The ancient tea-horse road [1] originated from the tea-horse exchange between the southwest frontier and the northwest frontier in ancient times, and flourished in the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ming and Qing Dynasties and the middle and late World War II.
The ancient tea-horse road is divided into Sichuan-Tibet and Yunnan-Tibet, connecting Sichuan-Yunnan-Tibet, and extending to Bhutan, Nepal and India (this is the ancient tea-horse road in Yunnan and Vietnam) until the Red Sea coast of West Asia and West Africa.
background
There are three ancient tea-horse roads in China:
The first is the Shaanxi-Gansu Tea-Horse Ancient Road, which is the main road for Chinese mainland tea to return to Malaysia westward.
Second, the ancient tea-horse road in Shaanxi, Kangzang (ancient road), was mainly opened by Shaanxi people;
The third ancient tea-horse road in Yunnan and Tibet.
[3]
The Shaanxi-Gansu tea-horse ancient road is one of the main routes of the ancient Silk Road.
The main means of transportation is camel.
Tea horse refers to selling tea to horses (tea and horses here are commodities).
The ancient tea-horse road in Shaanxi, Kang and Tibet-the ancient road [4] began in the Tang Dynasty and was formed by the exchanges between Shaanxi businessmen and tea-horses in the ancient southwest frontier.
During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the government controlled the sale of tea and divided different regions. The most prosperous tea-horse trading market is in Kangding, which is called the ancient tea-horse road. Therefore, Kangzang, the ancient tea-horse road in Shaanxi, was able to sell tea all over the country at that time.
The Sichuan-Tibet tea-horse ancient road is a part of the Shaanxi-Kangcha-horse ancient road. It starts from Ya 'an in the east, the tea-producing area in Yazhou, passes through Arrow Furnace (now Kangding), reaches Lhasa in Tibet in the west, and finally reaches Bhutan, Nepal and India. It has a total length of nearly 4,000 kilometers and a history of over 1300 years. With profound historical accumulation and cultural heritage, it is an indispensable bridge and link between ancient Tibet and the mainland.
The ancient tea-horse road in Yunnan and Tibet was formed in the late 6th century. It started in Yiwu and Pu 'er, the main tea-producing areas in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan Province, and passed through today's Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture, Lijiang City and Shangri-La, then entered Tibet and went straight to Lhasa.
Some also re-exported India and Nepal from Tibet, which was an important trade channel between ancient China and South Asia.
Pu 'er is a unique commodity producing area and transit distribution center on the ancient tea-horse road with a long history.
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The ancient tea-horse road is a link between politics and economy.
It has promoted the reunification of Tibet and the motherland and the inseparable close relationship between the people of Tibet and China.
Through this ancient road, people in Tibetan areas not only got tea and other products produced in the mainland, but also made up for the shortage of Tibetan areas and met the needs of Tibetans.
Moreover, Tibetan areas that have been in a relatively closed environment for a long time have opened the door and introduced various local products from Tibetan areas into the mainland.
Establish lasting complementary and mutually beneficial economic relations.
This complementary relationship makes the Tibetan and Han nationalities form a pattern of economic interdependence and interdependence.
This further promoted the unification of Tibetan areas with the motherland and the unity of Tibetan and Han nationalities.
Historically, although the Song and Ming Dynasties did not station a single soldier in Tibetan areas, they always maintained an inseparable relationship with Tibetan areas, which led to the submission and unity of various ministries in Tibetan areas.
Among them, the ancient tea-horse road played the most important role.
economic development
The ancient tea-horse road promoted the social and economic development of Tibetan areas.
Along this road, along with the exchange of tea and horses, not only a large number of industrial and agricultural products from the mainland were introduced into Tibetan areas, enriching the material life of Tibetan areas, but also advanced technologies, crafts and skilled craftsmen from the mainland entered Tibetan areas, which promoted the economic development of Tibetan areas.
For example, due to the need of tea transportation, tannery technology was introduced into Tibetan areas from the mainland, which developed the leather processing industry in Tibetan areas; For another example, due to the development of commercial trade, a large number of mainland technicians and technicians such as gold panning, vegetable planting, construction and gold and silver processing have been imported through this channel, which has promoted the development of farming technology, gold mining technology and handicrafts in Tibetan areas.
At the same time, due to the expansion of traded commodities, Chinese caterpillar fungus, Fritillaria, rhubarb, Gentiana macrophylla and other medicinal materials in Tibetan areas have been developed, which has also promoted the production of mats, junipers and ethnic handicrafts and made great progress.
According to statistics, Sichuan produced 30 million Jin of tea in the Song Dynasty, half of which was transported to Tibetan areas via the ancient tea-horse road.
In the Ming Dynasty, there were 30,000 kinds of Sichuan tea traded through Liya and Diaomen ports, accounting for more than 80% of all Sichuan tea.
In the Qing Dynasty, Sichuan tea leaves passed through the arrow furnace reached more than140,000 Jin every year.
At the same time, a large number of Tibetan native products are also exported through this road.
According to the statistics of 1934, there are 4,000 Jin of musk, 30,000 Jin of cordyceps sinensis, 5.5 million Jin of wool and more than 60,000 pieces of juniper. It was transported from Kangding to the mainland, with a value of more than 4 million yuan.
It can be seen that the scale of Sino-Tibetan trade is large.
Driven by this kind of trade, business activities in Tibetan areas have sprung up rapidly, and a number of well-known Tibetan businessmen have emerged, such as "Bangda Cang", "Sanduo Cang" and "Risheng Cang".
Used herein as a trade name); A special economic institution-Guo Zhuang, which integrates inns, shops and intermediaries, came into being.
Kangba is located in the center of this avenue. Affected by this environment, it first changed the concept of attaching importance to agriculture and neglecting business, and developed the habit of doing business.
Kangba businessmen are famous for their shrewdness and ability.
The rise of Tibetan areas
It promoted the rise and development of towns in Tibetan areas.
In the long-term commercial activities, many trading markets, backpackers, commercial centers and accommodation points on the ancient tea-horse road have gradually formed towns for residents to live in.
It has promoted the urbanization development of Tibetan society.
For example, the archery stove was still a desolate ravine in the Yuan Dynasty.
After the opening of Diaomen and Yanzhou Tea Horse Road in the Ming Dynasty, it gradually became the distribution center of various teams west of Dadu River. In the Qing Dynasty, it opened up the Wasgou Road, built the Luding Bridge and set up the Tea Gate in the same place, and soon became a commercial city with "Chinese fans and merchants".
Pack teams from Tibet and other places outside the customs come and go here in an endless stream, and businessmen from all over the country gather here.
Formed a professional tea gang, Jinxiang gang specializing in gold musk, Qiongbu gang specializing in Bupihada, Yam gang specializing in medicinal materials, official goods gang specializing in silks and satins, dried vegetables gang specializing in vegetables and food, and Yunnan gang specializing in opium groceries.
There are 48 pots and pans, 32 tea shops and dozens of companies dealing in different commodities.
Emerging industries such as sewing tea, tanning, catering and hardware have emerged.
Dwellings, shops, hospitals, schools, government agencies and streets have been established in succession, forming a bustling and famous "wandering city" at home and abroad.
For another example, Changdu is the transportation hub and material distribution center of Sichuan-Tibet, Yunnan-Tibet and Qinghai-Tibet three ancient tea-horse roads.
With the development of tea-horse trade, it has become an important town in Kangqu and another Sino-Tibetan trade center.
cultural exchange
It communicates the cultural exchanges among Tibetans, Han people and other ethnic groups.
The rise of tea-horse trade has given a large number of Tibetan business travelers and envoys the opportunity to go deep into the mainland of the motherland; At the same time, a large number of merchants, craftsmen and troops from Han, Hui, Mongolian and Naxi nationalities entered Tibetan areas.
In the long-term communication, we have enhanced our understanding and affinity for different cultures and formed a new cultural pattern of compatibility, respect and integration.
In many towns on the ancient tea-horse road, Tibetans have close and harmonious relations with foreign nationalities such as Han nationality and Hui nationality, and Tibetan culture blends with different cultures such as Han nationality, Islamic culture and Naxi nationality, absorbing each other in some aspects, resulting in compound and blending.
For example, in Kangding, Batang, Ganzi, Songpan, Changdu and other places, there are splendid Chinese cultural buildings such as the Lama Temple, Guandi Temple, Chuanzhu Palace and Earth Temple, and in some places there are mosques and Taoist temples.
Businessmen from all over the country also set up Qin Jin Guild Hall, Huguang Guild Hall and North Sichuan Guild Hall in the city, and introduced Sichuan Opera, Shaanxi Opera and Beijing Opera into Tibetan areas.
Festivals of different ethnic groups have been celebrated by * * * *; Diets of different ethnic groups absorb each other; Cultural harmony in which different ethnic customs respect each other.
The blending of cultures has promoted the affinity of blood, and a large number of Chinese-Tibetan intermarriage families have emerged here.
The ancient tea-horse road blooms the flower of national unity.
Love song of Shuhe tea-horse ancient road
To enter Shuhe Ancient Village, Qinglong Bridge at the entrance of the village is the only way.
Although it has a history of more than 400 years, it is still wide and flat.
Blue qinglong river flows under the bridge, and there are dense poplars and willows by the river.
White pear flowers, red begonia flowers and peach blossoms bloom every year, providing sweet fruits for the villagers.
The delicacy of this hometown is the eternal memory of Tibetans on the ancient road and cobblers traveling around Shuhe River.
Going west along Qinglong Bridge, there is a Wuhua Stone Road, and the dark red lines on the stone are still visible.
The old man said that this was donated by a group of Shuhe businessmen who traveled all the year round on the ancient tea-horse road in the 1930s and 1940s.
Because they often do business with Tibetans, the locals call them "Tibetans".
Shuhe Street is their concern and the starting point and ultimate expectation of their business travel career.
Shuhe is like a big garden in the middle of the street. Four alleys extend from Shuhe Street in all directions.
The east one runs through Old Town of Lijiang, the south one leads to Ji Gu Administrative Village, the north one leads to Baisha Administrative Village, and the northwest one is the main road leading to Diqing Tibetan area in the past, that is, the ancient tea-horse road.
Along the small river that originated in Jiuding Longtan and Xiaodi Tan Xiao, Tibetans embarked on two dangerous business travel ancient roads: one from Songyun Village to the southwest of Huangshan Shaoshan Ancient Road, from Rushi to Shigu, Judian and Ludian, passing Lidiping, passing Baohe Town in Weixi, reaching the Lancang River, going north along the river, crossing the plank road in Yanzi Rock, and then entering Tibet through Liutong River; The second road, through Jiuding Longtan and Tan Xiao at the bottom of the slope, winds to Yulong Snow Mountain in the west.
Jingwenhai Village reaches Longpan, Lijiang, crosses Jinsha River, crosses twelve railings, reaches Zhongdian County, then crosses the bridge, crosses the river by canoe from Benzilan, crosses Baimang Snow Mountain to Deqin City, then passes through Liu Tong and Meili Snow Mountain to Tibet.
The two ancient roads each walk 6 thousand miles, and it takes more than three months to walk once.
Plank roads, zip lines, snow-capped mountains, and every dangerous road on the ancient road may be the destination of Tibetans.
In their brave and magnificent lives, they often need romantic care. Some Tibetans marry a hardworking and filial girl named "Dai Yue" at home and a gentle and virtuous "Zhuo Ma" in Tibetan areas.
Far away from Qianshan, many Naxi girls and Zhuo Ma have never met each other in their whole lives, and their hearts are indeed tolerant and even grateful to each other, pouring their long thoughts on the man who "pinned his head on his belt".
This tradition no longer exists today, but Tibetans related to Naxi and Tibetans often meet in Shuhe.
So it is not difficult to drink pure butter tea in Shuhe.
The ancient tea-horse road traveled by Tibetans can be traced back, but another ancient road originating from Shuhe River has never been traced. On this invisible road, there is another group of people who "can travel all over the world with an awl and a yarn". They are shoemakers in Shuhe.
9 religion
Three religions live in harmony in Kangding
In the southwest of China, on the eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and in the middle of the Great Snow Mountain in Hengduan Mountains, there is a small town-Kangding, with an area of only 1.45 square kilometers.
Buddhism, Christianity and Islam have coexisted in small towns since 65438+1960s. During the missionary career of 100, they have been living in harmony and become beautiful conversation materials.
Mazezhi, a 38-year-old imam of the mosque, still remembers the lively scene when Li Lun, the new priest of Kangding Catholic Church, ascended the throne in April 2003, and invited him and representatives of various religions to attend the ceremony.
1646, the Hui people began to make a living in Kangding. Kangding county is home to more than 400 Muslims. Next to the mosque, a Huimin primary school was specially built.
Chen Fengyun, a 72-year-old Hui aunt, is preparing for the upcoming Eid al-Fitr in the mosque. She has many Tibetan friends, some believe in Tibetan Buddhism and some believe in Catholicism. "We have a good relationship and are all good friends." Aunt Chen said.
According to Zhang Jianquan, deputy director of the Religious Affairs Bureau of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, he has been engaged in religious work in Kangding for 15 years, and rarely encounters conflicts between religions.
Kangding, the capital of Ganzi Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture, was once a prosperous business center in history.
Over the past 700 years, Tibetan businessmen have brought musk, cordyceps, gold and horses from Tibet to Kangding to trade with tea and silk brought by mainland businessmen.
It is this prosperity of inter-ethnic trade that has brought about the great integration of all ethnic groups in Kangding.
Less than 100 meters from the mosque is the Catholic church in Kangding.
1860, Ding Feng, a missionary of the Paris Foreign Missionary Society, was ordered to go to Tibet to preach, but he was blocked on the way. He returned to Kangding and set up a church in the northern suburb of Kangding to preach, which opened the history of Catholic missionary work in Kangding.
Of the more than 300 Catholics in this county, 200 are Tibetans.
Li Lun, a priest of the Catholic Church, said: "Although most of the county's population of more than 30,000 people believe in Tibetan Buddhism, the local government actively protects religions with fewer followers, and there is a good religious belief environment here." About150m away from Kangding Catholic Church, Anjue Temple, the largest Tibetan Buddhist temple in the area, has a history of more than 380 years.
Research on 10
Mu, the name of "Tea-Horse Ancient Road", and Zhou, a researcher at the Institute of Tea-Horse Ancient Road Culture of Yunnan University, jointly published an article entitled "Research Mode and Significance of Tea-Horse Ancient Road". They think:
Scenery of the ancient tea-horse road (17 photo)
First of all, the ancient tea-horse road is the highest trade channel in the world today.
Second, the ancient tea-horse road has always been the road of national integration and harmony, which witnessed the flesh-and-blood feelings formed by tea in China and even in Asia for thousands of years.
The Tibetan epic Gesar said: "The goods of the Han Dynasty were transported to Tibetan areas, but we didn't produce these things here? No, it just connects the hearts of the Tibetan and Chinese people. " This is the Tibetan people's deepest understanding of tea and the ancient tea-horse road.
The same is true of nomadic people in northwest China.
Thirdly, the ancient tea-horse road is a corridor for ethnic migration, which provides many empirical evidences for mankind to find an eternal home.
Originated in the Lancang River in Qinghai, it flows through Tibet, enters Yunnan, passes through Myanmar, Laos, Thailand and Cambodia, and finally flows south from Vietnam.
The road of ancient tea-horse road
Sea.
It is the expedition of Yunnan Daye tea, which is produced in the Lancang River basin, that has contacted the economic and cultural exchanges between Chinese and foreign nationalities, from which we can find many cultural origins.
Although there are many nationalities on the ancient tea-horse road in southwest and northwest China, their second language is unified under the southwest mandarin, which is a rare example in the history of world civilization exchange and undoubtedly another great contribution of the ancient tea-horse road.
Fourth, the ancient tea-horse road is the road of Buddhism spreading eastward and the main channel of world civilization. On the ancient tea-horse road, multiculturalism began to merge.
Commodities carry culture, and the ancient tea-horse road is also a religious road. Christians and businessmen come together to bring different beliefs to these areas.
For example, the spread of Tibetan Buddhism in northwest Yunnan has further promoted the economic and cultural exchanges between Naxi, Bai and Tibetans, and enhanced the friendship among several ethnic groups.
1 1 cultural tourism
The new pattern of cultural tourism industry development, around the goal of "world tea source, China tea city and Pu 'er tea capital", Pu 'er will highlight the theme of "tea culture tourism", vigorously cultivate tourism products with tea culture and tea horse culture as the theme, make full use of and give full play to the advantages of tea industry, and realize the win-win interaction between tea industry and tourism industry.
Pu 'er City is an important post station on the ancient tea-horse road, one of the important producing areas of famous Pu 'er tea, and one of the largest tea-producing areas in China.
At the same time, Pu 'er is a place rich in tourism resources, with abundant natural ecological resources, waterscape resources and humanistic tourism resources, and obvious advantages in tea culture, national culture and port culture. The forest coverage rate of the city is over 67%, and the tea garden reaches 310.8 million mu, so the tourism development conditions are unique.
On the basis of Pu 'er culture and characteristic tourism resources, as well as the history and culture of the ancient tea-horse road, relying on the brand advantages of "Pu 'er Capital, China Tea City and World Tea Source", Pu 'er City will be built into a new tourism city in Yunnan Province by taking advantage of its good natural location, taking the construction of key tourism projects as the carrier, strengthening the leading role of the government, comprehensively improving the quality and comprehensive competitiveness of the tourism industry in Pu 'er City.
At the same time, with the slogan of "sightseeing Pu 'er, delicious Pu 'er, happy Pu 'er and healthy Pu 'er", Pu 'er city will be built into "the world Pu 'er leisure and health tourism resort".
Pu 'er City plans to build a new tourism pattern of "one city, three districts and four lines".
"One City" is to build a world-famous ecological and healthy holiday tourist city with Simao District as the core; "Three Districts" means planning and constructing Simao Happy Health Holiday Tourist Area with Simao District as the core, the original ecological tea culture leisure tourist area based on Jingmai Mountain Alpine Ecological Tea Garden, and the Pu 'er tea horse cultural adventure experience area with Simao District and Ninger County as the main body; The "four lines" plan to build the western border ethnic cultural tourism landscape line, the northern virgin forest landscape magical adventure tourism landscape line, the eastern tea-horse cultural tourism landscape line and the southeastern exotic ethnic customs border tourism landscape line.
According to scientific argumentation, the paper puts forward "Ten Creative Design Projects of Tourist Attractions": First, Pu 'er City should creatively establish a folk culture village in Pu 'er City and carry out a happy Pu 'er folk tour; Second, it is necessary to plan and build a world-class hot spring health resort and carry out high-end vacation and leisure tours in Pu 'er. Third, it is necessary to plan and build a Shili national food corridor in Simao River, Pu 'er City, and carry out a national food experience tour; Fourth, it is necessary to plan and establish the Pu 'er National Culture and Art Palace, and carry out folk culture and art and tea culture experience tours; Fifth, it is necessary to restore the construction of Moonlight Temple in Pu 'er City and guide the masses to carry out religious and cultural tourism; Sixth, it is necessary to repair the Wu Wen Temple in Pu 'er city in a planned way and carry out the historical and cultural tracing tour in Pu 'er city; Seventh, it is necessary to plan and guide Ning 'er County to establish Pu 'er House and carry out the tea-horse cultural experience tour in Pu 'er City; Eighth, it is necessary to plan and transform Zhu Shi Street in Simao District of Pu 'er City and carry out sightseeing and shopping tours of ancient streets; Ninth, it is necessary to plan and build a tea culture landscape corridor "Chadu Avenue" in Pu 'er City to carry out sightseeing in Pu 'er City; The tenth is to integrate and transform the tea garden resources and tea-making enterprises in Pu 'er City, and carry out the sightseeing tour of modern tea industry in Pu 'er City.