Excerpted from The Analects of Confucius Learning and Articles
Original text:
Xia Zi said: "The sage changes color; Parents can do their best; As a gentleman, you can pass through him; Make friends and keep your word. Although I have not studied, I will call it learning. "
Translation:
Xia Zi said: "A person can attach importance to virtue, instead of a woman serving her parents and doing her best;" Serving the monarch can give his life; Communicate with friends, speak honestly and keep your word. Such a person, although he says he hasn't studied, I must say he has. "
Precautions:
Xia Zi: A student of Confucius, surnamed Bu, a famous businessman, was 44 years younger than Confucius and was born in 507 BC. After the death of Confucius, he publicized Confucius' thoughts in Wei State.
Dedication: The first word "Dedication" is used as a verb to show respect. Being virtuous means respecting virtuous people.
Yi: There are two explanations; First, the meaning of change, this sentence is to respect the virtuous and change the lust; The second is the meaning of contempt, that is, valuing morality over women.
To the body: Yes, it means "giving" and "doing your best". This means giving your life to the monarch.
Comments:
There was a sentence in the last chapter, "study literature if you have spare capacity." . What Xia Zi said in this chapter is actually a further development of the previous chapter. Xia Zi believes that whether a person has knowledge mainly depends on his cultural knowledge, but on whether he can practice traditional morality, such as filial piety, loyalty and faithfulness. As long as the latter points are achieved, even if he says that he has never studied, he is already a person with moral cultivation. Therefore, by reading and analyzing this chapter in combination with the previous chapter, we can see the basic characteristics of Confucius' education focusing on virtue.
reference data
Ancient poetry network: gushiwen/
2. Inherit traditional culture. Do you want to learn classical Chinese? Don't study blindly. Classical Chinese is the essence of Chinese. Classical Chinese is full of poetry, including rich and colorful emotional content and patriotic poems. At the same time, classical Chinese records many historical stories, and only by learning classical Chinese well can we be optimistic about traditional history. Make the past serve the present and take its essence.
Historically, people from generation to generation have tried to preserve traditional culture. Learning classical Chinese is a manifestation of inheriting traditional culture and enriching our cultural knowledge.
From the learning level, we accept classical Chinese and recite ancient poems in learning Chinese to learn the traditional culture of the ancients. While studying history, I also studied traditional culture. From the learning level, learning traditional culture is an indispensable part. I think learning traditional culture is something that every Chinese son and daughter must do. Our ancestors tried to pass on these ancient cultures from generation to generation. Every time we see the crystallization of these cultures, we will inevitably think of the ethos and strong customs of that era.
3. What are the traditional cultures in China? Write a 10 list of China traditional culture: a brief introduction to benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom, faithfulness, loyalty, filial piety, chastity, forgiveness, courage and tolerance; Chyi Chin's calligraphy and painting, 360 lines, four great inventions, folk taboos, loyalty to the country, natural health preservation, bamboo, folk songs, loess, Yangtze River, Yellow River and red moon.
Zodiac: rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, chicken, dog and pig. Peasant uprising; Gzero, court culture, imperial studies.
A hundred schools of thought contend 1. Taoism (Laozi, Zhuangzi, Liezi; Thought: morality, inaction and freedom; Southern classics, Tao Te Ching, Guan 2. Confucianism (Confucius, Analects of Confucius, Mencius, Xunzi; Thought: benevolence, righteousness, courtesy, wisdom and faith; Four books: The Doctrine of the Mean, University, Mencius and The Analects of Confucius) 3. Legalists (Li Kui, Han Fei, Li Si, Han Feizi) believe that the monarchy is centralized and the rule of law is upheld. Mohist school (Mozi, Mozi, thought: universal love, non-aggression, virtue and thrift) 5. Famous artists ("Gong Sun Long Zi" by Deng, Hui Shi, Gong Sun Long and Huan Tuan) 6. Yin and Yang Family (Zou Yan, Wuxing, Jin Mu Fire and Water) 7. Strategist (Guiguzi,)) 1 1. Physicians (Bian Que, Chunyu Kun, Zhang Zhongjing, Hua Tuo, Sun Simiao, Bing Wang, Zhang Congzheng, Zhu Zhenheng, Li Shizhen and Zhang Jingyue) play chess and draw flutes, erhu, guzheng, flutes, drums, guqin and pipa.
Top Ten Famous Songs (Mountain Flowing Water, Guangling San, Pingsha Wild Goose, Plum Blossom Lane, House of Flying Ambush, Flute Drum at Sunset, Eighteen Beats of Hu Family, Autumn Moon in Han Palace, Chun Xue and Fisherman's Questions and Answers); China chess, China Go, chess, chess pieces, chessboard; China calligraphy, seal cutting, Four Treasures of the Study (pen, ink, inkstone, rice paper), woodcut watermark, Oracle Bone Inscriptions, Zhong Dingwen, Han bamboo slips, vertical binding books; Chinese painting, landscape painting, freehand brushwork; Dunhuang murals; Eight horses, Tai Chi (Tai Chi). Traditional literature mainly refers to poetry, music and fu.
The Book of Songs, Han Yuefu and Sun Tzu's Art of War; Pre-Qin poetry, Han Fu, Tang poetry, Song ci, Yuanqu, Ming and Qing novels, four classical novels (A Dream of Red Mansions on the Journey to the West, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin), Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, etc. Traditional Festivals There are various traditional festivals in China, and many things have various customs and habits.
There are nearly 50 traditional festivals in Han nationality. The following are the main festivals of 15: Spring Festival, Shangyuan Festival (Lantern Festival), Flower Festival (Hundred Flowers Birthday), Shangsi Festival (March 3rd), Cold Food Festival, Tomb-Sweeping Day, Dragon Boat Festival, Qixi Festival, Zhongyuan Festival (Ghost Festival), Mid-Autumn Festival, Double Ninth Festival, Winter solstice Festival, Laba Festival and Kitchen Festival (off-year).
Every place also has local and ethnic characteristics. China operas include Beijing Opera, Yue Opera, Shaanxi Opera, Chaozhou Opera, Kunqu Opera, xiang opera Opera, Henan Opera, Quju Opera [1], Errenzhuan, Hebei Bangzi, Shadow Play, Sichuan Opera, Huangmei Opera, Cantonese Opera, Ancient Painting Opera, Baling Opera, Puppet Opera, Facial Makeup, Liyuan Opera and Gezi Opera.
Chinese characters in pavilions, archways, gardens and monasteries, bell tower temples, pavilions and houses in China are one of the four self-derived characters in the world (the other three are Egyptian holy sites, Sumerian cuneiform characters and Mayan characters), and they are also the only characters that are still used today and are still full of vitality. As an outstanding representative of ideographic (morpheme) characters, Chinese characters dominate half of the world's writing world (the other half are all kinds of letters and phonography).
Chinese characters and their recorded Chinese are exquisite, and their artistry is the highest among all characters. It produced the only art in the world, such as classical metrical poems, couplets, crossword puzzles and divination.
Few words can become an art, and none can reach the height of China's calligraphy. Inscriptions, seal cutting, plaques, couplets and scale fans are all exquisite.
Every stroke of Chinese characters reflects the wisdom of our ancestors and their understanding of the world. The so-called China's philosophy is vividly reflected in the structure of Chinese characters.
From the Spring Festival couplets and the upside-down word "Fu" to the calligraphy and painting of "Lucky for Treasure" and "Fu Lushou", as well as the flaming word "Xi" in the bridal chamber and the solemn word "Drink" in front of the mourning hall, Chinese characters are living folk customs and cultures. Chinese characters have maintained the unity of China for thousands of years.
Kyushu, Sihai, ancient people and modern people use the same Chinese character, and there is no obstacle to communication. Today, people can still read Qin bamboo slips, Han silks, Tang steles and Song stickers, which is a unique miracle among all civilizations in the world.
Couplets, riddles (riddles), two-part allegorical sayings, idioms, shots, wine lists, doggerel poems, etc ... Traditional Chinese medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, Huangdi Neijing, acupuncture A and B classics, pulse classics, compendium of materia medica, Qianjinfang, Shennong materia medica classics, treatise on febrile diseases, etc. Kites, Chinese embroidery, etc. ), Chinese knots, clay figurines, dough figurines, patterns (gluttonous patterns, wishful patterns, thunder patterns, palindromes, Ba patterns and auspicious clouds), Chengfeng, Qianceng, eaves, carving Chinese martial arts Tai Ji Chuan, Wing Chun Quan, Shaolin, Wudang regional culture, Middle-earth culture, Chaoshan culture and Jiangnan. Central Plains culture, Baling culture ... folk etiquette, marriage (matchmaker, elders, bride price, bridal chamber), funeral (mourning, paper money, the first seven), sacrifice (ancestors of heaven and earth); Door gods, New Year pictures, firecrackers, glutinous rice balls, jiaozi. The costumes of the Han nationality began in Huangdi and were prepared in Yao and Shun. Different dynasties have different shapes. In China, there are also Chinese tunic suit, Tang suit, cheongsam, ethnic costumes, various traditional and modern accessories, shoes and hats, etc., all of which were born under the influence of other ethnic cultures.
Four elegant operas, flowers, birds, fish, insects, animals and plants, dragons, phoenixes, unicorns, tigers, leopards, cranes, turtles and giant pandas. ; Ten famous orchids, plum blossom, peony, lotus, chrysanthemum, rose, osmanthus, azalea, daffodil and camellia.
Nine sons of Longsheng: prison cow, bud, mocking wind, cloth dragon, lion, lion, kiss, gluttony, pepper map, centipede. Antique jade (Yu Pei, jade.
4. What are the traditional cultures of China? Literature, music, dance, art, architecture, sculpture, etc. For a long time, due to the vague understanding of China's traditional culture, many people regard tradition as the classical Chinese itself, and think of ancient costumes, utensils, ceremonies and buildings. They are all traditions, just carriers of traditional culture. The true essence of traditional culture is the world outlook of harmony between man and nature, returning to the natural values of life and enduring humiliation.
Without these connotations, anyone who talks about "tradition" in any name is nothing more than a harmful product of Maotai bottled fake wine and even industrial alcohol mixed with water. At first glance, it seems to smell like wine, but in fact, it is completely taking advantage of people's love for tradition and infiltrating their private interests. What's more, clothing is regarded as the essence and form as the destination, so the more lively the practice of the so-called renaissance culture is, the farther people may be from the traditional spirit.
The true traditional spirit of China is directly related to people's consciousness, and it is a vivid life guidance and ideology, rather than idols or decorations divorced from life. Confucius said, "Tao can't be separated for a moment, but can be separated from non-Tao."
If a person who talks about tradition doesn't have traditional thoughts and traditional moral behaviors, then what he says about tradition is just a Zhang Huali cover for his own purpose. Traditional culture is to study "Tao" and return to "truth".
In addition to the prosperous technical inheritance and development system of secular life, traditional culture also has a very rich carrier of literature, music, dance, art, architecture, sculpture and so on, but the carrier itself is not the soul and foundation of tradition. Confucius once reasoned about archery, saying, "You can't shoot at the main skin, because the strength is different and the science is ancient."
Where does archery come from to judge a person's shooting skill according to the depth of the arrow embedded in the target? "Shooting looks like a gentleman, but it's not right, but it's the opposite." This is a training method used by Dacheng Confucianism to cultivate their own moral character, which means that if there is a problem, they should find their own shortcomings in turn in order to improve. Archery is like this, and so are farmers growing crops. Such as Taoism, Legalism, Yin and Yang, etc. There are different levels, and their core purpose comes from the universal truth and rules they know.
Therefore, Confucius further extended that all disciplines are also the way to realize life handed down by ancient sages. This is the essence.
The main carrier of traditional culture: ancient books are mostly classical Chinese. In fact, this classical Chinese is a written language that China people should be very proud of, and its generalization and expressive power are amazing.
For example, there are 28 words in A Night Sleeping by the Maple Bridge, but the historical vicissitudes and feelings about life contained in it may not be fully described in a million-word novel. A few minutes of drama on the stage can make people understand the situation of the world for thousands of years.
The expressive force of classical Chinese is a great treasure of mankind. However, since modern times, vernacular Chinese has become the main language expression, artificially creating a cultural fault and gap. The teaching of vernacular Chinese made several generations in China unable to understand the profound connotation of the traditional civilization left by their ancestors, and the textual research of ancient books became a matter for professionals and was brutally taken away. But they dare not study the true essence of practical application and the unity of man and nature, so they turn traditional research into a pile of old papers and vulgarization. The so-called "tradition" they chewed with low concepts and fears has been changed beyond recognition, making people mistakenly think that tradition is useless, and everything is based on the West, thus cutting off the Chinese god who spreads civilization and making our national moral level plummet. Then, to restore traditional culture is to revive the essence and essence of cultural pursuit of Tao, and then get the divine resurrection in the depths of life through Ming Dow and return to the true nature.
As far as traditional Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are concerned, the forms and costumes are different and the purpose is the same. Different awakenings just tell you how to get rid of people's obsession with ignorance and greed for utility, and achieve improvement through self-cultivation, so as to make yourself enlightened and eventually become a spiritual self-sufficient life realm.
Of course, their respective systems have their own special existence and expression, which are also inseparable. In many monasteries, it can be seen that "you must stand firm before you can enter the only way", that is, choose the right path and follow the teachings, and you can't "have two virtues or three virtues".
Only in this way can we have a successful day. Confucianism: "The way of university (the learning of great success in life) is to be well-known, close to the people and stop at perfection."
Methods: Be sincere, cultivate one's morality and govern the country. Knowledge exists in things.
If you want to be sincere, you should know it first. If you know it, you can know the original power of life, which books don't know. Covering the air, sunshine, mountains, rivers and clouds, it is selfless and beautiful, but if you use it to cultivate your mind, you will gain true knowledge.
This is a question of knowledge. Psychological methods require filial piety, benevolence, courtesy, wisdom and belief in the mean.
Buddhism: Sakyamuni Buddha stresses caution and wisdom. In other words, reading Amitabha from the pure land, without efforts to quit wisdom and practice, is actually completely ineffective.
No matter how many doctrines are derived from Buddhism, although there are different practices, we still have to follow the precepts and wisdom, which is (11). Of course, Buddha Sakyamuni said that Tathagata is like Ganges sand. There are many buddhas, each with different methods, but the outstanding performance of Buddhism is to cultivate goodness.
Taoism: Enlightenment is the foundation. Since man is a spiritual thing in the universe, he is produced by the matter of the universe. No matter where he has fallen, if we get to the bottom of it, he must be consistent with the fundamental nature of the universe on one level, which means he can return.
The cultivation of Tao is to completely get rid of all acquired contamination and achieve fundamental assimilation with the truth of the universe, so we should also give up all involvement and persistence. To achieve such a state, Tai Chi is used, and the pros and cons are no longer its ropes.
Therefore, the real traditional culture of China is great and wonderful! In the Spring and Autumn Period, Qi Jia said, "Tradition is heaven. Dacheng education pays attention to sincerity and trust, and the rule of the family is the same in the world.
The most important thing is that lide has made contributions to the three immortals, and this practical learning is also.