According to "The Warring States Policy Wei Ce II", "In the past, the emperor and daughter ordered Yi Di to make wine beautiful, and when they entered the time, they wanted to drink it, but they only wanted to drink it. Therefore, Rao Yi Di did not make wine, saying," In the future, someone will die of his country with wine. After Dayu, Jia and Feng, the last monarchs of Xia and Shang Dynasties, were extremely addicted to alcohol. The history book says: "since Liang abandoned propriety and righteousness, ... he drank with the ladies-in-waiting at the end of the evening without rest." Because the wine pool can hold a boat, three thousand people can drink it in one drum, and those who are drunk and drowned will never laugh. "The situation of sealing the king to indulge in wine is" taking wine as a pool, hanging meat as a forest, men and women asking each other naked, drinking all night "t2l. As Lai and Feng are both kings of national subjugation, regarding the demise of Xia and Shang, the ancients found the reason of national subjugation from Lai and Feng's drinking, saying that "glory died of drunkenness" [3] x "bad mountain wine pool, Xin (sealing) Gui (firewood) died" T 'j Yao Zhen, a typical example of Henan Jie's death by drinking. After the destruction of the Shang Dynasty, Zhou people thought that the fundamental reason why they were able to establish the Zhou Dynasty was that they were "unwilling to avoid the present, but willing to accept Yin's orders" }3] Further, Zhou rulers pushed the political harm of drinking to the extreme, and their morality was ruined. Since the Xia and Shang Dynasties, the demise of large and small vassal States was all caused by excessive drinking. The bigger the country, the more sad it is. The same thing is not wine but koo. Starting from the basic understanding of "drinking and ruining the country", Duke Zhou promulgated the "Jiu Hao" in the world, stipulating that all people who gather to drink alcohol shall be put to death: "If you gather to drink alcohol, don't be embarrassed and return to Zhou as soon as possible" and be killed. Rr }"}}O Drinking was originally a dietary behavior, and drinkers were sentenced to death because in the eyes of Zhou rulers, this dietary behavior would cause social chaos and was a serious political crime. After comparing the different wine policy measures of Shang and Zhou rulers, later generations came to the conclusion that "Shang Xin indulged in wine, Yin Dao died; "Gong's political conclusion is the success of Hao and Zhou De" (S). In this way, the ruler's personal eating behavior-drinking and drinking or abstaining from alcohol-has become a major political factor that directly affects the rise and fall of the dynasty.
The monarch is addicted to alcohol, and the country is in danger of national subjugation. If his deputies drink too much, they will worry about quitting their jobs and dying. In ancient officialdom, the most prominent manifestation of the political disaster caused by alcohol is that "almost all the officials are in politics, and the people below are slower than those who give orders" (t9). However, the government's slow orders are bound to directly affect the future and even the lives of officials. Bao Ping's "Wine Spectrum Chaos Six": "King Gong Chu and Jin Dynasty were defeated in the battle of the capital, and then they will resume the battle and call Sima Zi to the contrary. Zi is drunk and can't see him. The king sighed, "God has defeated me!" " Mobilize the army and kill the children. Zi Fanzui Barracks was slaughtered by the King of Chu, and his drinking behavior delayed the fighter plane and endangered the national interests. It is also common for other individuals' career prospects and careers to be ruined by their own drunkenness. Such as Wang Yuanzhong rob academician bachelor, "drinking. The emperor called him and couldn't see him drunk ... another day, he lost the will of the emperor. Frya} a Wang Zhu is talented. "Sejong takes the shogunate as his old chief of staff, treats him generously as soon as possible, and wants to meet him again and again, so he stays late" }tl}. For another example, the monk Ye Lushi served as our envoy and ancient consultant successively, "but he was addicted to alcohol and had nothing to do, so he couldn't get a handle" (n). Because of such personal alcoholism, his career was frustrated, his position was delayed, and his official lost his power. Therefore, Juck Zhang, a scholar in Qing Dynasty, regarded being an official and drinking as two things that can't have both: "Former officials should not drink, and alcoholics must be officials. " 〔'"
Objectively speaking, the ancients attributed all kinds of political and social mistakes to the understanding of wine, which was obviously biased. The success or failure of personnel society, especially the disintegration of a regime and the demise of a dynasty, often has many factors such as profound politics, economy, military and the corruption of the ruling group itself. The ruling monarch's heavy drinking is only one side of his corruption.
The promulgation of Jiu Hao in the Western Zhou Dynasty marked the first prohibition law in ancient China. Since then, the prohibition of brewing and drinking phthalein has been enforced by decrees issued by the ruling monarch from time to time. According to the literature, the prohibition of alcohol in the past dynasties mostly revolved around the following reasons.
First, due to various natural disasters, alcohol is forbidden. History of Emperor Han Jing: In the third year of neutralization, drinking was forbidden in summer and morning. Yuan history: in the first year of Yan, "Xingyuan, Fengxiang, Jingzhou, and the famine of the year, alcohol was forbidden"; "Zhiliang, Nanyang, Guide, Runing, Huai 'an, water and wine under house arrest". The same book "Wenzong Ji": In the first year of the calendar year, "Zhiliang, Henan and other roads and Nanyang House were old and early, and their domestic wine making was banned". In this kind of materials, the direct reasons for the prohibition of alcohol in the imperial court are drought, flood, locust plague and so on. The ancients believed that the disaster phenomenon was caused by the wrath of heaven, and it was God's providential punishment for all kinds of bad behaviors in personnel society. In order to eliminate disasters and get God's forgiveness, we must restrain and restrain all kinds of bad behaviors in the personnel society itself. Banning alcohol and drinking, limiting or giving up this kind of material enjoyment, which is usually considered as "luxury", is an important self-restraint and self-restraint practical action to resolve God's will, eliminate disasters and solve problems in the personnel society.
Second, alcohol is forbidden in the valley. When crops failed, doctors lacked food and rice was expensive, prohibition of alcohol became an expedient measure taken by rulers to save food. For example, "the imperial edict is aldol, and the whole grain is waste" [I] "Millet and wheat are people who consume alcohol, ten times as much as twenty-three, so it is advisable to give up drinking and raise }}( 15). Another example is "The Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Food Four": "There was no prohibition of alcohol in the early Tang Dynasty ... Su Zong banned the cold wine in Beijing, and the wheat was as ripe as before. "Because this prohibition is based on the profit and loss of grain, once the grain is abundant and there is a surplus of grain, the court will lift the ban and let the people drink as usual.
Ding: "It is forbidden to drink alcohol at the court, and offenders will be put to death. There is a record about Shu wine in the Biography of the Three Kingdoms Jian Yong in history.
The banned materials are typical. It says, "Wine was banned early, and the brewer was punished. The official asked others to provide brewing tools, and the narrator wanted to make the same punishment as the brewer.
Yong and his late master (Liu Bei) visited the temple and saw a man walking in the street. He said,' If he wants to commit adultery, why don't you tie him up?' The late Lord said, "How do you know?" Yong said to him,' He has his own characteristics, just like those who want to make wine. The first master smiled. It turns out that people are going to brew. "Just because there are brewing equipment at home, he wants to be convicted of an established behavior, which is brewed in private. Although Jian Yong stopped this absurd crime with his humorous allegory, the occurrence of the incident is enough to show that the punishment of drinkers in ancient society is extremely cruel and unreasonable.
Contrary to the prohibition of alcohol and drinking, it is the phenomenon of giving alcohol and drinking in past dynasties. Because of the prohibition of alcohol, "people drink fresh, so the New Year is rich or generous." The husband forbade its brewing as righteousness and gave it phenol as benevolence, and the way of civil and military affairs was also "T20" a, that is to say, forbidding alcohol drinking and giving alcohol drinking were two different aspects of ancient wine policy measures. It is a so-called "righteousness" to avoid food shortage or alleviate social hunger based on grain saving, while banning alcohol to benefit the people at the age of 20 is a manifestation of the "benevolence" of the son of heaven. Whether it is forbidden or released, whether it is "benevolence" or "righteousness", wine and politics are completely interlinked here.
The most typical example of the ancient monarch's kindness to wine is the above-mentioned "giving drunkenness", that is, giving the people all over the world a group of wine to drink. Because the "giving beauty" drinking activity originated from the emperor's favor, usually from major national political celebrations, and it is a super-large social gathering drinking activity that is spread all over the world and enjoys the people. It often takes several days. At the local level, "giving discretion" is manifested in the collective drinking party of the neighbors or the clan of the township party. But the old people in the province are often called by the government to deliver drinks and gather food. "The world gives discretion, so that the state is the official of the elders, and the border state or the ambassador gives *}2i). In the capital, the son of heaven often comes in person and directly participates in drunken activities. For example, Jingdezhen in Song Zhenzong was drunk for three years. " Go to the Royal Five Phoenix Pagoda to see the phenol, ask the elders to sit down and give them a drink downstairs. The next day, I went to the Imperial Palace, hosted a banquet in the Capital Pavilion to entertain the imperial clan and officials, and sent sheep wine to all classes and military schools. The atmosphere of drunkenness and celebration is very warm. Although for ordinary people, it is provided by the government.
Drunk drinking with wine and meat is indeed an exciting eating behavior, but from the perspective of the ruling monarch, it does not care about the physiological significance of this drinking activity to meet the needs of eating delicious food. Just as in December of the first year of Yongxi, Song Taizong, the imperial edict said: "The king has given grace to action, so it represents a grand event of peace and is a joy of trillions."
Throughout the longitudinal development history of ancient wine culture in China, it is not difficult to find that wine culture was transformed by social politics or carried by political ideology, which is mainly reflected in the close relationship between wine and ceremony. It is obvious that "wine is a gift" and "drinking with ceremony and music". Bringing drinking behavior into the category of "ceremony" and realizing the political and ethical function of "miscellaneous" through drinking activities is a particularly prominent social feature in the development of ancient wine culture in China.
The combination of wine and ceremony began with the sacrificial activities in the early society. "Destiny dictates people, making wine is just a sacrifice"; "Wine is to the world, wine is to the world, and wine is to ghosts and gods" }} 1 The role of wine was fully reflected in the ancient sacrificial activities. "Rites" in sacrificial activities are closely related to wine and food: "Where you drink, you must worship, and the ceremony begins" f}}l} L} Rites, wine and food must be worshipped first, so it can be seen that ... This ritual order of showing courtesy and "showing first" to gods and ancestors is the important initial significance of early "ceremony". Later, people applied the rituals of offering sacrifices to ancestors and gods to realistic social and political relations, and the connotation of "ritual" continued to expand, eventually evolving into a series of political and ethical orders that strictly defined social members. -
In ancient social life, this political and ethical order, that is, the transformation of wine culture by "ceremony" and the bearing or embodiment of this political and ethical consciousness by wine culture, is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
Ok, once "(}3a, etc. , all show that the use of wine has a strict status level. In particular, this kind of wine vessel, Jue, was used to distinguish the different status of drinkers in the drinking activities of the pre-Qin ruling class, and finally derived the political and ideological concept of "title". "The so-called duke, marquis, earl, viscount, baron, etc. "I} Al.
Later, in the process of perfecting the ritual system to prohibit the use of utensils, feudal countries also regarded wine vessels and vessels of different materials (including food vessels and drinking vessels) as the grade standards for dividing different political identities. The 62-year volume of Minghui Temple: "All utensils ...... Duke's first grade and second grade, wine notes and wine lamps are gold, and the rest are silver; Three or five products, silver wine, gold wine lamp; Six to nine products, wine note, silver for wine lamp. The rest are porcelain, lacquer and wood. It is forbidden to be extremely red, painted with gold and carved with dragons and phoenixes. " With the promulgation and implementation of this ban on drinking utensils, drinking utensils in officialdom have been strictly regulated by the etiquette of kings, and the use of utensils according to quality has become a very important embodiment of the hierarchical order of officialdom in drinking activities.
Second, the custom of drinking at group banquets. In ancient social group banquets and drinking activities, the norms or principles of etiquette were often reflected in some established ways. The following is the collection of relevant information, trying to make a related analysis on this topic.
Li Keji Quli: "Serving the elderly ... the elderly raise phenol, and the few dare not drink it."
The Book of Rites The Meaning of Rural Drinking: "The ceremony of rural drinking: 60 people sit and 50 people stand to listen to political service, so you should respect your elders."
"The Analects of Confucius and the Rural Party": "When villagers drink, they stick to it and go out."
In the Quli materials quoted above, the old man and the young man feast and raise a glass together, and the young man waits for the old man to finish the wine in his cup before drinking the wine in his cup; If "the elders are not filial, a few will do it first" (}sl. In the local rural drinking activities, only the elderly over 60 can sit and drink, and the rest can only stand beside the elderly. In addition, after drinking in the countryside, we must wait for the staff, that is, the elderly, to leave the table first and then go out by themselves.
In local villages, the orderly, respectful and humble drinking custom has been transformed into a series of strict etiquette rules and the ban on banquets in official banquets. These rules and regulations involve all aspects of official catering activities, the most prominent of which is the seating of catering seats. "Book of Rites Yan Yi" says: "Xi, Xiaoqing went to Qing, the doctor went to Xiaoqing, followed by the concubines. ..... so it's expensive and cheap. " In the early days of ancient times, every formal banquet had a seat, and the seats were placed in a certain orientation. The different political identities of diners are marked by seats, and the different orientations of seats are generally reflected in the arrangement of seats. The banquet order of "Hongmen Banquet" in Historical Records of Xiang Yu is: "Wang Xiang and Xiang Bo sit in the east, and Yafu sits in the south. Father, Fan Zeng also. Pei Gong sits in the north and Sean waits in the west. " The ancients respected the east, followed by the south, followed by the north and the west. In this way, by
The different orientation of the banquet and the different political status of the drinkers at the Hongmen banquet will be clear to the world at a glance. According to Historical Records Biography of Wu 'an Hou, Wu 'an Hou Tian looked down and said, "Try to invite guests to drink, and sit with his brother Gaihou in the south and east, thinking that they are Han Zun, so they should not be arrogant." Tian fen entertained guests at home to drink, and his brother was present, but he was unwilling to give up his seat of "eastward advancement", indicating that even if people in ancient officialdom had a private banquet to drink, political etiquette and order could not be violated. Because the banquet in ancient officialdom was arranged according to the rank, that is, the status, if the court held a grand drinking activity, it would not be the same because of the large number of officials involved. The solution is to sit in the yamen. For example, "Ten Rites of the Ming Dynasty" said: "When officials of civil and military affairs get together, they sit in hierarchical order. If you are of the same quality, you will take the second place. " In a word, ancient people drank alcohol, especially at official banquets, and the seating was very strict.
The order should not be out of order, or the banquet will be impolite.
Influenced by political ideology, drinking behavior is often divorced from the physiological and physiological significance of health care, health preservation, nutrition and enjoying delicious food, and is guided by political ethics, which not only becomes the cause of chaos or humiliation of officials, but also becomes an administrative means for ruling monarchs to favor their subjects and win the hearts of the people, and also becomes a "courtesy" tool for authoritarian dynasties to safeguard their own dignity, hierarchical privileges and a series of political and human relations. Because social wine activities and drinking behaviors never existed independently of national politics, they were consciously or unconsciously interfered and reformed by political forms, serving social politics, which made the development of ancient wine culture in China show extremely distinctive political ideological characteristics.