Basic introduction Chinese name: decomposer mbth: decomposer composition: microorganism, heterotrophs alias: reducer function: decomposition of organic matter application: introduction of edible, medicinal, sewage treatment, function, classification, microorganism, heterotrophs, marine decomposer, application, edible, medicinal, sewage treatment, abbreviated as "reducer", is heterotrophs. Refers to bacteria, fungi and other organisms with decomposition ability in the ecosystem, including some protozoa and small invertebrates, heterotrophs. They can decompose complex organic matter in animal and plant residues into simple organic matter and release it into the environment for reuse by producers, contrary to producers. The role of decomposers in ecosystems is extremely important. Without decomposers, animal and plant residues and excreta cannot be recycled, substances will be locked in organic matter and cannot be used by producers, the material cycle of the ecosystem will end and the whole ecosystem will collapse. The role of decomposer can't be accomplished by one organism, and different organisms are needed at different stages. The role of decomposers: decomposers decompose dead organisms into simple inorganic substances and release energy, in which inorganic substances can be reused by plants to maintain the cycle of ecosystems. Classification of microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, such as actinomycetes, saprophytes and protozoa. They can use different carbohydrates, including sugar, starch, organic acids, cellulose, hemicellulose and so on as energy sources. The best carbon sources are glucose, maltose, dextrin, starch and glycerol, followed by sucrose, xylose, raffinose, alcohol and organic acids. Among the organic acids, acetic acid, lactic acid, citric acid, succinic acid and malic acid are easy to use, while oxalic acid, tartaric acid and hippuric acid are difficult to use. Some actinomycetes can also use chitin, hydrocarbons, tannins and even rubber. Bacteria are important decomposers. They are widely distributed and can decompose organic matter. One gram of soil usually contains 40 million bacterial cells, and the biomass formed by bacteria on the earth exceeds that of all existing animals and plants. The circulation of bacteria in nutrients is very important, and many nutrients depend on organisms. Fungal garbage is mainly decomposed by fungi in many biological systems. Unlike bacteria, fungi are unicellular organisms, and most saprophytic fungi will increase the hyphae of divergent reticular system. The reproduction of bacteria is limited. They eat exposed organic matter. Fungi can use their hyphae to penetrate larger organisms. In addition, fungi only exist in rotten wood, because it has not evolved enzymes to decompose wood, and a compound has been found in wood. These two factors make fungi mainly in the forest, and garbage decomposes high concentration of lignin, which often appears in the form of chunks. Fungi are released? To decompose decaying substances, and then they absorb decaying nutrients and organic matter decomposed by substances. Mycelium is used for decomposing and absorbing nutrients, and also for reproduction. When the hyphae of two fungi grow very close, they will fuse together to form another fungus. Small invertebrates in heterotrophs, such as flies, dung beetles and earthworms. They crush plant residues and accelerate the decomposition and transformation of organic matter under the action of microorganisms. In addition, these soil animals can also be decomposed in the body, transforming organic matter into inorganic salts for plants to absorb and utilize again. There are also medium and large scavengers, such as vultures. Earthworms Different kinds of earthworms are also considered decomposers because they are scavengers. For example, a bug began to eat apples, which accelerated the decay of fruits by removing the pulp and exposing the internal elements and other decomposers. Decomposers in the ocean Most of the microorganisms in the ocean are decomposers, but some of them are producers, so they have dual importance and participate in the whole process of decomposition and transformation of marine substances, including microorganisms that decompose organic nitrogen compounds, gelatin, fish protein, peptone, peptides, amino acids, sulfur-containing proteins and urea. The main carbohydrates used are various carbohydrates, starch, cellulose, agar, alginic acid, chitin and lignin. In addition, there are microorganisms that degrade hydrocarbon compounds and utilize aromatic compounds such as phenol. The final products of organic matter decomposed by marine microorganisms, such as ammonia, nitrate, phosphate and carbon dioxide, directly or indirectly provide major nutrients for marine plants. Marine bacteria are an important link in marine ecosystem. As a decomposer, promote material circulation; It plays an important role in marine sedimentary diagenesis and submarine oil and gas generation. A small amount of chemoautotrophic bacteria are producers of deep-sea biota. Marine bacteria will pollute hydraulic structures, and under certain conditions, its metabolites, such as ammonia and hydrogen sulfide, will also poison the aquaculture environment, thus causing economic losses in aquaculture. However, the antagonism of marine microorganisms can destroy terrestrial pathogens, and its great decomposition potential can purify almost all kinds of pollution, and may also provide new biological resources such as antibiotics, so with the progress of research technology. Edible mushrooms, lactic acid bacteria, crabs, shrimps and other decomposers. Edible fungi are ideal natural food or multifunctional food. The most common food in the world is called mushroom, and its scientific name is Agaricus bisporus. There is great potential to further screen and domesticate high-quality production strains from wild species. China domesticated and artificially cultivated Lentinus edodes, Auricularia auricula, Auricularia auricula, Tremella, Volvariella volvacea, Flammulina velutipes, Hericium erinaceus, Dictyophora, Agrocybe aegerita and so on. For the first time in the world, it has domesticated Tricholoma mongolica, and wild edible fungi such as Boletus edulis, Morchella esculenta, Red Riviera, Boletus viscosus, etc. can also be collected and supplied to domestic and foreign markets in large quantities. Medicinal (1) earthworm, commonly known as Qu chicken, is called earthworm in Chinese medicine, and it is cold and salty. Function: clearing heat, calming liver, relieving asthma and dredging collaterals. Indications: high fever, mania, convulsion, wind-heat headache, red eyes, hemiplegia, etc. The liquid provided by earthworm has a good cough and asthma relieving effect. (2) Centipede tastes salty, pungent, warm and toxic. Meridian of liver, spleen and lung. Detoxicate, anticancer, calming wind, relieve spasm, diminishing inflammation and treating sores. (3) Penicillin is also called penicillin G, penicillin, sodium penicillin, sodium benzylpenicillin, potassium benzylpenicillin and potassium benzylpenicillin. Penicillin is a kind of antibiotic, which means that the molecules extracted from Penicillium culture solution contain penicillin, which can destroy the cell wall of bacteria and play a bactericidal role in the reproductive period of bacterial cells. It is the first antibiotic that can treat human diseases. Sewage treatment Bacillus subtilis is not only widely used in feed, but also plays a certain role in sewage treatment and bio-fertilizer fermentation or fermentation bed making. It is a multifunctional microorganism. Used for municipal and industrial sewage treatment, industrial circulating water treatment, septic tank treatment, animal manure and odor treatment, manure treatment system, garbage, cesspits, septic tanks and other treatment. But also can solve the problem of water turbidity caused by harmful cyanobacteria flooding, and has a powerful water purification function. The cooperation of earthworm and microorganism can improve the operation efficiency of the original sewage land treatment system, and the excavation of earthworm and the accumulation of earthworm manure can realize the rapid improvement of soil. The harvested earthworm can be used as a good feed for poultry breeding, or as a high-quality raw material for developing traditional antibiotic substitutes and biological nutrition and health products, which has high economic value. Earthworm sewage land treatment system will play an important role in ecological environment protection.