soak the seeds with 200ml/L10min, or with 500 times solution of 5% carbendazim15min, and use carbendazim 0.01-0.5kg per square meter before planting. Drainage in time in rainy season, timely removal of dead diseased plants, and treatment of diseased spots with lime. At onset, 500 times solution of 50% carbendazim or 50% thiophanate-methyl was used to wash the diseased points. Rotation with gramineous crops has a certain preventive effect.
(5) The pathogen of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is ascomycetes in fungi. The disease harms the roots, and only the epidermis is left after the damaged roots rot, and there are brown rat dung sclerotia inside and outside.
Control method: seed dressing with 50% prochloraz or chlorpheniramine wettable powder, 0. 1% ~ 0.3% of seed weight, or watering with 500 times of the above chemicals and 40% sclerotium net. If the diseased plant is found, it should be pulled out in time and disinfected with quicklime or 1%-5% lime milk.
(6) Root rot fungus is a semi-unknown fungus. The disease harms the roots, and the damaged roots are gray-black and wet rot.
Prevention and control methods: timely drainage in rainy season to avoid excessive humidity. When planting, 50% carbendazim, 70% tebuconazole or 50% thiram are used to treat the soil per square meter, and 500 times of the above drugs are used in the onset period, which also has control effect.
(7) grubs, also known as "white silkworms", belong to Coleoptera Scarabaeidae. Damage to larvae, biting off ginseng seedlings or eating ginseng roots, resulting in broken seedlings and hollow roots, and the circumstances are serious. It often appears in the rhizosphere or nearby 3 ~ 6 cm during the day.
(8) The ground tiger, also known as "ground silkworm" and "black silkworm", belongs to Lepidoptera Noctuidae, mainly including the little tiger and the little yellow tiger. Hurt the larvae and bite off the roots. Baida is often found in the rhizosphere or near the surface of damaged plants.
(9) Gryllotalpa, also known as "local dog" and "Lara Gryllotalpa", belongs to Orthoptera Gryllotalpa, mainly including North China Gryllotalpa and African Gryllotalpa. Adults or nymphs bite off seedlings and tunnel in the soil, and the injured seedlings are often hemp-like.
(10) Flammulina velutipes, also known as kowtowing insects, belongs to COLEOPTERA, and there are mainly two kinds of Flammulina velutipes and Flammulina velutipes. Destroy the roots of seedlings with larvae.
The control methods of the above four underground pests are basically the same:
① Manure should be fully decomposed, and it is best to use high-temperature compost.
② Light traps and kills adults. Trap and kill in the field with black lights, lanterns or electric lights. Put a container for insects under the lights, put a proper amount of water in it, and soak a little kerosene in the water.
③ Seed dressing with 75% phoxim EC according to the seed amount of 0. 1%.
④ During the field occurrence period, 90% trichlorfon 1000 times solution or 700% times solution of 75% phoxim EC was used for irrigation.
⑤ Poison bait trapping and killing. Stir-fry 25 grams of chlorine breast milk oil with 5 kilograms, add appropriate amount of water to make poison bait, and scatter it in the field or bed at night to trap and kill.
It is very important to keep healthy in spring. When choosing the right method, choose according to the characteristics of spring to ensure good health. Let me i