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Analysis:
Vitamin e (tocopherol)
Lin Fanshun 1999/9/26
[Introduction]
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol or pregnancy-induced phenol, exists in edible oil, fruits, vegetables and grains. 1988 was successfully synthesized, and now there are tablets, injections, suppositories and other dosage forms.
As the name implies, vitamin E, also known as tocopherol or pregnancy-induced phenol, can maintain the normal function of reproductive organs, have a good influence on the metabolism of the body, increase the weight of the ovary, promote its function, promote follicular maturation, enlarge the corpus luteum, and inhibit the oxidation of progesterone in the whole body, thus increasing the role of progesterone. In addition, vitamin E has adjuvant therapeutic effects on menorrhagia, vulvar pruritus, leg spasm at night, hemorrhoids, etc. In recent years, vitamin E has been widely used in anti-aging, which can eliminate the deposition of lipofuscin in cells, improve the normal function of cells and slow down the aging process of tissues and cells.
In view of so many functions of vitamin E, some media have greatly "marveled" at the product, and even unilaterally exaggerated the beneficial effects that large doses of vitamin E may play in the body, leading to the phenomenon of vitamin E fever and indiscriminate eating of vitamin E in the market.
Fat solubility;
Stored in liver, adipose tissue, heart, muscle, testis, uterus, blood, accessory kidney, pituitary gland, etc.
It used to be measured by weight, but now considering the function of living things, its measurement is measured by IU (International Unit). One international unit of vitamin E is equal to 1 mg of vitamin E;
It is composed of eight compounds called tocopherols, namely α-,β-,γ-,δ-,ε-,zeta-and θ, among which α-tocopherol has the strongest effect;
The enemy of vitamin e
High temperature, oxygen, sub-zero temperature, food processing, iron, chlorine and mineral oil.
Discover history
Vitamin E was discovered as early as 1920s. Its crystal was isolated in 1936 and synthesized by Swiss chemists in 1938.
biochemical reaction
General function
Vitamin E has a strong antioxidant effect, which can prevent the oxidation of fatty compounds, vitamin A, selenium (Se), two sulfur-containing amino acids and vitamin C.
Improve the effect of vitamin a;
Vitamin E is an important vasodilator and anticoagulant.
Adding 25mcg selenium to 200IU of vitamin E can improve the efficacy of vitamin E.
efficiency
Delaying the aging of cells due to oxidation and maintaining a young face;
Provide oxygen to your body to make you last longer;
Together with vitamin A, it can resist air pollution and protect the lungs;
Prevent blood coagulation;
Reduce fatigue;
It is an external medicine (which can be absorbed through the skin) and an internal medicine for local trauma, which can prevent scars;
Accelerate the recovery of burns;
Lowering blood pressure through diuretics;
Prevention of abortion;
Helps to relieve leg cramps and stiff hands and feet;
Reduce the chance of ischemic heart disease.
normal requirement
[Normal human needs]
The recommended daily intake for adults is 8 ~10iu;
60% ~ 70% of daily intake will be excreted with excrement. Different from other fat-soluble vitamins, vitamin E has a short storage time in human body, which is the same as vitamins B and C;
Medical experts believe that the common oral dose of vitamin E should be 10 to 100 mg each time, 1 3 times a day. Large dose means more than 400 mg per day, and long-term use means continuous use for more than 6 months. Vitamin E contained in the general diet can fully meet the needs of the human body. Therefore, it is not only unnecessary for the elderly to take vitamin E for a long time, but also unsafe and has side effects.
Too much
[overreaction]
Is taking a large dose of vitamin E really beneficial and harmless? Robert, an American medical expert, suggested that taking large doses of vitamin E for a long time would cause various diseases. Among them, thrombophlebitis or pulmonary embolism, or both occur at the same time, because large doses of vitamin E can cause platelet aggregation and formation; When blood pressure rises, blood pressure can be reduced or returned to normal after drug withdrawal; * * * Hypertrophy can occur in both men and women; Headache, dizziness, dizziness, blurred vision, muscle weakness; Chapped skin, cheilitis, angular stomatitis, urticaria; Symptoms of diabetes or angina pectoris are obviously aggravated; Hormone metabolism disorder, prothrombin reduction; Blood cholesterol and triglyceride levels increased; Platelets increase, vitality increases, and immune function decreases.
Vitamin e poisoning
Adults take relatively large doses of vitamin E(D-α- tocopherol 400~800mg/d) for several years without obvious damage. Those who take 800~3200mg/d occasionally have muscle weakness, fatigue, vomiting and diarrhea. The most obvious toxic effect of vitamin E > 1000 mg/d is to antagonize and enhance the effect of vitamin K.
lack
Vitamin e deficiency
Red blood cell destruction, muscle degeneration, anemia, reproductive dysfunction.
food source
Foods rich in vitamin e
Malt, soybean, vegetable oil, nuts, Brussels sprouts, green leafy vegetables, spinach, nutritious flour, whole wheat, unrefined cereal products, eggs.
Nutritional supplements
Both fat-soluble capsules and water-soluble tablets are acceptable.
Generally sell 100 ~ 1500 IU of vitamin e. Water-soluble vitamin E is suitable for people who don't eat greasy food or people who eat greasy food will cause skin lesions, especially middle-aged people over 40 years old.
The average daily intake is 200 ~ 1200 IU.
medicine
famous brand
Store knowledge
taboo
Drug combination
Inorganic iron (ferrous sulfate) can destroy vitamin E, so it cannot be taken at the same time. If you take a nutritional supplement containing a small amount of ferrous sulfate and take vitamin E at the same time, it must be 8 hours apart;
Special purpose
People whose diets are rich in polyunsaturated fats (vegetable oil and fish oil) must take more vitamin E;
Organic iron such as ferrous gluconate, peptone, citrate and fumarate will not destroy vitamin E;
People who drink tap water poisoned by chlordecone must take more vitamin E;
Women who take birth control pills, hormones or during pregnancy and lactation must take more vitamin E;
To increase the intake of vitamin E in menopausal women, it is recommended to take tocopherol, 400 ~ 1200 IU per day.
Vitamin e will not reduce the incidence of heart disease.
? A recent study in Canada found that taking vitamin E does not reduce the incidence of heart disease. If you take vitamin E every day for 4 to 6 years, the risk of myocardial infarction, stroke or death from heart disease is not lower than that of people who take placebo every day.
Vitamin E is a low oxidation antioxidant. Oxidation is a natural reaction related to aging and diseases, including arteriosclerosis. In the recent research experiment, the researchers randomly divided the subjects over 55 into two groups, one group took vitamin E supplement containing 400 international units, and the other group took placebo. Each subject had heart disease or diabetes, or at least one risk factor for myocardial infarction or stroke. Through research, it is found that after 46 years, there is no difference in test results. The number of people who suffered from myocardial infarction or stroke was similar between the two groups, and the number of people who died of cardiovascular diseases was roughly the same. This proves that although no side effects are found, taking vitamin E will not offset the negative effects of smoking, eating fatty foods and other unhealthy lifestyles.
Drug Name: Vitamin E Alias: Tocopherol Classification: Vitamins and minerals in internal medicine of Western medicine Main ingredients: Function: It has antioxidant effect. It can enhance skin capillary resistance, maintain normal permeability, improve blood circulation, regulate fertility function and resist aging. Used for coronary heart disease, arteriosclerosis, habitual abortion, muscular dystrophy, muscle spasm, scleredema neonatorum, lupus erythematosus, dermatomyositis, scleroderma, nodular vasculitis, etc. Dosage form: capsule: 5mg,10mg,100mg. Injection: each tablet 1 ml contains 5mg and 50mg. Oral: 10 ~ 100 mg each time, three times a day. Intramuscular injection: adult 10 ~ 100 mg twice a day. Adverse reactions: nausea, headache and dizziness may occur when large doses are taken orally. Long-term use will produce menorrhagia or amenorrhea. Note: Not suitable for use with sucralfate and mineral oil. In over-the-counter drugs, rubber pills are used. Vitamin e vitamin e
(Character and stability) Vitamin E is a yellow transparent viscous liquid; It is odorless, turns black when exposed to light, is sensitive to oxygen and is easy to be oxidized, so it can protect other oxidizable substances (such as unsaturated fatty acids and vitamin A) in the body, and will slowly oxidize and deteriorate when exposed to air or ultraviolet rays.
(In vivo process) Tocopherol can be absorbed by intestinal tract after oral administration (bile salt is required), for example, 2 grams is taken orally once, and the absorption rate is 55%. After lymphatic absorption, it reaches the blood in the form of chylomicrons, and then binds with plasma β-lipoprotein, and the binding amount is about 74% of plasma concentration. The plasma concentration of normal adults is about1.05 0.32 mg, which is distributed in various tissues after absorption, with the highest content in pituitary, adrenal gland and testis, and the lower content in thymus and uterus. Vitamin E is distributed in mitochondria and microsomes of these tissues and organs. It can be oxidized to reproductive quinone in tissues, and then reduced to β-reproductive hydroquinone, which combines with glucuronic acid in the liver, mainly secreted into the intestine through bile, and excreted in feces, but rarely excreted in urine.
(Drug action) (1) Anti-free radical: Free radical is an active group widely existing in various chemical reactions and plays an important role in normal physiological metabolism of human body. If excessive free radicals lead to free radical chain reaction, it will lead to lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in cell membrane, and a large number of newly produced lipid peroxides will damage protein and nucleic acids in cell membrane and cells, thus causing damage to the body. The anti-free radical effect of vitamin E is due to the fact that the free radical itself is a derivative of benzopyran, the benzene ring has active hydroxyl, which is reducing, and then there is saturated side chain on the five-carbon ring, which determines that vitamin E is reducing and lipophilic. When free radicals enter the lipid phase and have a chain reaction, vitamin E plays a role in capturing free radicals. Vitamin e has a highly effective anti-free radical lipid peroxidation effect.
(2) Vitamin E and anti-aging: It has been studied for decades, and there are different opinions at present. Generally speaking, vitamin E has little effect on the longest life span of population aging, but it can prolong the average life span, so the anti-aging effect of vitamin E is only a health care function.
(3) Vitamin E and immunity: the lack of vitamin E has an impact on the immune function of human beings or animals, which not only reduces the body immunity, but also has a great impact on the cellular immunity.
(4) Vitamin E and cardiovascular diseases: A large intake of vitamin E can reduce the incidence of atherosclerosis, which may be related to the fact that vitamin E can hinder the "foaming" of arterial endothelial cells and balance the cholesterol metabolism of endothelial cells.
(5) Study on vitamin E and liver: In 1980s, it was clarified that vitamin E was one of the important protective factors for hepatocyte growth. American scholars have found that one of the last ways of liver cell death is the depletion of vitamin E in liver cells, and its mechanism is different from that of calcium ion, but it uses the form of phase itself in cells to play its role as a cytoprotective factor. Vitamin E has a protective effect on acute liver injury and a delaying effect on chronic liver fibrosis.
(6) Vitamin E and skin: Vitamin E itself is a good antioxidant, which can enter skin cells and has a chain reaction against free radicals. Theoretically, it is superior to superoxide dismutase (SOD) and can be used to prevent skin keratinization.
There are many manifestations of vitamin E deficiency, but it is most important for reproductive, muscular, cardiovascular and hematopoietic systems.
Reproductive system: The long-term lack of vitamin E in male rats leads to the degeneration of epithelial cells, resulting in irreversible infertility. In female mice with vitamin E deficiency, the pregnancy was terminated at about 10, when the fetal mouse died.
Muscular system: Many animals will suffer from muscular dystrophy after eating vitamin E-deficient feed. But there is no evidence that vitamin E is deficient in human muscular dystrophy.
Cardiovascular system: Skeletal muscle injury caused by vitamin E deficiency is also obvious in the myocardium of some animals. Although the heart is usually slightly involved, it is rare, but sometimes myocardial damage will be accompanied by ECG changes, pathological changes, and even heart failure.
Hematopoietic system: Vitamin E deficiency is related to anemia. When anemia in some patients cannot be treated with conventional drugs, large doses of vitamin E can be effectively treated.
As an over-the-counter drug, vitamin E is considered as a nutritional supplement and can be used as a therapeutic agent to treat various diseases caused by free radical damage. Commonly used in habitual abortion, threatened abortion, infertility and menopausal disorders, progressive muscular dystrophy and so on.
(Adverse reactions and precautions) Vitamin E is relatively nontoxic at a certain dose. Long-term large dose (400-800 mg a day) can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, headache, blurred vision, chapped skin, cheilitis, angular stomatitis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, diarrhea, mammary gland enlargement, fatigue and weakness.
Overdose (daily dose >; 800 mg), coagulation time was prolonged, endocrine metabolism (thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal gland) and immune mechanism were changed in some patients. Women can cause menorrhagia, amenorrhea and sexual dysfunction. And may lead to the risk of thrombophlebitis or embolism.
(Drug Interaction) (1) Vitamin E can promote the absorption, utilization and liver storage of vitamin A, and prevent vitamin A from hyperemia.
(2) Vitamin E metabolite can antagonize vitamin K and reduce blood coagulation, so it should be avoided to take it together with dicoumarin and its derivatives.
(3) Drugs that reduce or affect fat absorption, such as sphingosine and neomycin. Drugs such as sucralfate and mineral sugar oil will interfere with the absorption of vitamin E.
(4) Iron deficiency anemia, when iron is supplemented, the demand for vitamin E increases.
(5) Oral contraceptives can accelerate vitamin E metabolism and lead to vitamin E deficiency.
(6) Vitamin E can enhance the cardiotonic effect of digitalis and the anticoagulant effect of warfarin.
(7) When estrogen and vitamin E are used together, if the dosage is large and the course of treatment is long, it can induce thrombophlebitis.
(Usage and dosage) Oral. The conventional dosage of OTC drugs is 5- 10 mg once, three times a day; The larger dose is 50- 100 mg once, three times a day, and if it exceeds 400 mg a day, please see a doctor. External use: 2% cream, 1-2 times, daily 1 time.
The function of vitamin E is to start from the inside, help the skin become strong, have the resistance that is not easy to be hurt, and the skin naturally looks beautiful. Vitamin E can help the skin resist stress, especially in the urban environment, which is damaged by dirty air, exhaust gas and smoke every day. The pressure from life, work and schoolwork often makes the skin unable to maintain normal work and rest time. Internal troubles and foreign invasion will also accelerate the pace of aging, so vitamin E is a good partner if you want to stay young forever.
Skin-beautifying effect of vitamin E
Free radical scavenging skin is naturally healthy. The most powerful ability of vitamin E is to neutralize free radicals, eliminate free radicals caused by sun exposure, pollution and stress, and protect skin tissues. Can take care of the roots of the skin, so that the skin will not appear fine lines and slack prematurely. It can also promote the microvascular circulation of the skin, make the blood in the skin bright and clean forever, and make the face look naturally rosy and full of vitality.
How to preserve vitamin E in skin care products
Transport to the inner layer of skin by means of transport such as microparticle molecules. Because of its high stability, it is not easy to be damaged by the external environment. Therefore, it can be simply added to skin care products without worrying about deterioration or ineffectiveness caused by instability.
Factors affecting vitamin e
Vitamin e is only afraid of high temperature environment, and other things like light and water are not too big a threat to it, so as long as you don't put skin care products in direct light, there is basically no problem.
Which foods contain vitamin e
Wheat germ, beans, spinach, eggs and Chinese cabbage are all rich in vitamin E. If you want to supplement more vitamin E, eating it will be better than rubbing it. Because the effect of releasing vitamin e through skin intake is still limited. Eating vitamin E food or nutritional supplements can resist oxidation from the inside out, and achieve the purpose of delaying aging from the inside of the body to the appearance of the skin.
In the past two years, vitamins have really caused a sensation in the beauty industry. The beauty of eating goods is popular in Europe and America; And cosmetic companies have increased the proportion of vitamins in skin care products. Studies have found that many vitamins are closely related to the health of skin and hair. By direct application, it can directly act on the skin where it is needed.
Vitamin E can reduce the risk of diabetic complications//Sina Science and Technology 2000/07/ 13 10: 04
American researchers have found that taking vitamin E in diabetic patients can reduce the risk of heart disease and stroke. A study by the University of Texas found that vitamin E can help patients with type II diabetes reduce the risk of complications.
Patients with type 2 diabetes don't need to inject insulin every day like patients with type/kloc-0 diabetes. The main way for them to keep healthy is to control their diet, but the main cause of death for these people is myocardial infarction or stroke. Irregularity and inflammation of blood cells are factors that promote patients with type II diabetes to have greater risk of complications. Through research, it is found that this kind of blood cell inflammation can be corrected by taking vitamin E. During the three-month course of treatment, doctors give diabetic patients 1200 international units of vitamin E every day. At the end of this course of treatment, vitamins successfully reduced inflammation in blood cells. Researchers believe that this discovery is helpful to overcome vascular diseases in diabetic patients. (small powder)
Research shows that healthy people don't need to supplement vitamin E// Sina 20065438+0/03/0717: 21xinhuanet.
BEIJING, March 7 (Xinhua) According to Chicago news, some healthy adults often take vitamin E supplements, hoping to prevent cancer and Alzheimer's disease. However, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania recently reported that taking vitamin E supplements has no special effect.
The researchers published their findings in the latest issue of Journal of American Medical Association. In the study, they observed 30 respondents, one of whom took vitamin E supplements every day for 8 weeks, and the other took a placebo.
The researchers measured the role of vitamin E in preventing lipid peroxidation in the body. It was found that vitamin E supplement did not produce antioxidant effect. The degree of lipid peroxidation is an index to measure the oxidative stress of cells and tissues in vivo. If the stress is too high, it usually leads to heart disease, cancer and Alzheimer's disease.
According to the research report, the daily diet of westerners already contains vitamin E needed by the human body, and taking vitamin E supplements has not produced special effects. (End)
What are the main physiological functions of vitamin E and its deficiency?
Vitamin E, also known as tocopherol, is a fat-soluble organic compound. At present, eight compounds are known to have similar physiological functions.
The most prominent chemical property of vitamin E is antioxidation, which can enhance the antioxidant capacity of cells and maintain the integrity of various cell membranes. Participate in various metabolic processes of some cells and tissues in the whole; Maintain the activity and receptor of membrane-bound enzyme. Some people think that vitamin E has many important physiological functions. For example: anti-aging, anti-coagulation, enhancing immunity, improving peripheral blood circulation, preventing arteriosclerosis, and maintaining the integrity of red blood cells, white blood cells, brain cells and epithelial cells, thus maintaining the normal functions of muscles, neurovascular and hematopoietic systems. It is also found that vitamin E has physiological effects similar to ginseng, such as protecting gastric ulcer; Can promote the synthesis of DNA and protein; Prolong the life of red blood cells; Enhance disease-free activities; Delaying the aging of blood vessels and tissues remains to be studied.
Long-term lack of vitamin E can lead to giant cell hemolytic anemia, and the content of vitamin E in patients' blood decreases. The dietary supply of vitamin E is not stipulated in China, but it is stipulated in the United States as 12 ~ 15 international units per person per day.