Planting prospect of sweet persimmon
There are two kinds of persimmons: astringent persimmons and sweet persimmons. The astringent persimmon fruit contains tannin cells. When people bite fruit, soluble tannins dissolve in saliva, which makes people feel strong astringency, so astringent persimmons need to be astringent or softened (after ripening) before eating. The soluble tannins of sweet persimmon will become insoluble resin before ripening, and can be eaten immediately after picking. Hard persimmons can be preserved for a long time and are resistant to trafficking. Generally, they can be preserved for about 1 month.
As a small fruit with unique oriental characteristics, sweet persimmon is welcomed by consumers at home and abroad because of its beautiful appearance, unique taste, high nutritional value and health care function. At the same time, it is favored by producers because of its wide adaptability, small cultivation area, low cultivation difficulty, low production cost, large market space, great export potential, high yield and good benefit, and has broad development prospects.
1. China is suitable for producing sweet persimmon with low production cost. Most areas in China are suitable for the growth of sweet persimmon, especially the southern provinces, which are not only very suitable for the growth of sweet persimmon, but also have a certain advantage in the competition because the maturity of the same variety is more than one month earlier than that of Japan. Sweet persimmon is not barren, drought-tolerant, and is an excellent fruit tree in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas. Its labor consumption is much less than other fruit trees. According to statistics, the labor consumption per hectare of sweet persimmon is only half of that of apples and peaches and one third of that of citrus, which greatly reduces the production cost.
Sweet persimmon has a large market space and great export potential. Since 1990s, persimmon industry in China has developed rapidly and its output ranks first in the world. Despite the rapid development of persimmon industry in China, most of them are astringent persimmons, and the output of sweet persimmons accounts for a small proportion of the total; At the same time, due to extensive management, the varieties are mixed, most of them are self-sufficient, with poor storage resistance and poor commodity, so it is difficult to enter the market as fresh fruit.
From the international market, the United States, Canada, Australia, France and other agricultural countries basically do not produce persimmons. Although Japanese and Korean sweet persimmons have high output and good quality, they are all small agricultural countries, and the production cost is much higher than ours, which will not form too much competition for us to occupy domestic and foreign markets. Judging from the domestic fruit consumption trend, with the improvement of people's consumption level and understanding of persimmon's nutritional value, especially during the National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival, sweet persimmon's fruit surface is orange-red with bright waxy luster, which can greatly meet people's consumption demand for special fruits on holidays.
Third, high output and good benefits. Sweet persimmon is usually put into production in the second year after planting, and the yield per mu reaches more than 4000 kg after entering the full fruit stage in 5-6 years; Domestic purchase of Japanese sweet persimmon fresh fruit, the purchase price is generally around 6 yuan/Jin, and the output value per mu can reach more than 20 thousand yuan; At the same time, through the development of persimmon leaves, some income can be increased. In addition, sweet persimmon can also be processed into persimmon, persimmon slice, persimmon flower and persimmon vinegar.
Fourthly, persimmon leaves have broad prospects for comprehensive utilization. Persimmon leaves are rich in vitamin C, rutin, choline, flavonoid glycosides, carotene, amino acids, iron, zinc, calcium and other non-medicinal nutrients that are beneficial to human health, and have many health care functions. The development and application of persimmon leaves in western countries, Japan and other countries are successful. They not only made primary processing and utilization of persimmon leaves, but also made deep processing of persimmon leaves, from which anti-cancer and health-care components were extracted, and satisfactory clinical trial results were obtained. At present, persimmon leaf health tea has been successfully developed in China and its sales are good.
Development prospect of sweet persimmon
As a small fruit with unique oriental characteristics, sweet persimmon is welcomed by consumers at home and abroad because of its beautiful appearance, unique taste, high nutritional value and health care function. At the same time, it is favored by producers because of its wide adaptability, small cultivation area, low cultivation difficulty, low production cost, large market space, great export potential, high yield and good benefit, and has broad development prospects.
1, China is suitable for sweet persimmon production with low production cost. Most areas in China are suitable for the growth of sweet persimmon, especially the southern provinces, which are not only very suitable for the growth of sweet persimmon, but also have a certain advantage in the competition because the maturity of the same variety is more than one month earlier than that of Japan. Sweet persimmon is not barren, drought-tolerant, and is an excellent fruit tree in mountainous and semi-mountainous areas. It has extensive management, simple planting and much less labor than other fruit trees. According to statistics, the labor consumption per hectare of sweet persimmon is only half of that of apples and peaches and one third of that of citrus, which greatly reduces the production cost. At the same time, as a labor-intensive industry, China's labor advantage is unmatched by Japan and South Korea, which lays a foundation for China's sweet persimmon to enter the international market more.
2. Sweet persimmon has a large market space and great potential for earning foreign exchange through export. Persimmon originated in China, and it is an excellent fruit tree with nearly 1,000 varieties. Since 1990s, persimmon industry in China has developed rapidly. 1990, China's persimmon production was only 600,000 tons, reaching18.25 million tons in 2004, accounting for 73.8% of the world's total output, ranking first in the world. Despite the rapid development of persimmon industry in China, most of them are astringent persimmons, and the output of sweet persimmons only accounts for 2% of the total output; At the same time, due to outdated concepts, extensive management, mixed varieties, mostly self-sufficient varieties, poor storage resistance and poor commodity, it is difficult to enter the market as fresh fruit, which is far from meeting the market demand.
From the perspective of the international market, firstly, the United States, Canada, Australia, France and other agricultural powers basically do not produce persimmons, which will not impact our domestic market and will not form competition for the export of sweet persimmons in China; Second, although Japanese and Korean sweet persimmons have high output and good quality, they are all small agricultural countries, and the production cost is much higher than ours, which will not form too much competition for us to occupy the sweet persimmon market at home and abroad; Thirdly, sweet persimmon, as an educational and healthy food, is deeply loved by consumers all over the world, especially in Hong Kong, Macao, East Asia and Southeast Asia. The market is in short supply, and the export price is much higher than traditional fruits such as apples and oranges. In Japan, the highest price of a sweet persimmon is 1000 yen (equivalent to RMB 70 yuan).
Judging from the fruit consumption trend in the domestic market, with the improvement of people's consumption level and awareness of persimmon's nutritional value, coupled with people's pursuit of edible fruit diversity, the consumption of bulk fruits (apples, pears, oranges, etc.) has been steadily declining and tends to be stable, and the consumption of some refined, exotic, excellent and new small fruits has increased rapidly, especially during the National Day and Mid-Autumn Festival, when sweet persimmons are ripe, their fruit faces are orange-red and bright. Flame? It can greatly meet people's consumption demand for special fruits on holidays.
3. High yield and good benefit. Sweet persimmon is usually put into production in the second year after planting, and the yield of 667 square meters reaches more than 4000 kilograms after entering the full fruit stage in 5 ~ 6 years; Domestic purchase of Japanese sweet persimmon fresh fruit, the purchase price is generally around 6 yuan/Jin, and the output value of 667 square meters can reach more than 20,000 yuan; At the same time, through the development of persimmon leaves, some income can be increased. In addition, sweet persimmon can also be processed into persimmon, persimmon slice, persimmon flower and persimmon vinegar.
4. Persimmon leaves have broad prospects for comprehensive utilization. Persimmon leaves are rich in vitamin C, rutin, choline, flavonoid glycosides, carotene, amino acids, iron, zinc, calcium and other non-medicinal nutrients that are beneficial to human health, and have many health care functions. The development and application of persimmon leaves in western countries, Japan and other countries are successful. They not only made primary processing and utilization of persimmon leaves, but also made deep processing of persimmon leaves, from which anti-cancer and health-care components were extracted, and satisfactory clinical trial results were obtained. At present, persimmon leaf health tea has been successfully developed in China and its sales are good. With the deepening of development, persimmon leaves have broad prospects for comprehensive utilization and will further promote the development of sweet persimmon industry.
Sweet persimmon planting method
1, suitable for planting. Sweet persimmon is a warm-loving tree species, which requires high temperature, and can be cultivated in areas where the annual average temperature is higher than 10℃. When cultivated in the area where the average temperature is lower than 13℃, the fruit cannot be naturally astringent and become astringent persimmon, so the annual average temperature should be 13? Planting in areas above c.
Sweet persimmon can generally tolerate short-term low temperature of-15- 18℃, and it is easy to be frozen when it is lower than-18℃. Therefore, the garden should be built in the area where the annual absolute low temperature is higher than-18℃ to prevent freezing injury.
2. Promote fruit expansion. So as to improve that commodity rate of fruit. The phenomenon of small fruit is common in the production of sweet persimmon. The main reasons for the small fruit are as follows:
(1) There are too many fruits, and it is difficult to grow a fruit.
(2) Poor site conditions and weak tree potential are not conducive to fruit expansion.
(3) Lack of fertilizer and water, lack of nutrition, insufficient nutrition supply in fruit growing period, and inhibition of fruit expansion and growth.
(4) Fruiting branches bear fruit for many years, and their ability to bear fruit decreases, which is not conducive to bearing big fruits.
Therefore, targeted measures should be taken in production to facilitate the production of large fruits and improve the commercialization of sweet persimmons. The main measures to be taken in production are:
(1) When you build a garden, you should choose sandy loam or loam with deep soil layer, fertile soil and strong water retention to build a garden, so as to lay a good foundation for the robust growth of persimmon trees.
(2) Strengthen intertillage, cover the orchard with grass, plant green manure and other measures to create loose and fertile soil conditions, improve soil fertility, optimize the environmental conditions for persimmon growth, take the production road of strengthening roots and raising trees, ensure the robust growth of trees and improve the fruit-bearing ability.
(3) Strengthen fertilizer and water management. We should pay attention to applying base fertilizer and supplementing fruit swelling fertilizer to promote full fruit expansion. Because persimmon trees need more helium, followed by phosphorus and potassium, the amount of nitrogen fertilizer should be increased when fertilizing persimmon trees. Apply base fertilizer in time after fruit picking every year, and apply high-quality farmyard manure 50? Adding 0.5 kg of urea, 0.5 kg of calcium superphosphate, 0.5 kg of potassium sulfate and 0.5 kg of kloc-0/00 kg to increase the nutrient storage of trees. 0.2 kg diammonium phosphate and 0.5 kg potassium sulfate were applied to plants during the fruit growth period to promote fruit expansion. Water 1 time before germination, and water according to soil moisture during fruit expansion to ensure sufficient fertilizer and water supply, promote the robust growth of trees and bear large fruits.
(4) Control the output. Sweet persimmons generally have many flowers and strong fruiting ability. If they bear a lot of fruits, it is difficult for them to grow up. Therefore, after entering the full fruit stage, branches should be kept according to the strength of the fruiting branches. Generally, 65,438+0-2 fruits should be left for the middle branches, 2-3 fruits should be left for the strong branches, and all the weak branches should be picked to promote the rejuvenation of the branches. Because persimmon trees have physiological fruit drop, fruit thinning should not be premature, and should generally be carried out after physiological fruit drop.
(5) Keep the branches bearing fruit. The fruiting branches of sweet persimmon are often weak after fruiting, which leads to the decline of fruiting ability, which is not conducive to bearing large fruits. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the regeneration of fruit branches in production. For short and weak fruiting branches, the branches behind the strong branches should be retracted, and the branches drooping at the top should be properly retracted to prevent the branches from weakening. Chopped fruit branches form preparatory branches to keep the branches strong, improve the fruit-bearing ability and promote the full expansion of fruits.
3. Prevent falling flowers and fruits. Because most varieties of sweet persimmons only have female flowers but no male flowers, they are mainly parthenocarpy, and the new shoots grow rapidly at fruit-setting stage, which is obviously competing with the fruits for nutrition. The phenomenon of falling flowers and fruits is serious in persimmon production, which has a great impact on production, so attention should be paid to prevention and control. Comprehensive measures can be taken to improve the fruit setting rate and promote the yield. The main measures adopted in production are:
(1) Is it best to have male flowers in sweet persimmon cultivation? Zen temple pill? As a pollinated variety, it takes the production road of bisexual fruiting, reduces flower drop and fruit drop, and improves yield. General? Zen temple pill? The number of plants should be about 20% of the total number of cultivated plants.
(2) Top dressing and watering before flowering to ensure material supply. 0. 1% borax and 0.3% borax were used in flowering period. Spraying gibberellin solution or 0. 1% borax solution is beneficial to improve fruit setting rate.
(3) In order to slow down the growth of new shoots at flowering stage, the new shoots should be sprayed with 100- 150 times of paclobutrazol for a long time every year from late April to early May, or the trunk and main branches should be girdled at flowering stage, so as to inhibit the generation of new shoots, effectively prevent flower and fruit dropping and improve the fruit setting rate.
4. pests and diseases. It leads to serious fruit drop before harvesting, which is not conducive to improving production efficiency. Pests and diseases that are harmful to persimmons mainly include persimmon stem nematode, persimmon angular leaf spot, persimmon round leaf spot, persimmon anthracnose and so on. Although their harmful symptoms are different, they will all lead to fruit falling off before ripening and reduce production. Therefore, prevention and control should be done well in production to reduce the occurrence of fruit drop before harvest.
1 year persimmon tree occurrence 1 generation, with mature larvae cocooning under the old skin of persimmon branches, in the cracks between roots and soil, and in the damaged dried fruit left on the tree for the winter. The first generation of larvae began to damage in late May. After hatching, the larvae spin silk around the fruit stalks, persimmon stalks and the body to prevent the persimmon from falling to the ground. Then they bit the stem into a circle and drilled into the core from the skin of the stem. In late August, the second generation larvae damaged the pulp under the persimmon stem, and the damaged fruit generally changed from green to yellow and red to soft, and fell off in large quantities. In order to eliminate overwintering larvae, manual control should be strengthened, and the old warped skin should be scraped carefully in winter and spring. From June to early July, the diseased fruits should be cleared out of the garden in time. Before the larvae overwinter, they can hang grass on the trees to attract insects and burn them centrally to reduce the source of insects. Drug control should focus on the peak of adult occurrence and after larvae hatch, and 2.5% diphacinone can be sprayed with 4000 times solution.
The angular leaf spot overwinters on the diseased petiole with hyphae, infects from June to July in the following year, and can continue to infect in August, and a large number of leaves and fruits appear in September.
Cirrhosis overwinters in diseased leaves with immature ascospores. Ascomycetes fly away from June to July, invade and lurk through stomata, and begin to get sick in late August and early September. After defoliation, the fruit turns red and soft, the flavor fades and falls off quickly.
Colletotrichum gloeosporioides overwinters in the lesion of new shoots, and new conidia are produced in early summer for primary infection. At the beginning of June, the branches began to get sick, and at the end of June and the beginning of July, the fruit began to fall when it was seriously ill in late July.
Disease control: Before germination, Pomei 5-degree sulfur mixture should be carefully sprayed to kill the overwintering bacteria on the trees, laying a solid foundation for annual control. The protective fungicide mancozeb should be sprayed mainly in late May, and carbendazim and thiophanate-methyl should be used mainly in June-July to control the harm.