Explore the serialization of language training and enhance the purpose and pertinence of training.
The ability to use language comes from two aspects: one is language acquisition, and the other is language learning. Some people always feel that what to learn is very vague in language learning, so teaching stays in the state of "ingenious use and single heart", which will inevitably lead to blindness and randomness in teaching and training. Therefore, it is necessary to explore the serialization of language training and clarify the basic tasks and objectives of language learning.
Through the analysis and research on the syllabus of senior high school Chinese and the syllabus of college entrance examination, we can see that the basic content and goal of senior high school Chinese learning and training is to cultivate and improve students' practical language application ability and express the language in a standardized, concise, coherent and appropriate way. Among them, norms are the foundation, and the purpose of training is to make the language naturally acquired by students written, and the expression conforms to the norms of social language use. Normative training mainly includes cultivating students to choose words and make sentences correctly, sentence expression conforms to general grammatical norms, eliminating typos, overcoming sick sentences and using punctuation correctly.
Conciseness, coherence and appropriateness are higher level language application abilities than norms. The focus of concise training is to use the corresponding concise words and phrases with clear meanings when expressing the necessary information, and decide the details according to the context. In coherence training, we should pay attention to the unity of theme, the rationality of sentence order and the echo of context and semantics. Appropriateness means paying attention to time, place, object and other factors in language use. Depending on the situation, euphemistic, straightforward, ironic, serious or humorous. All the above three are the expected goals of language use and the needs of implementing subject quality education.
Guide students to accumulate language perceptual materials and lay a solid foundation for language application.
Learning a language must be based on the accumulation of a large number of perceptual materials. No need to accumulate, less literacy, poor vocabulary, monotonous sentence patterns, it is impossible to use. On the contrary, with rich accumulation, reading, speaking and dictation will help you get to the right place, which is the condition to improve your language ability.
The ways of accumulation include:
1, remember. Recitation is an important experience in traditional Chinese teaching. The ancients always emphasized reading more and thought that reading more can write a good article. As the saying goes, "Reading can break thousands of books, and writing is like a god." "You can recite poems by reading 300 Tang poems." Therefore, teachers should guide students to read more books, read more good articles, wonderful paragraphs, beautiful words and recite more. In addition, students should be guided to read more newspapers and excellent literary works at all times and in all countries, so as to expand reading, broaden their horizons and realize extensive accumulation of knowledge.
2. Imitation. Imitation is an important way of language acquisition and a method of accumulating language materials. In language use, students constantly absorb vocabulary and learn sentence patterns, which is also a process of accumulation. Therefore, in order to cultivate students' language ability, teachers should be good at guiding students to learn to imitate correctly.
The accumulation of language materials mainly depends on students' own practice, but teachers should also give appropriate guidance, because students' understanding is often vague and general. For example, you remember an idiom but don't understand it very well. You can't understand it after reading a good sentence, but you can't understand a paragraph by heart. These all depend on the teacher's comments; What literary works are good for students, what wonderful things can be grasped when reading, what can be learned from them, and so on. Let students accumulate effectively.
Study the operation of language training and cultivate the skills of language application.
The ultimate goal of language learning is to be able to use the language, and the key to achieve this goal is repeated operation training. Because the formation of language ability is not a uniform linear movement, but a spiral development process from quantitative change to qualitative change, learners have to operate repeatedly in this process to become ability. Repeated operation training should do the following:
1, grasp the key points of training. If you can't find the focus of language training and blindly engage in endless "sea of questions" training, no amount of training can improve the quality of training, and even make language training unrecognizable. Therefore, no matter how complicated the training content is and how varied the training questions are, we should firmly grasp the key point of "listening, speaking, reading and writing".
Listening and reading are feelings and understanding. That is, through the so-called language sense cultivation. Language training should focus on listening and cultivate students' ability to identify language sequences. So as to correctly understand semantics, evaluate spoken English and improve language perception. On the one hand, let students read textbooks, preferably with emotion; On the other hand, let students read the language materials used for training, no matter what type of questions, they must read when answering questions.
Speaking and writing are the cultivation of applied skills. Therefore, we should change the phenomenon that writing is more important than speaking, and take the combination of speaking and writing as another focus of language training, especially oral training, which can be cultivated through oral composition, speech, debate, situational dialogue and other forms. Classroom teaching should be student-centered, with intensive lectures and more practice.
2. Pay attention to the diversity and effectiveness of training methods. The language is rich and colorful, and the training forms are ever-changing. To improve training efficiency, we should pay attention to training methods. Common training methods are:
(1) replaces the comparison method. Comparison is to evaluate the expression of a word or sentence. It is an effective way to train students to think about the contextual meaning of words and the expressive function of different sentence patterns, and to improve their ability to choose words and make sentences according to the context. For example, in the lesson of "takenism", "there are several' masters' holding several ancient paintings and new paintings and hanging them all the way in Europe, which is called' carrying forward the national light'." In a word, we should use "take" and "put" instead of "take" and "hang" to compare, so that students can understand that "take" and "hang" represent a solemn state, but after all, they are only a few, so shabby and pitiful, which can expose the self-deception of "send away". Another example is "Lotus Lake", where the aquatic sister-in-law sees an abnormal aquatic expression and asks, "What's wrong with you?" The understanding of the characteristics and expressive function of this sentence can be changed to "What's wrong with you?" Comparing the two, let the students realize that both sentences are interrogative sentences, but the original text emphasizes "What's the matter", which shows the anxiety and concern for men of aquatic sister-in-law incisively and vividly.
(2) Imitate the law as before. It is to provide a language material, analyze its content and language combination, and then let students recreate sentences or sentence groups with the same structure and related content according to the style of the material. This method not only examines students' knowledge accumulation, but also trains students' language expression ability. Repeated operation is of great benefit.
(3) transformation method. Such as long and short sentences, whole sentences and scattered sentences, rhetorical and declarative sentences, active and passive sentences, affirmative sentences and double negatives, changes in different styles, language reporting in different contexts, etc. , are trained in this way.
(4) Imagination creation method. This method is often used to train students to use various rhetorical devices to express the prescribed content. For example, it is the application of this method to design an essay about sunrise at sea in the morning, let students imagine the colors of the sea and sky at this time, and then describe them with metaphors.
Please read the following two paragraphs first:
1. When the bell rang, Mr. Zhang came into the classroom. He said, "class." The students stood up, saluted and sat down. Teacher Zhang opened the textbook and asked the students to open it. Then he led us to read the text. He saw it himself first. He reads very well and we are willing to listen. He asked us to read together again, and we read indiscriminately, which was very untidy. He was angry, gave us a look and sighed.
When the bell rang, Mr. Zhang strode into the classroom. "class!" He said loudly. The students stood up to salute the teacher. Teacher Zhang also reciprocated with his classmates. After the students sat down, Mr. Zhang scanned all the students with his bright eyes. At this glance, he knew which classmate was absent, which classmate's heart had not been recovered, and which classmate was unwell. He opened his textbook and made it clear what he was going to learn today. Teacher Zhang reads the model text first. He reads very well, as clear and accurate as an announcer, and his expression is vivid. The students are willing to listen to teacher Zhang read the text. Then the students read it. The first time, the students read badly and unevenly. Teacher Zhang is a little angry. He looked at us as if to ask, "How do you preview!" "But he didn't say anything, just let out a sigh.
Which of the above two paragraphs is better? People will say the second paragraph is good. The second paragraph has many advantages, one of which is that the author expresses Mr. Zhang through careful observation. For example, it is too dull to write that Teacher Zhang entered the classroom. The first paragraph reads "Teacher Zhang entered the classroom". The second paragraph reads "Teacher Zhang strode into the classroom". Although there is only one more "striding meteor", the expression effect is different. Another example is "Teacher Zhang once scanned all the students with his bright eyes", which comes from careful observation. It can be said that a narrative can not be written well without observation.
So, how can we cultivate observation ability? I think the main thing is to form a good habit of being good at observation. There is an idiom called "seeing through autumn", which means that you have a keen eye and can see the fine hairs of birds and animals in autumn. There is also an idiom called "turn a blind eye", which means that you are used to turning a blind eye as if you have never seen it before and are extremely indifferent to things. Both idioms are about observation and are closely related to habits.
Observation depends not only on the eyes but also on the brain for analysis. In the same observation, some people only grasp the superficial phenomenon, while others can see the essence through the phenomenon. Therefore, observation ability includes thinking ability. See more and think more, see more and think more, that is, have the ability to observe.
Of course, from the perspective of writing, having the ability to observe does not mean that you can write a good article. Observation is only the basis of writing a good article, and it must also rely on skilled language expression ability. For example, observation is like shooting, and language expression is like post-production, both of which are indispensable. The text "Teacher, do you know my heart" is impossible to select those "shots" unless the author carefully observes it. Song of Anonymous Flowers and Mei Song are both good at delicate description. Without careful observation, there is no vivid description. Many great writers and artists don't know how many times and how long they have to observe a character prototype. It is said that Leonardo da Vinci spent a long time looking for the Judas prototype of The Last Supper, so that the position of Judas in the work was vacant for a long time. Flaubert instructed Mo Bosang to write, and asked Mo Bosang to stand on the street and observe people coming and going, and write their different characteristics. These people still practice their observation ability so hard. As a middle school student, we should be strict with ourselves, form a good habit of being good at observation, and then express it with the help of the pen in our hands.
Some students will say that I also pay attention to observation, but when it comes to writing, I will be in trouble. It can be seen that it is also very important to improve the expressive ability of language. In my opinion, description is one of the important basic skills for middle school students to write narratives. Without vivid description, there will be no good narrative. Remember people, or take notes, should be expressed by description. Description is divided into character description, scene description, scenery description, environment description and so on. Among them, character description is divided into portrait description, psychological description, action description, language description, detail description and expression description. For example, Mr. Lu Xun's description of Sister Xianglin in Blessing is very vivid.
It should be pointed out that the description does not have to be gorgeous. Description should be simple, because simple description can express true feelings. True feelings don't need any decoration, and beautifully packaged feelings are often fake. "Back" is a perfect example. Zhu Ziqing's description of "father" crossing the railway to buy oranges was written with the help of plain language on the basis of careful observation and was deeply loved by readers. Only this simple language can express the deep affection between father and son, and it is vivid and touching.
Accumulating rich vocabulary is also an effective way to improve language expression ability. Language is the material for building an article building, just like bricks and tiles, without which nothing can be expressed. There are more than 60,000 Chinese characters in China, and there are countless words composed of these Chinese characters. When you master a large number of words, you will have a feeling that you can find the source and come easily. Any thoughts and feelings you have can be expressed in Chinese characters with magical power. When we read China's famous ancient vernacular novel A Dream of Red Mansions, we will be surprised that the author has mastered such a rich vocabulary!
In addition, we should be good at using rhetorical devices. The purpose of rhetoric is to make the article more expressive. Our ancestor Confucius was very good at using rhetoric. For example, in the article "Ji Jia will attack", Confucius was very angry when he heard the argument that "the master wants it, and neither of them wants it." He criticized You Ran and said, "Please! Zhou Renyou said,' Chen Li will list, but he can't stop.' What will you do if you don't seize the danger and help? What's more, I have gone too far. A tiger is born out of its nest, but a turtle and jade are destroyed in the rafters. Who is to blame? Confucius criticized You Ran with metaphor here, which is vivid and convincing. We find that there are countless examples of using metaphor to enhance expressiveness in the articles of pre-Qin philosophers.
Why are figurative articles particularly vivid? I think there are several main reasons:
(1) Metaphors are generally based on images, which give readers a more intuitive feeling and a deep impression than abstract truth. For example, in the article "Transforming Our Learning", Comrade Mao Zedong used "the reed on the wall is top-heavy and shallow; Bamboo shoots in the mountains, thick mouth and empty stomach "vividly depicts the characteristics of subjectivists, and anyone who has read this article will remember this couplet." "(B) the use of metaphor can make the article vivid, full of vitality, and enhance the readability of the article. (3) Using metaphors can give readers imagination and inspire them. For example, Zhu Ziqing wrote in "Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" that "the breeze blows and brings a faint fragrance, which is like a faint song from a high building". Wonderful metaphor brings readers into a wonderful artistic realm, and you can imagine what kind of realm it is. We can see that all articles with free and easy writing can be used freely in metaphor. There are many kinds of rhetoric, not just a metaphor, such as exaggeration, personification, parallelism, duality and so on.
Rhetoric can be divided into positive rhetoric and negative rhetoric. Positive rhetoric mainly refers to the figures of speech mentioned above; Negative rhetoric refers to clear, fluent, even and meticulous language, so as to be concise, coherent and appropriate. Generally speaking, negative rhetoric is especially needed in science, law and official documents.
You should also learn to use punctuation flexibly, especially in narration. I remember a story about a writer who sent his own works to the editorial department. After a period of time, he didn't get a reply, so he sent a letter to the editorial department, which only wrote a "?" . He received a reply soon, which only wrote a "!" . The writer smiled after reading it He knew that his work would be published soon. A "?" The meaning of the expression is very clear, that is, ask if the work can; A "!" It is also obvious that the work is very good. You see, punctuation can contain many thoughts and feelings! In students' compositions, the situation that they are not good at using punctuation marks is too prominent. Some students use commas or periods in a paragraph, which is very monotonous.
Punctuation marks can not only convey the unclear information of the author, but also show the changes of emotions and reflect complex emotions. Mr. Lu Xun is a model of punctuation. Reading his articles, we have a feeling that in his works, punctuation has become emotional and can speak. Please look at his punctuation in the article "In Memory of Liu Hezhen": "I can't bear to see that terrible sight; Gossip, especially when it reaches my ears. What else can I say? I understand the reason why the decadent nation is silent. Quiet, quiet! If you don't break out in silence, you will perish in silence. " The comma in this passage makes the sentence short, the question mark emphasizes the tone, and the exclamation point directly expresses the author's mood; The author * * * used five punctuation marks to accurately express strong grief and indignation.
In my opinion, whether a classmate's language is mature or not can only be judged by whether he is good at using punctuation marks. Because a person's thoughts and feelings can be expressed through punctuation. In other words, a person's thoughts and feelings can only be accurately expressed through punctuation. "It's time for me to eat." And "should I eat?" The meaning expressed is different; And "it's time for me to eat!" Is to express another meaning. So, what does "I should eat …" mean? It can be said that articles without punctuation marks are incomprehensible articles; An article with poor punctuation will not accurately express ideas. Students, please pay attention to punctuation in order to write a good article!
Pay attention to the arrangement of paragraphs in the article. One of my students asked me to tell him the matters needing attention in composition. Talking about the composition structure, I said to him, "Pay attention to the structure in the article. Everything pays attention to structure, and there is another kind of learning in the world called structuralism. " He seemed to realize something after listening and said to me, "I seem to understand!" " "
Indeed, there is no article without structure. The structure actually reflects the author's thinking. The articles written by authors with clear ideas are also clear, and vice versa. The so-called composition mainly refers to the structural rules of the article. The students took a composition topic, the first thing to consider was what to write, and then how to write it.
Paragraph is actually the author's ideological track. Through the arrangement of paragraphs, which is the important part, which is the secondary part, and how to connect before and after, can be clearly shown. Why not write the beautiful scenery of the lotus pond in the first paragraph, but write three natural paragraphs first, and then write the beautiful scenery of the lotus pond? After writing the beautiful scenery of the lotus pond, why didn't the author end the article and write about lotus picking in Jiangnan? This arrangement of paragraphs shows the change of the author's spiritual world. It is a very interesting fable for skilled people to understand cows. The paragraphs of the article are also very particular. The first paragraph, write know how to solve the cow's movements; In the second paragraph, Wen Huijun praised my skills in solving cows. In the third paragraph, I talk about understanding cows; In the fourth paragraph, I wrote the way of keeping in good health. Without the first paragraph knowing how to help cows, there would be no second paragraph praising how to help cows. Wen Huijun woke up like a dream after listening to my words, and really understood the way of keeping in good health. These four paragraphs are interlocking and perfectly matched. If the author who is good at using punctuation marks is a sign of language maturity, then the author who is good at scrutinizing the structure is a mature author.
1. Read more and avoid ignorance.
Even a great orator should draw inspiration from reading.
Don't talk big, just like you said.
The unpretentious language is the expression of sincere heart and beautiful feelings. Therefore, the conciseness of language comes from mutual attitude towards foreign affairs. Words are like people, and every word is heartfelt. Usually people are pure and sincere in the outside world, and their words will naturally not be distorted and artificial.
3. Stay away from lies and big talk.
4. Don't talk empty words and stop platitudes.
5. The choice of objects varies from person to person.
Different people have different understanding of the same thing because of their different external status, so the discretion of speaking depends on their status, identity, education level and language habits.
Language expression is an important means for people to communicate in life and study, and a high level of language expression can only be achieved through continuous training. Primary school is the best time to cultivate language expression ability. How to cultivate students' language expression ability in teaching?
First, we should rely on Chinese textbooks to strengthen language expression training.
It is an effective method to train junior high school students' language expression ability by using teaching materials. Chinese textbooks for primary schools provide students with extensive and diverse language expression training. At the same time, all textbooks also have training contents and basic training questions to arrange dialogue and communication between characters in reading texts. Therefore, I think teachers should try their best to let students actively participate in language expression practice in teaching.
Secondly, we should create communicative situations and conduct language expression training.
Vivid and realistic situation creation is very infectious, which can mobilize students' inner real emotional experience and stimulate their strong desire to express. The new syllabus puts forward such a requirement in oral training: "We should create a variety of communication situations in and out of class so that every student can express himself freely". This is an important way of language expression training. According to the characteristics that junior middle school students are young, easily distracted and thinking in images is dominant, in classroom teaching, according to the requirements of teaching syllabus and the reality of teaching materials, students are encouraged to participate by creating situations to stimulate their desire and enthusiasm for language communication.
Third, we should organize social practice activities and strengthen language training.
The cultivation of students' language ability really depends on social practice, and after forming oral communication ability, they will eventually go to society. Therefore, the cultivation of language ability should be combined with social practice. Pupils especially like to listen to stories, especially stories full of fun and children's feelings. Parents or teachers can choose some stories that are polite, honest, brave and studious. Junior students are young and disorganized, and they are required to retell the story completely. Parents or teachers must sort out a clear clue, so that students can follow this clue and grasp the main content of the story for retelling. This will help to strengthen students' listening training and improve their language expression ability and memory. In life, primary school students can also choose a teacher or classmate they trust most, talk with them deeply about their study, life and ideological situation, and get loyal opinions and suggestions from them. Then, in the diary of the day, write down the course of the two conversations, the content of the conversations and the touches on yourself in detail. Then take this diary home, ask for parents' opinions, discuss your development direction or ideal and pursuit with your father or mother, and reach a more consistent opinion, so as to strengthen language expression training.
Fourth, tap the favorable factors and strengthen language training.
Introduction from self-experience. Experience is a series of feelings produced by a person's participation in practical activities, which can trigger a strong desire to express. For example, having a birthday is the happiest thing for children, and most of them have experienced it. Let students talk about the process and feelings with each other in the form of analog telephone, so as to organically link students' life with language training. Students can not only talk, but also play. In view of children's lively nature, we can introduce colorful extracurricular life into the classroom and create oral dialogue situations, thus arousing students' strong interest. Students can simulate asking for directions, borrowing things, shopping, receiving guests, and carry out games and competitions that students like, such as "the eagle catches the chicken" and "sending messages". Students learn while playing, full of interest, relaxed and happy, and truly achieve "I say mine." In the two-way interactive training, students not only learn to use polite expressions, but also improve their thinking and oral communication skills simultaneously.
Language training is very important in practice. As long as we follow the psychological characteristics of students and the laws of language learning, combine in-class and out-of-class and strive to improve the awareness of cultivating students' oral ability, we will certainly receive good results.