One: Appropriate restrictions on food. The taboo foods for patients with liver cancer are cock, duck (muscovy duck), pig's head meat, shrimp, crab, snail, mussel, silkworm chrysalis, mutton, dog meat, eel, bamboo shoots, pepper, fried products, cigarettes, wine and so on. (part of it is folk hair). Of course, it is difficult to explain them clearly. Individual patients may not have an accident after eating these foods. To be precise, it is safe to do so.
Two: limit the amount of food, the patient's spleen and stomach are not good, eat everything, don't overeat, don't have a partial eclipse, pay attention to the supplement of fruit, there is a data that taking vitamin C in patients with advanced liver cancer can prolong their life appropriately.
Proper exercise can help you get back to work as much as possible (it must be light physical labor). This is because patients stay at home all day and always think they are patients, which will increase their mental burden and is not conducive to rehabilitation. Proper exercise can help them to put down their mental burden to some extent, which is beneficial to their health.
■ multivitamins: enhance the resistance of liver cells to viruses and protect the liver; Vitamin A /D/E is stored in the liver. When suffering from hepatitis, these vitamins are insufficient in the human body and need to be supplemented in large quantities.
■ Vitamin C: It has the functions of detoxifying, increasing the antiviral ability of liver cells, scavenging free radicals and protecting liver cells.
■ Propolis: rich in unique flavonoids and terpenes, it is mild and effective, does not cause imbalance of parasitic bacteria in the digestive tract, and has obvious inhibition and killing effects on a variety of bacteria, fungi and viruses; It also has safety, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipruritic, anesthetic and radioprotective effects.
■ Royal jelly: It can repair damaged liver cells, promote the recovery of liver function, and has a good effect on infectious hepatitis.
Spirulina tablets is an alkaline food with high nutrition, which provides patients with liver diseases with high plant protein, vitamins and minerals.
■ Vitamin B: Provide enough B vitamins for the liver, which is conducive to eliminating inflammation, protecting the liver and maintaining normal liver function.
■ Protein powder: the need to provide nutrition for the human body and maintain human life activities; It provides raw materials for the immune system to make anti-bacterial antibodies and repair damaged tissues.
■ Wheat germ oil: anti-oxidation, anti-free radical and liver protection.
■ Garlic essential oil: a natural antibacterial agent to protect the liver.
■ β-carotene: converted into vitamin A, which can normalize skin in the mucosal system of organ cavity and promote the growth of liver cells.
■ Squalene: anti-oxidation, improving human immunity, providing oxygen for liver cells and activating cells.
One-day recipes for liver cancer:
Breakfast: sweet milk (250g of milk, 5g of sugar), boiled eggs (50g of eggs) and 50g of bread.
Meals: lotus root starch 1 small bowl (lotus root starch 30g) and 2 biscuits (biscuits 30g).
Lunch: rice 100g (rice 100g), minced meat tofu (50g minced meat, tofu 150g) and vegetarian fried asparagus (asparagus 100g).
Meal: 1 apple (200g apple).
Dinner: noodles or noodles (flour 100g), scrambled eggs with tomatoes and cucumbers (tomatoes 100g, cucumbers 100g, fungus 3g, eggs 50g).
Food match: milk (250g fresh milk, 10g sugar) 20g edible oil, 8g salt.
Prescription for treatment of liver cancer
(1) Lycium barbarum Turtle: 30g Lycium barbarum, 150g Turtle. Steamed Lycium barbarum and turtle. Both medlar and turtle soup can be eaten. 65438+ 0 times a week, should not eat more, especially indigestion, insomnia. Avoid drinking liquor, peppers, mother pork, leeks, fat, fried, hard objects and irritating condiments. Has the effects of nourishing yin, clearing away heat, dissipating stagnation, cooling blood, and improving immunity.
(2) Poria cocos steamed mandarin fish: Poria cocos 15g, mandarin fish 150g. Add water and seasoning, and steam. Eating fish and soup has the functions of invigorating spleen, promoting diuresis, benefiting qi and enriching blood.
(3) Cui Yi tomato bean curd soup: watermelon Cui Yi 30g, tomato 50g, bean curd150g. Slice watermelon, tomato and tofu to make soup. Regular consumption has the effects of invigorating the spleen, promoting digestion, clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting diuresis and eliminating dampness. And it is not suitable for people with deficiency cold to take more.
(4) Cirsium japonicum and crucian carp soup: Cirsium japonicum 30g, crucian carp 1. Boil soup with thistle and crucian carp, and add appropriate seasoning. Regular consumption has the effect of removing blood stasis, stopping vomiting and improving symptoms. However, people with spleen and stomach deficiency and cold without blood stasis should not take it.
(5) Gordon Euryale stewed meat: Gordon Euryale 30g, lean pork 100g. Put the two together in a casserole, add water and stew until cooked, then remove the residue, eat meat and drink soup. If eaten regularly, this diet can purge fire, eliminate phlegm and relieve constipation. People with ascites can use this prescription.
(6) Mint brown sugar beverage: mint 15g, brown sugar 60g. Stir-fry the soup and add sugar to taste. Stands for tea, which can clear away heat, warm and yellow; Those with jaundice ascites can choose.
(7) Boiled eggs with olives: 20g olives, eggs 1 egg. Cook the olives first, then add the lying eggs, cook and stir before eating. Three times a week, each time 1 egg can break blood and disperse blood, which is suitable for patients with liver cancer with obvious pain and ascites.
(8) Stewed pork with macadamia root: fresh macadamia root100g, lean pork 200g. Put the above two materials into a salt pan and add water to boil, then remove the residue after stewing. Regular consumption has the functions of clearing away heat and toxic materials, promoting diuresis and promoting blood circulation.
(9) Bitter vegetable juice: Bitter vegetable and sugar are appropriate. Wash bitter vegetables, mash to get juice, and add sugar. Three times a week, it has the effect of clearing away heat, and is suitable for symptoms such as liver cancer, dry mouth and anorexia.
(10) Portulaca stewed eggs: appropriate amount of Portulaca oleracea, 2 fresh eggs. First, add water to Portulaca oleracea to make Portulaca oleracea brine, then take 300 ml and boil eggs with tooth juice. Drink soup once a day/kloc-0 times. It can clear away heat and toxic materials, reduce swelling, dissipate blood stasis and relieve pain. It is suitable for patients with huge liver cancer accompanied by fever and thirst.
(1 1) stewed eggs with lotus root juice: 30 ml of lotus root juice, eggs 1 egg, and a little rock sugar. Open the eggs and stir well, then add the lotus root juice. After stirring evenly, add a little rock sugar and steam slightly. Take it regularly. This prescription has the functions of stopping bleeding, relieving pain and removing blood stasis, and is suitable for patients with liver cancer bleeding.
(12) yam bean porridge: yam 30g, lentil 10g, japonica rice 10g. Wash yam, peel and slice, cook lentils half-cooked, add japonica rice, and cook yam into porridge. Take it twice a day for breakfast and dinner. Has the effects of invigorating spleen and eliminating dampness, and can be used for treating diarrhea due to spleen deficiency in patients with advanced liver cancer.
Early signal and prevention of liver cancer
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Early signal and prevention of liver cancer
Early symptoms of liver cancer: According to epidemiological investigation, about 90% of liver cancer is related to hepatitis B or hepatitis C virus infection. HBsAg positive, "two and a half" and hepatitis C antibody positive are all signs of hepatitis virus infection.
Preventive measures: For people over 35 years old who are HBsAg positive, have chronic hepatitis and cirrhosis for more than 5 years, and have a family history of liver cancer in their third-generation immediate family members, it is the most effective method to detect alpha-fetoprotein and liver B-ultrasound every six months. In addition, inject hepatitis B vaccine; Ensure that blood products are not infected by hepatitis virus during blood transfusion. Alcohol is also a big enemy of liver cancer, so it is necessary to abstain from alcohol to prevent liver cancer.
Nursing measures of liver cancer
1. Preoperative nursing
(1) Pay attention to the sudden change of illness: during the preoperative nursing, various critical complications may occur in liver diseases, such as sudden acute peritonitis and internal bleeding when primary liver cancer breaks and bleeds; Some patients may have massive upper gastrointestinal bleeding and hepatic encephalopathy. A few patients may also have symptoms of upper gastrointestinal bleeding due to biliary tract bleeding.
(2) Psychological nursing: Due to severe pain, fever, jaundice and malnutrition, or because of patients' worries about treatment plans and surgical prognosis, patients often have complex psychological states such as anxiety, fear or despair. While doing a good job of symptomatic nursing to alleviate the pain of patients, we should be considerate and comforting to patients. Introduce the treatment method and significance appropriately. Pay attention to the medical protection system for patients. In the process of medical treatment, we strive to get good cooperation from patients, families and society.
(3) Improve liver function and general nutritional status: Pay attention to rest before operation, actively correct malnutrition, anemia, hypoproteinemia and coagulation dysfunction, and take effective measures to protect the liver.
(4) Prevention and treatment of infection: Use antibiotics two days before liver surgery to prevent infection before and after surgery. When other liver diseases are complicated with infection, we should give a large number of effective antibiotics in time, arrange the administration time reasonably, choose the administration method and route correctly, pay attention to the side effects of drugs and avoid using drugs harmful to the liver.
(5) Intestinal preparation: For patients who are about to undergo extensive liver tissue resection or hepatic vascular ligation and embolization, especially patients with cirrhosis, in order to inhibit bacteria in the intestine, remove feces in the intestine, reduce postoperative abdominal distension and blood ammonia sources, and prevent complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, necessary intestinal preparation should be made 3 days before operation.
(6) Other work: Generally, a gastric tube needs to be placed before liver surgery, and an indwelling catheter is needed when necessary. The amount of blood transfusion after extensive hepatectomy may be large, so sufficient blood should be prepared before operation, preferably new blood, to avoid coagulation disorder caused by large amount of blood stored during operation.
2. Postoperative care
(1) closely observe the changes of the disease: after liver surgery, especially after extensive hepatectomy, many complications are easy to occur and the mortality rate is high. Complications are:
① Intra-abdominal hemorrhage: it is caused by the disorder of coagulation mechanism or blood vessel bleeding in the cross section of liver after hepatectomy;
② Gastrointestinal bleeding: Liver cancer is often accompanied by cirrhosis, which is caused by portal hypertension, esophageal varices rupture or postoperative stress ulcer;
③ Liver failure or hepatic encephalopathy;
④ Ascites: due to poor liver function, hypoproteinemia;
⑤ Bile leakage: It is caused by necrosis of liver cross-sectional tissue or shedding of small bile duct ligature, which can cause biliary peritonitis;
⑥ Abdominal infection: It is caused by poor drainage of peritoneal exudate;
⑦ Pleural effusion: It is related to hypoproteinemia and subphrenic infection.
Therefore, after operation, vital signs, bleeding symptoms, consciousness changes, jaundice, ascites, urine volume, abdominal and chest symptoms and signs, various drainage tubes, blood routine and urine routine, determination of electrolyte and acid-base balance indicators, liver and kidney function examination, and special examinations such as ultrasound and X-ray when necessary should be carried out. If you find any complications, you should contact the doctor in time and do the corresponding treatment and nursing.
(2) Posture and activity: After the condition is stable, you can take a semi-recumbent position. It is generally not advisable to get up early after liver surgery, especially after hepatectomy, which may easily lead to cross-sectional hemorrhage of the liver. But you can stay in bed, encourage deep breathing and cough, and prevent complications such as pneumonia and atelectasis.
(3) Diet and infusion: no diet after operation, gastrointestinal decompression, infusion support, maintaining water, electrolyte and acid-base balance. After the recovery of gastrointestinal function, liquid food was given, and then semi-liquid food and ordinary diet were changed as appropriate. After extensive hepatectomy, elemental diet or intravenous hypernutrition can also be used.
(4) Continue to take measures to protect liver: The methods are the same as those of preoperative nursing. However, after extensive hepatectomy or hepatic vascular occlusion, oxygen inhalation should be interrupted for 2 ~ 4 days; Intravenous infusion of proper amount of plasma, human albumin and branched-chain amino acids within 2 weeks after operation; You can also transfuse a small amount of blood many times, which plays an important role in promoting the recovery of liver function.
(5) Continue to use antibiotics: prevent and treat various postoperative infections such as liver wound, abdominal cavity and chest.
(6) Drainage tube nursing: Various drainage tubes can be used after liver surgery, all drainage tubes should be kept unobstructed and properly fixed, and the characteristics and changes of drainage volume and contents should be observed and recorded in detail. Pay attention to aseptic operation and replace the drainage tube and bottle every day. Double-tube closed negative pressure suction device is often used for hepatectomy or subphrenic drainage, and effective negative pressure suction should be maintained. T-tube drainage, see T-tube nursing after biliary surgery. After hepatectomy, the drainage tube around the liver is usually placed for 3 ~ 5 days, and the drainage tube should be pulled out in time when the exudation is obviously reduced. Drainage of liver abscess should be performed when the general condition is improved, the body temperature and blood routine are normal, the drainage pus is thin and less than 65438 00 ml per day, or the volume of the drainage tube is less than 65438 00 ml.
(7) Discharge rehabilitation guidance:
① Take a proper rest according to the doctor's advice;
② Adjust diet and strengthen nutrition;
(3) Continue to use drugs according to the doctor's advice;
④ Follow-up regularly to find out the changes of liver function and disease recurrence. Pay attention to AFP follow-up results after operation, or observe whether there is liver cancer metastasis.