Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties is a very special period in the history of China. When it comes to Wei and Jin Dynasties, people often say the words Wei and Jin demeanor, but their connotations may not be really understood, or there are different opinions. How should we re-examine this phenomenon in the fields of literature, history and philosophy today?
The word "character" was first widely used in the character comments of Wei, Jin and Southern Dynasties, and was later quoted in the theory of calligraphy and painting and literary criticism. Some people think that writing is style, while others think that writing is the relationship between form, language, content and thought. In the comments, it is considered that "the style is clear and the bones are handsome" refers to "the beauty of rich style, tight structure, rich and smooth", which is the Wei and Jin demeanor enjoyed by later generations.
Usually, there are two common sayings:
1. Characters in Han and Wei Dynasties (mainly referring to Jian 'an figures) Literary works and achievements from the Jian 'an period in the late Han Dynasty to Wei Chu, the most representative of which are the literary giants "Three Caos" (Cao Cao, Cao Pi and Cao Zhi) and the Seven Sons (Jian 'an period? Seven sons, Kong Rong, RoyceWong, Chen Lin, Xu Gan, Ying and Liu Zhen, inherited the realistic tradition of folk songs in Han Yuefu. They generally adopt five-character style and are famous for their vigorous masculinity, forming a unique "Jian 'an style" in the history of literature, which is respected as a model by future generations. Because Emperor Xian of the Han Dynasty had the title of "Jian 'an", he was later called the seven sons of Jian 'an. No matter "Cao Shi and his son" or "Jian 'an seven sons", they all lived in the land of Heluo for a long time, and this handsome and vigorous style is closely related to Heluo culture. ), the achievements of literary works in this period are particularly prominent in poetry. Jian 'an Poetry is developed on the basis of the Han Yuefu and Ancient Poems, and these works show the spirit of the times. "Cao Shi and his son" are the leading figures in Jian 'an literary world, and Cao Cao's poems are deep, generous and vigorous. Cao Pi gets along well with the scribes. When Wang Shen died, he took all the scribes to the funeral and said, "Wang Shen liked to hear donkeys bark before his death, so we all asked him to see him off." So a donkey barked at the grave. Cao Zhi's literary achievements are the highest. He is brilliant in literary talent, gorgeous in rhetoric and good at using metaphors. Therefore, he has an artistic style of "extremely high personality and adopting Chinese words". His "Ode to the Goddess of Luo" is a masterpiece through the ages, which depicts the peerless beauty and innocent image in the Ode to the Goddess of Luo with refined language and sincere feelings. Among the "Seven Scholars", Wang Shen has the highest achievement, and his masterpiece Seven Wounded Poems is a true portrayal of the war and turmoil in the late Han Dynasty.
The brilliant achievements of Jian 'an literature had a far-reaching impact on the later development of literature and art. Liu Xie and Zhong Rong of Southern Tang Dynasty praised the writing style of Jian 'an period many times. Tang Chenziang praised the "Han and Wei style", and Li Baiyou's poem "The bone of a great writer is your brush, in the school of heaven"; Contemporary Mr. Lu Xun praised: Jian 'an is an era of literary consciousness. From this time on, people began to realize that literature has its own value and independent status. Cao Pi's Dian Lun Paper is the earliest extant literary criticism paper and a symbol of literary consciousness in Jian 'an era. Ge Yanxing by Cao Pi is the earliest existing pure seven-character poem.
Secondly, the character of Wei and Jin Dynasties is mainly represented by Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest, Tao Yuanming, Zuo Si, Lu Ji, Pan Yue, Guo Pu, Xie Lingyun and Bao Zhao. Seven sages of bamboo forest (i.e. Ji Kang, Ruan Ji, Dan Tao, Xiang Embroidery, Liu Ling, Ruan Xian and Wang Rong). ) They often get together under the bamboo forest in Yang Shan (now Xiuwu, Henan), so they are called the seven sages of bamboo forest in the world. Most of them advocate the knowledge of Zhuang zi and Zhuang zi, are informal in manners and laws, and are open-minded by nature. Politically, Ruan Ji, Liu Ling and Ji Kang did not cooperate with Sima Group, and Ji Kang was killed. On the contrary, Wang Rong and Dan Tao successively took refuge in the Sima family, served as senior officials and became confidants of the regime. Ji Kang and Ruan Ji are representatives in article creation. For example, Ji Kang's "Breaking Up with the Mountain Gathering Source", based on Lao Zi and Zhuangzi's devotion to nature, explained that he could not be an official, and publicly showed his political attitude of not cooperating with Sima Jia. This article is very famous; Another example is Ruan Ji's Eighty-two Poems of "Yong Huai", which implicitly exposes the evil deeds of the supreme ruling group and satirizes the hypocritical ethical code people by means of comparison and sustenance. Therefore, through the article creation of the seven sages, we can get a glimpse of their respective aspirations and interests. Tao Yuanming's farewell from Peng is the dividing line between the two periods of his life. He constantly chose between the two social roles of bureaucrat and hermit. After his resignation from Peng, he became more determined to live in seclusion. His thought combines the thoughts of Confucianism and Taoism, and comes from personal life practice. Poverty, happiness and respect for nature are the two main conclusions of Tao Yuanming's thinking about life, and they are also the two pillars of his life. He is the representative of romantic life in Wei and Jin Dynasties. Pastoral poetry is a new theme he added to China literature. The main contents of pastoral poetry: some express their carefree mood by describing the beauty of pastoral scenery and the simplicity of pastoral life; Some focus on the life experience of hard struggle, which is the most distinctive and valuable part of his pastoral poems; Some pastoral poems describe their own poverty and rural depression. The inheritance and development of poetry and epic poems to predecessors. The pain expressed in military service poems. The deep feeling expressed in answering poems. Nature is the overall artistic feature of Tao Yuanming's poems. One of the characteristics of Tao's poems is also his creative characteristics, which is to poeticize daily life. The artistic features of Tao's poems: the blending of emotion, scenery, events and reason; See the police in the plain, and see the beauty in the simple. Shi Tao originated from "Ancient Poems", and also revealed the lingering sound of Ruan Ji, which helped the wind of left thinking. Wei and Jin poetry reached a new peak in him. Zuo Si's literary orientation is his Eight Poems on Epics, as Zhong Rong commented: "Literary classics are mainly based on resentment and are quite refined, and they are quoted with irony." . It has created a new way to chant history and become an example for later poets to follow. Guo Pu's poems about immortals are "generous in words, lovely and far away from Xuanzong", and he used the opportunity of immortals to write his rough feelings, inheriting the tradition of relying on poetry and coquettish. It is famous for its rich literary talent. Lu Ji and Pan Yue are the main representatives of the poetic style in the Western Jin Dynasty (Taikang poetic style). Their efforts are mainly manifested in two aspects, one is to learn from the past, the other is to pursue the progress of formal skills, showing a complex poetic style. The characteristics of "complexity" are: the language tends from simple and ancient to gorgeous algae decoration; Description tends to be simple to complex; Sentence patterns are often parallel pairs of scattered lines. Xie Lingyun is famous for his landscape poems.
Story:
Ruan Ji, the word heir, his father Ruan Yu is one of the "seven sons of Jian 'an". Ruan Ji lost his father at the age of three and was raised by his widowed mother. His family is not rich, but he studies hard, has a wide range of interests, is well-read and versatile. He studied Confucian classics and loved reading Laozi and Zhuangzi. He also learned the martial arts of stabbing, whistling, playing the piano and drinking.
Ruan Ji escaped from office, but he did not completely hide. Sometimes I get impulsive. It happened that during the regime change, he not only saved his life, but was also regarded as a political visionary, but actually misunderstood him. For example, Cao Shuang asked him to be an official. He said that he was in poor health and lived in seclusion in the country. A year later, Cao Shuang fell, involving many celebrities, and he was safe and sound; But the winning Si Mazhao wanted to marry him. Every time he went to his house as a matchmaker, he was drunk for two months, and his idea of getting married fell through.
Once he casually said to Si Mazhao, "I have been to Dongping, Shandong Province, and I like the customs there very much." Hearing this, Si Mazhao sent him to Dongping to be an official. After riding a donkey to Dongping, Ruan Ji inspected the office style of the government. After looking around, he immediately ordered to tear down the overlapping walls of government offices, so that officials who had been locked in their rooms and worked alone were suddenly placed in a bright environment where they could monitor and communicate with each other inside and outside, and the office content and efficiency suddenly changed. In addition, he drastically simplified the laws and regulations, and everyone believed in it and fully complied with it. He felt that Dongping's work had been finished, and he rode a donkey back to Luoyang. He calculated that he always stayed in Dongping for more than ten days.
Later generations said that Ruan Ji worked hard all his life, that is, more than ten days.
Li Bai, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, admired Ruan Ji's dashing efforts to become an official. He once wrote a poem:
Ruan Ji is a satrap,
Ride a donkey to Dongping.
Sentenced to bamboo for more than ten days,
Once the wind is clear.
It only took more than ten days, leaving an open and frank Dongping, and for Ruan Ji,
This is just a play. It's so beautiful that countless bureaucrats who are old in business and have nothing to do right away look embarrassed.
Does he still want to rectify the administrative institutions in many other places in this fast and efficient way? Amid people's doubts, he suddenly proposed to be an officer and made it clear that he would be an infantry captain of the North Army. However, the only reason he asked for this position was that the chef in the infantry captain's barracks was very good at making wine. He found that there were 300 bottles of welcome wine in the warehouse. After arriving, I don't care about anything but drinking. In ancient China, many officials drank too much, and many drank too much to spoil the broth. However, Ruan Ji is so ostentatious, purely for the welcome wine in the warehouse, which is really unique. When you knock on the golden seal, it opens a wine cellar with a strong aroma.
In addition to his attitude towards officialdom, what makes Ruan Ji strange is his contempt for ethics. For example, as we all know, ethical codes are extremely strict in preventing men and women from communicating, uncles and sisters-in-law can't talk, friends' wives can't meet, and women in the neighborhood can't look directly at each other. Written and unwritten rules have accumulated a lot, and China men have almost become a group of strange animals who hate women the most, with ridiculous self-confidence, hateful lewd reasoning, posturing and trembling. For all this, Ruan Ji flatly refused. Once my sister-in-law wanted to go back to her mother's house. He said goodbye to her generously and said a lot, completely ignoring the ethics that uncles and nephews can't talk. The kannika nimtragol in the restaurant next door is very beautiful Ruan Ji often drinks, and when he is drunk, he falls asleep at people's feet. He doesn't avoid suspicion, and neither does his wife's husband.
A soldier girl, very talented and beautiful, unfortunately died before she got married. Ruan Ji doesn't know anyone in this family at all, nor does she know this girl. When he heard the news, he came to offer his condolences, wept bitterly in the mourning hall, poured out all his condolences and left. Ruan Ji can't pretend and has no sense of performance. His tears that day were sincere. These tears are not for family, not for unjust cases, but for a beautiful and fleeting life. This is absurd, this is noble. With Ruan Ji's crying that day, many other bitter cries of China for thousands of years seemed too physical, too real and too selfish. Finally, a real man cried with dignity, for nothing but beauty, for youth, for the opposite sex, for life, in an abstract way, crying to the fullest.
Another advantage of ethics is filial piety. Filial piety has nothing to do with children's actual feelings for their parents. The most amazing thing is the complicated etiquette when parents die. Three years of mourning, three years of being a vegetarian, three years of being unhappy, and even three years of guarding the tomb, a point of sincerity has expanded into a very melodramatic, which has made the living and the dead suffer for a long time and made a large-scale fraud where it should not be made. Ruan Ji's mother died in this air.
That day, he happened to play Go with others. When the news of death came, the other player asked to stop playing chess, but Ruan Ji refused to stop with a livid face and insisted on winning or losing. After playing chess, he asked for a cup, drank two glasses in the frightened eyes of others, and then burst into tears. He vomited a lot of blood when he cried. A few days later, when his mother was buried, he ate meat and drank wine, and then said goodbye to her body. At this point, he has been emaciated by grief. Seeing his mother's body, he burst into tears and vomited blood for several liters, almost dying.
He was completely informal. His mother drank and ate meat on the day of her funeral, but his grief over her death was as deep as that of a dutiful son. This is an eternal truth: many rebels are often more loyal to the core behind layers of external norms than defenders. Ruan Ji broke through the etiquette of "filial piety" and really fulfilled filial piety. Like his other behaviors, he just wants to live truly and freely.
Unbearable loneliness surrounded him, and he was tired of hypocritical comings and goings and often looked at each other. After a long time, Ruan Ji's supercilious look has become an unmistakable social signal and a psychological barrier to self-protection. However, Ruan Ji threw a dirty look outward, and his heart was not happy. How he wishes to roll his eyes less and let his dark brown pupil sincerely face the other pair of pupils! He's been looking for it. It's hard to find it. At his mother's funeral, he sincerely thanked the guests who came to condolence, but the thanks stopped there. It is found that even though the official position and social prestige are not low, what flashed through Ruan Ji's eyes is still white.
People mourn his mother, and he looks at each other! This is very unreasonable, and Ji and his entourage are a little unhappy. When they went home, they were heard by Ji's younger brother. The younger brother was not surprised, but he thought about it and suddenly realized that he quickly prepared wine and came to the mourning hall with his harp under his arm. How contradictory wine, piano and mourning hall are, but Ruan Ji stood up to meet them. Are you here, my friend, a person who has no respect for manners like me? Do you want to say goodbye to your hard-working mother with wine and music? Ruan Ji's heart warmed up and finally turned her dark brown eyes to the young people.
This young man is Ji Kang, thirteen years younger than Ruan Ji. They will become lifelong friends in the future, and later versions of China's cultural history will always arrange their names together.
Ji Kang, whose real name is Uncle Ye, is not only familiar with ancient books, but also has profound cultivation in all aspects of culture and art. He was an excellent musician when he was young, and his guqin playing skills were second to none at that time. Guangling San, which he wrote and played before his execution, is the best in the world. He is also good at calligraphy, which is better than cursive script, and his ink is listed as "a unique cursive script". As for his gorgeous rhetoric and good writing style, he is widely respected and known as a "wizard". Ruan Ji and Ji Kang both lived in seclusion in the mountains to avoid the persecution of Cao Wei and Sima's political struggle. They are not only representatives of celebrities in Wei and Jin Dynasties, but also representatives of "Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest". However, Ruan Ji's attitude of being an official and keeping a low profile is far from harming the whole body. Ji Kang was unyielding in offending dignitaries, and was involved in prison because of his good friend Lu An, and died with hardships. These two people escape from reality, and the latter lives in reality completely, leaving people with infinite disappointment. Neither of them can realize the realm of life dancing between dream and reality.
Ji Kang's life proposition shocked people at that time: "Not Tang Wu, but thin Kong Zhou", "The more famous, the more natural". He completely ignored all kinds of long-standing grandiose dogmas and etiquette, and completely hated official career, because there was a realm of life in his heart that fascinated him. The basic content of this realm of life is to get rid of bondage, return to nature and enjoy leisure. Ji Kang is a pragmatist who has lived in Yang Shan, Jiaozuo, Henan for a long time. Later, outside Luoyang, he opened a blacksmith's shop and worked under a big tree every day. He strikes the iron for others for free. If someone is paid for wine and food, he will be very happy and drag others to drink as much as possible in the blacksmith's shop.
A rare scholar and great artist, unexpectedly strike while the iron is hot near a big city! No one asked him to fight, just voluntarily; There is no utilitarian purpose, but it is very interesting. Compared with those hermits who are far away from the world and lonely, compared with those poor and weak literati, Ji Kang is really healthy and enviable.
Ji Kang is very handsome and equal to Ruan Ji. Why did the Wei and Jin scholars grow so tall and straight? If you look at the serious Book of Jin, you have to spend a lot of ink on Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, and write more about Ji Kang, saying that he has reached the point of "Zhang Long's charm and naturalness". My friend Dan Tao once used such a beautiful sentence to describe Ji Kang (Uncle Night):
Uncle Ye is also a man and Yan Yan is lonely and independent. If you are drunk, you will collapse if you are majestic.
Now, this rock is solitary and loose, and this majestic Yushan is striking while the iron is hot, with strong muscles, pleasant cries and blazing flames.
Bear, the hammer is powerful. Is this blacksmith the author of many excellent works handed down from generation to generation, such as Nothing to Worry about, A Teacher's Proverbs, Difficult to Learn Nature, Managing Talent, Ming Dan, Explaining Private Affairs and Keeping Healthy?
Ji Kang doesn't want many people to know about it, and he doesn't want others to visit it. Knowing his temper, Xiang Xiu, his good friend and writer, quietly came to him, saying nothing, just burying his head in helping him strike while the iron is hot. Speaking of Xiang embroidery, he is also a great figure. He is a good writer and proficient in Zhuangzi, but he is more willing to be the most loyal friend and help the blacksmith shop. He also went to Yang Shan to help another friend Lu An grow vegetables. Guan Fu Lv An is Ji Kang's good friend. These friends all believe in returning to nature, so they all do manual work. Xiang embroidery runs around to take care of many places, fearing that friends are too tired and lonely.
Ji Kang and Xiang Xiu don't like to talk about the rights and wrongs of the world when they are together while the iron is hot, so they don't talk much. The only topic is to talk about a few friends, besides Ruan Ji and Lu An, and Dan Tao. Lv An's brother Lv Xun has a good relationship. That's it. Five or six people who can be called friends, they all cherish it. In the wild and natural ecology, they will never give up the comfort of their families. This kind of affection is tacit to each other, so strong that it is almost indifferent.
While the iron was being struck, I suddenly saw a luxurious motorcade coming from Luoyang City. Headed by a noble son named Zhong Hui, he was a favorite of the imperial court at that time. Zhong Hui is the son of Zhong You, a great calligrapher. Zhong You was a great assistant of Wei, and Zhong Hui himself read widely. Zhong Hui has always admired Ji Kang and was once in awe. For example, after writing four papers, he wanted to show it to Ji Kang, but he lacked courage. He only dared to quietly stuff the article in the window of Ji Kang's residence. Now his position is not low. I heard that Ji Kang was working while the iron was hot outside Luoyang and decided to come. Zhong Hui's visit is very ostentatious. According to Wei's "Spring and Autumn Annals", it is "rich clothes and light clothes, and guests are like clouds".
Zhong Hui made this visit so ostentatious, perhaps out of respect for Ji Kang, or to show Ji Kang something, but Ji Kang refused at a glance. This sudden noise seriously violated his efforts to create a comfortable state. He glanced at Zhong Hui, did not even say hello, and worked hard with Xiang Xiu while the iron was hot. He swung the hammer, Xiang embroidery pulled the bellows, and no one looked.
This can push Zhong Hui to an awkward position. Before he left, he boasted about Haikou to his guests. Now the guests are looking at him in confusion. He can only stare bitterly at Ji Kang and Xiang Xiu and watch them work slowly. After reading it for a long time, Ji Kang still didn't mean to talk. He waved to the guests, got on the bus to catch the horse and went back.
Just a few steps later, Ji Kang said, "What did you hear? What did you see? "
Zhong Hui was surprised and immediately replied, "I heard it and came, but I saw it and left."
The question and answer is concise and ingenious, but Zhong Hui's heart really doesn't taste. The whip sounded a few times, and the huge chariots and horses returned to Luoyang.
The story of the seven sages of the bamboo forest is quoted from "Sound Far", and there are many more, not all of which are pasted. The landlord can find it himself.
Post another introduction of Liu Ling, the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest:
Liu Ling, whose real name is Bolun, is from Peiren, Jiangsu. Liu Ling looks very drunk, ragged, short and ugly. But the temperament is heroic, broad-minded and informal. Usually, I don't talk much with people, I am silent, and I don't care about human feelings and things. He has a close relationship with Ruan Ji and Ji Kang of his time, so he is very speculative, so he is one of the seven sages of bamboo forest.
In terms of official position, he joined the army as Jianwei. It is said that during the Taishi period, he submitted his opinion for the first time, advocating the theory of "inaction", but it was dismissed as useless. At that time, all his peers got high positions, and only he was removed from office. Liu Ling, who was dismissed from office, was "drunk in his hometown" every day and finally died of alcoholism.
Liu Ling's family is poor, but he doesn't care. He drinks all day. According to records, he often rode a deer cart with a pot of wine in his hand, ordered his servant to follow the cart with a hoe, and said that if I was drunk, I would be buried on the spot. This shows that it is degraded.
Once, he was drunk and quarreled with someone, and the other person rolled up his sleeves and hit him, but Liu Ling said calmly, I'm as thin as a chicken rib, where can I put my brother's fist! The other party smiled and finally put down his fist.
Liu Ling drank a lot. Once, she was so addicted to alcohol that she asked her wife to drink it. His wife cried and spilled the rest of the wine on the floor. She cried and advised him: You drank too much. This is not the way to stay healthy. Stop it! Liu Ling replied: Good! But I can't quit drinking myself. I must swear to abstain from drinking before the gods. Prepare wine and meat to sacrifice to the gods! His wife believed her words, so Liu Ling offered wine and meat and knelt before the god table and said: Liu Ling was born in the name of wine; One glass of wine, one welcome, five games. Be careful not to listen to women. Drunk again.
About drinking, all the Seven Sages of Bamboo Forest like it, but Liu Ling is famous for drinking alone, which shows that she can drink a lot. Perhaps, like Ruan Ji, he was forced to drink because of the society at that time, but in a chaotic world, he can really indulge. Unlike Ruan Ji and Ji Kang, he is full of resentment.
Liu Ling is an alcoholic, and his thoughts are very close to those of Zhuangzi. Liu Ling often indulges in wine, ignoring manners and willfulness. He is so naked that he often undresses and drinks at home. The guest came into the room looking for him. If someone laughs at him, Liu Ling will boast and proudly say: Heaven and earth are my house, and the interior is my underwear. Why did you get into my crotch?
In addition, he also showed this situation in the famous article Ode to Wine Virtue. Its text is as follows:
There are adults who regard heaven and earth as the time, ten thousand periods as a moment, the sun and the moon as a moment, courts in all directions, no trace to be found, curtains on the ground, and this is the longitudinal meaning. Hold the bottle when you stop, and the pot when you move. Only wine is business, how to drink it is business, and how to know the rest.
A gentleman named Chu Shi got wind of me and talked about it, but he gnashed his teeth with anger and talked about etiquette, which was the beginning of right and wrong. So, Mr. Fang held a bowl of rice and a cup of glutinous rice and squatted down vigorously. The pillow was bent by the bad guy. He was carefree and carefree.
When you are drunk, you wake up. After listening to the electro-acoustics, I turned a blind eye to the shape of Mount Tai, unaware of the cold and heat, the feeling of lust, overlooking everything, how to disturb like duckweed in Jianghan, how to wait for the side to win like an ankle and a moth to throw herself into the fire.