In fact, the "border town" written by Shen Congwen is the tea cave in Huayuan County, Hunan Province (officially renamed as "border town" on July 6, 2005). The "White River" mentioned in Border Town is Youshui River, not Tuojiang River in Phoenix.
Youshui River originates in Xuanen County, Hubei Province, flows through Youyang and Xiushan in southeast Chongqing, Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun and Guzhang in western Hunan, and finally flows into Yuanjiang in Yuanling, with a total length of 600 kilometers. It flows through Daxi, Youchou and Houxi in the east of Youyang Tujia and Miao Autonomous County in Chongqing, flows into Yuanjiang through Xiushan County in Chongqing, and then flows into Dongting Lake. The total length of Youyang is 8 1.
Youshui River is a place where Tujia people live in compact communities. It is not only a river with charming scenery, but also a river full of ethnic customs. The simple Tujia people have created a unique Tujia culture in their long-term production and life. "The wind blows eight hair shake, short and high. The tall one was blown down by the wind, and the short one slowly grew taller. " They plow, fish and hunt in the soil, and a canopy boat, a bamboo pole and several fishing nets support their life by the river. Sail across the river, ask and answer folk songs, spend the night in the diaojiao building, and wave hands to entertain each other. Shan Qi, stone wonders, beautiful water and dense forests on the Youshui River complement each other, and mountains, light and water blend together, which is known as "Small Guilin in Southeast Chongqing".
Shili Changtan, located in the lower reaches of Houxi River, is the most beautiful section of Youshui River, with light microwave waves, mountains reflecting water color and water lining mountain light. There is an island in the pool called Taohuazhou, which is located in Fiona Fang. There are several acres of fertile soil on this continent, including wheat, corn and oranges. "There are strange stones in Changtan, which are like drums." At this point, the boatman stood at the bow and hit him with a pole. That strange stone makes a "thump, thump" sound, and it is ethereal and spinning.
Changtan Handcrank Hall is a typical ancestral hall in Qing Dynasty, which was built in Xianfeng for three years. It is a place where Tujia people worship and dance with their hands. There is a thick stone "leaking window" on the blue-gray uphill wall, which is obviously different from the Qing dynasty houses with completely closed barrels on the uphill. Three purlins carved beams and painted buildings, with extraordinary momentum. The doors and windows of the double-sided wing corridor are fine in workmanship, and the quadrangle patio gives sufficient lighting to the waving hall. The dam that dances "Sheba (Wave Dance)" extends from the front of the wave hall to the river bank, all paved with bluestone slabs. Surrounded by marble railings on three sides, the reliefs such as "A Magpie Makes a Plum", "Phoenix Facing Japan", "Warm Wine Chops Hua Xiong" and "Beautiful Case" are exquisite and lifelike. There are some patterns showing the early reproductive worship of Tujia people in the sacrificial temple, which is puzzling and amazing!
For many years, Youshui has been running day and night, leaving one ancient town after another on the shore. There are a series of famous market towns such as Daxi, Youchou, Houxi, Shidi, Liye, Hong 'an, Tea Cave and Wangcun. In 2002, more than 20,000 pieces of Qin bamboo slips with hundreds of thousands of characters were unearthed during the rescue archaeological excavation of the ancient city of Qin and Han dynasties involving the Warring States period in Liye along the river embankment, which shocked the world. Approved by the State Council, the site of Liye ancient city is listed as a national key cultural relics protection unit. Wangcun Ancient Town was the former site of Youyang City in Qin and Han Dynasties. Historically known as "Youyang Xiongzhen". It is an ancient town with Tujia ethnic characteristics and more than 2000 years of history and culture. Around Wuli Qingshiban Street is Panmunjom, and Tujia Diaojiao Building is built along the slope. 1986 The movie furong town takes Wangcun as the location, and Wangcun became famous overnight, adding another name: furong town. As early as the mid-1930s, Chadong Town became famous for Mr. Shen Congwen's novel Border Town. Tea Cave is located at the junction of Hunan, Guizhou and Chongqing provinces, and the water flows from south to north. East is Chadong Town, Huayuan, Hunan, northwest is Hongan Town, Chongqing, and southwest is Songtao County, Guizhou. Now the Tea Cave has been officially renamed as "Border Town" with the approval of the Hunan Provincial Government; The statue of Cui Cui, the hero of the novel designed by the famous painter Huang Yongyu, once stood on Cui Cui Island at the junction of three provinces and cities.
Youshui is a long river of history and culture, and its charm is concentrated in three places: a copper pillar, that is, the Xizhou copper pillar representing the political ecology, is the birthplace of the "one country, two systems" toast system; An ancient well, that is, the ancient well of the Warring States Period in Liye, Longshan, represents history and culture; A water cave is Laifeng Maodong, which represents natural geography.
The source of Youshui is in our state, and the first ferry is in Maodong (now Baifusi Town, laifeng county), which is an important waterway from Enshi to the south of Guangzhou. In the early days of liberation, with the rapid development of highway traffic, especially the construction of 1972 Fengtan Hydropower Station in Hunan Province, the busy shipping of Youshui declined day by day, and the former prosperity interpreted the touching story of Tujia Qushui people. The river basin was known as the "amorous feelings corridor" of Enshi Prefecture.
Cultural relics include Xianfo Temple, the first Tujia Handcrank Hall, the Tujia Hanging Coffin Site in Xianrendong, Niuwawei Shang and Zhou Sites, Xushan's Mao Dong Ji in Ming Dynasty, Mao Dong Si Zhi in Qing Dynasty, comic books reflecting the suppression of bandits in southwest Hubei, Tujia Miao language, Tujia brocade "Xilankapu" and Diaojiaolou. In the 31st year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1905), the first grass-roots public security sub-bureau (formerly patrol sub-bureau) in Enshi Prefecture was established on the basis of Maodong Inspection Department in Shinan Prefecture.
The characteristic resources are "similar tung oil", similar nanmu, Davidia involucrata, camellia oil, Xiandong tea, giant salamander, Agkistrodon acutus, rice, white pomelo, Pinellia ternata, honeysuckle, rattan weaving technology, "North River God Boat" and so on. Among them, approximate tung oil won the banner of "Maodong tung oil, quality first" issued by the State Council with 1958; The existing collection of Mao Dong in Zhejiang Library records that Jiangnan wood was badly needed for the renovation project of the Forbidden City after the fire in Jiajing period of Ming Dynasty. Chenzhou (now Yuanling, Hunan Province) knew that Xu Shan had been ordered to supervise the felling of nanmu in Maodong, Laifeng for two years, so he wrote a logging diary of Maodong Collection. Youshui River is a tributary of Yuanjiang River, with a total length of 427 kilometers and an average width of about 12.5 meters. Originated in Xuanen County, Hubei Province, it flows through laifeng county in Hubei Province, Youyang County, Xiushan County and Songtao County in Guizhou Province, Yuanling County, Yongshun County, Guzhang County, Baojing County, Huayuan County and Longshan County in Hunan Province, and finally flows into Dongting Lake, where * * * flows through four provinces. Youshuihe area is an underdeveloped area integrating ethnic minority areas, old revolutionary base areas, remote mountainous areas and poverty-stricken areas. 1 1 counties are all state-level poverty-stricken counties, and they all belong to the poverty-stricken areas in Wuling Mountain. They have very typical and unique natural resources, social humanities and other distinctive features in Youshui River Basin. From the perspective of tourism development, it is embodied in "three belts":
1. Natural landscape resource belt. Youshui River runs across Wuling Mountain, like a jade belt embedded in Wuling Mountain, with water around the mountain and mountains around the water. There is water in the mountains, and there are mountains in the water. It is picturesque and has the reputation of "Small Guilin in the southeast of Chongqing". The natural scenic spots that have been initially developed and can be developed in six counties along the river are: Tarot National Geopark, Car Wash River, Gaballah Scenic Area and Bamian Mountain Scenic Area in Longshan County; Baiyun Mountain National Nature Reserve, Youxi Park and Shuangshi Valley in Baojing County; Mengdong River, Buermen National Forest Park and Xiaoxi National Nature Reserve in Yongshun County; Red Stone Forest National Geopark, Zuolongxia, Gaowangjie National Nature Reserve, Qifeng Lake and Tianqiao Mountain in Guzhang County; Yuanling County Jiemuxi National Nature Reserve, Mingxi Natural Landscape Belt (Heimuya, Wunuoshengshan, Xiongxiongyan and Jinwan Water), Youshui Style Gallery, Wuxi Lake National Wetland Park, etc.
Youshui River is the mother river of Xiangxi, the ancient southern water silk road, and the main channel of material exchange and civilization transmission between Xiangxi and the outside world before the 1960s. There are 48 beaches in Chang 'an, 48 beaches in Wu Hanyou and 48 beaches in Yunan. Youshui River (Hunan section) has more than 20 water tourism resources such as Mengdong River rafting, Zuolongxia, Qifeng Lake, Youshui Style Gallery and Jinwan Water, which can be used for sightseeing, rafting, boating, bungee jumping, water vacation and other water entertainment activities. The banks of Youshui River are mostly Kashite landforms with excellent vegetation. There are hundreds of natural and cultural attractions along the river, and it is difficult to connect these attractions in series by land transportation. Youshui River has a wide water surface and strong accessibility. By developing cruise ships, yachts and cruise ships, hundreds of natural and cultural landscapes along the river can be connected in series into a seven-day tour route.
2. Historical and cultural resources belt. Most human civilizations have developed along rivers. There are more than 30 nationalities living in Youshui River Basin, with extremely diverse national customs and profound historical and cultural heritage. Tujia people say-this is their mother river; Historians say-this is the ancient South Water Silk Road; Health experts say-this is the Changshou River at 28 degrees north latitude; Wine experts say-this is the birthplace of wine; Word experts say that there are as many as 104 words with the word "one" as the edge, covering various States of life; Archaeologists say-this is one of the birthplaces of human civilization. The humanistic landscapes that have been initially developed and can be developed in six counties along the Yangtze River include the world cultural heritage Laosicheng and the national key cultural relics protection unit Longxing Lecture Hall, the ancient city ruins of Sifang City, the bronze pillars of the Western Zhou Dynasty, and more than 40 historical and cultural attractions such as Religious Street, Xiangxi Memorial Park, Liye Ancient Town, Yuan Cultural Park, Weijiazhai Ancient City Ruins and Ganling Ancient City Ruins.
3. Poor areas in Wuling Mountain area. 1 1 The county where Youshui River passes is a national poverty-stricken county with low level of economic development, poor infrastructure and backward social development. The poverty-stricken population in Wuling Mountain area is 3,065,438+8,000, and the poverty-stricken population in counties along Youshui River is1664,000, accounting for 54%, which is a typical poverty-stricken zone in Wuling Mountain area. There are 6,543,800 poor people in Huaihua and Xiangxi, and 838,000 poor people in Yuanling, Yongshun, Guzhang, Baojing, Huayuan and Longshan on both sides of Youshui River, accounting for 50% of the poor people in the two cities and states. Among them, there are 6.5438+0.5 million people in Yuanling County, 262,000 people in Yongshun County, 42,000 people in Guzhang County, 6.5438+0.57 million people in Baojing County, 75,000 people in Huayuan County and 6.5438+0.52 million people in Longshan County. Youshui, called Youxi in ancient times, is one of the five streams in Wuling. Youshui is a first-class tributary of the left bank of the lower reaches of Yuanshui River in Dongting Lake system. It originated in Huoshao Fort, Chunmuying, Xuanen County, Hubei Province, and flowed through Shadaogou Town, Lijiahe Township and laifeng county in Xuanen County from northeast to southwest, then entered Chongqing at Baifu Temple, and then flowed into Hunan via Youshi in Youyang County, Xiushan County, and finally into Dongting Lake.
The total length of Youshui is 427 kilometers. The total length of Youyang is 8 1 km, and the average width is about12.5m.. Coastal areas are the settlements of Tujia people and the cradle of Tujia people.
Youshui River Basin has beautiful scenery, towering peaks, full of magical craftsmanship and natural scenery, which is fascinating and lingering. Youshui, like Qingjiang, is called Tujia mother river. According to historical records, after the Qin dynasty destroyed Ba, the five families of Ba Zi dispersed to the five streams of You, Chen, Wu, Wu and Yuan, and became the ancestors of Tujia people.
The Tujia Genesis ballad "Waving Hands" describes the Tujia people going upstream along the Youshui River, expanding their territory and thriving in the vast areas of western Hunan and Hubei. Due to specific natural and historical reasons, Youshui Basin is the main sedimentary area of Batu culture, and it is also an important zone for the exchange and integration of Bachu culture and Han culture. History and culture have a long history, and national culture is colorful.
During the Second Revolutionary Civil War, the outstanding people in Youshui Valley were the main components of the base areas of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan and Guizhou, and they preserved rich revolutionary culture. Youshui basin is rich in natural resources, and many characteristic products can be called "treasures in things" and are famous all over the world. Youshui River Basin, with magnificent scenery, beautiful scenery, well-preserved ecological vegetation and suitable climate, is known as "the most masculine natural oxygen bar" and is the most suitable place for human habitation.
Youshui River is the mother river of Tujia nationality. It is the beautiful natural scenery that breeds the unique national culture. Here, you can touch the traces of history and listen to the ancient sounds of nature. Youshui River originated in Xuanen County, Hubei Province, and flowed from Youyang and Xiushan County in Chongqing into Longshan, Baojing, Yongshun and Guzhang in Xiangxi, Hunan Province, and then into Yuanjiang and Dongting Lake. Youshui River is the mother river of Xiangxi, and it is also the main channel of material exchange and civilization transmission between Xiangxi and the outside world before the 1960s. One wooden boat after another, which paddles, supports and pulls fibers by manpower, continuously transports native products such as tung oil, gallnut, hides and medicines from Xiangxi, and then brings back foreign oil, foreign salt, foreign cloth and foreign daily necessities from downstream ports. Your beach is dangerous and the water is urgent, and the ship is in danger. From Baojing to Changde, it often takes more than a month to go back and forth. During the long sailing days, the boatmen worked together to overcome the difficulties of nature for Qi Xin. In order to get rid of the depression in their chests and adjust their lives, they gradually created unique songs closely related to water work, resulting in unique regional and musical songs mixed with shouts.
Unfortunately, several power stations were dammed on the Youshui River, and with the change of transportation mode, the navigation history of the whole Youshui River officially ended in 2002, and the boatman's horn in the Youshui River Valley sank in time. As the creator and inheritor of ship songs have passed away, it is a helpless move to preserve the next text and audio-visual as "specimens" to protect many folk cultures that have lost the carrier of real life. Living fossils of four ancient living habits In the Youshui Basin, we can see three methods of fishing with river pebbles, namely, catching bayan fish, smashing the head of a black catfish and throwing a fork. These three fishing methods are all very interesting, and we all did them when we were young.
(1) Bayan fish is attached to hidden rocks in water. This fish has a strange feature. When people touch it or break it with their hands, it still climbs tightly on the rock. As long as the rock comes out of the water, the Bayan fish will automatically fall off as soon as it comes out of the water, so that it can be caught with other tools.
(2) The head of the black catfish is also hidden under underwater rocks. The way to catch this kind of fish is very simple, that is, lift a stone and smash those stones that may have fish. The head of the black catfish floated to the surface in shock.