Some photoautotrophic microorganisms can solve the problem of protein feed shortage for people and livestock, and can directly use nitrogen in the air to synthesize amino acids they need, and directly or indirectly provide protein for human beings.

Autotrophic microorganisms can be divided into photoautotrophic type and chemoautotrophic type. Photoautotrophic microorganisms, such as cyanobacteria, use photosynthesis to obtain energy. Chemotactic autotrophic microorganisms obtain released energy through the chemical reaction of chemical substances, such as sulfur bacteria (absorbing H2S and oxidizing it to release energy), iron bacteria (oxidizing ferrous iron into trivalent iron to release energy), nitrifying bacteria, etc. Chemotactic autotrophic microorganisms are usually anaerobic bacteria.

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Heterotrophic microorganism means that organic matter must be used as carbon source and inorganic matter or organic matter as nitrogen source. Some even need different growth factors to gain energy through oxidation and grow microorganisms.

Heterotrophic microorganisms can also be divided into two types: energy heterotrophy (such as some bacteria of Rhodotorula) and chemical heterotrophy. Most microorganisms are chemotactic heterotrophic.