The Origin of Japanese Tea Ceremony1At the end of the 6th century, Morino inherited and absorbed the spirit of tea ceremony in previous dynasties, and established an authentic Japanese tea ceremony. He is a master of tea ceremony. By analyzing the spirit of Li Xiu tea ceremony, we can learn something about Japanese tea ceremony.
Zhuguang Murata once put forward? Sincerity, respect, purity and silence? For the spirit of tea ceremony, Mori no Rikyū only changed one word, to? And respect and silence? Four words are the purpose, concise and rich in connotation. ? Quiet? Writing, too silent? . It refers to aesthetics. What is the concrete expression of this aesthetic feeling? Hey? In terms of language. ? Hey (わび)? The Japanese pronunciation is "wabi". Lonely? 、? Poverty? 、? Poor? 、? It means depressed. In peacetime? People? This word refers to those who are frustrated, down-and-out, depressed and lonely. To the end of peace, hey? What does it mean to evolve into? Silence? 、? Leisure? Meaning, became a beautiful consciousness that some people appreciated at that time.
This aesthetic feeling has social and historical reasons and ideological roots: from the end of Heian to the Kamakura era, Japanese society was in a period of turmoil and reorganization. The former dominant aristocrats lost their power and the emerging samurai class stepped onto the political stage. The aristocrats who lost heaven felt impermanent and pessimistic, so the pure land Sect of Buddhism came into being. Frustrated monks regarded the society as filthy at that time and called on the people? Tired of leaving filth and longing for pure land? . Under the influence of this thought, many noble literati ran away from home, or lived in seclusion in the mountains, or wandered in the wilderness, built thatched cottages in Shan Ye, and lived in seclusion, creating the so-called? Cao An literature? In this way, I can express my nostalgia for the past and ease my anger. This kind of literature is gloomy in tone and style? Mysterious? .
The History of Japanese Tea Ceremony —— Nara Peace Period
According to the Japanese document Upanishads, in April of the first year of Tian Ping in Japan (the 17th year of Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty, AD 729), when the court summoned hundreds of monks to the forbidden court to give lectures on the Maharaja Sutra, there was a gift of tea, so the Japanese began to drink tea in the early days of Nara (AD 7 10-794).
According to the Secret Records of Shinto in Riji, in 805 AD, Zuyi, who returned from studying in China, brought back tea seeds and planted them next to the Riji Shrine, becoming the oldest tea garden in Japan. Up to now, the monument of Riji Tea Garden stands at the eastern foot of Hiei Mountain in Kyoto, and some tea trees are growing around it.
Konghai, a Buddhist master who returned home from China with the missionary master, presented the Sanskrit "Empty Sea Dedication Table" and an explanation written by Siddhartha's mother and son on July 28th in the fifth year of Hong Ren (AD 8 14). Tea and soup? And so on.
In the sixth year of Hong Ren (AD 8 15), the Japanese Postscript in Guimao Chronicle in summer and April recorded that Emperor Guisi visited Jiangguo and Chongfu Temple, and the great monk Yong Zhong personally made tea to offer sacrifices. Yongzhong entered the Tang Dynasty in Guibaochu (about 770 AD), returned to China in the 24th year of Li Yan (805 AD), and lived in China for more than 30 years. Emperor Emei also ordered that tea trees should be planted in Guinea, Linjiang, Danbo and Bomo countries, and they should be paid tribute every year. Picking up Mustard Brocade further pointed out that in the then capital, there were also government-run tea gardens in Yitai, Dicho, Zhuxiong and Wan Yi Town of Omiya, where tea trees were planted for the use of the imperial court.
How did Japan drink tea at that time? From the collection of several Chinese poems by Yong Zhong's contemporaries, we can find that the method of drinking tea in Japan at that time was exactly the same as that of pancake and tea frying popular in China in Tang Dynasty. In Guo Jingji, there is a song "Tea Song of Gathering Taiyangshou with Rain Clouds", which describes that tea cakes are baked on the fire (only in a gold stove), then ground into powder, and then clear water is drawn to ignite animal charcoal (animal charcoal is full of inflammation). When the water boils (the basin boils), tea powder and salt are added to make the taste more beautiful (. The fried tea smells good. This is a typical way to drink tea with pancakes.
Tea culture in this period was developed in Hong Ren (8 10-824), with Yi, Yong, drunken city and empty sea as the main body. This period of time constituted the golden age of ancient Japanese tea culture, which was called by academic circles? Red tea ceremony? .
Emperor Xie loved literature, especially the culture of Tang Dynasty. Under its influence, Hong Ren became popular in Tang Wenhua, and tea culture is one of the most elegant cultures. Emperor Emei often had tea with Konghai, and many tea poems were left between them, such as "having tea with the Sea Palace and going back to the mountain". Emperor Emei also sent the most beautiful tea poems, such as "Dedicated Poems".
Tea culture in Hong Ren declined with the abdication of Emperor Xie, especially because Emperor Yudo stopped sending envoys to the Tang Dynasty in the sixth year of Kuanping (894) permanently, and Tiantai, the main source of Buddhism, banned the stir-frying of tea in bowls at the Falun Gong in June and November, and the communication between Chinese and Japanese tea culture was once interrupted. However, in Shi Yanxi at the beginning of the tenth century, there were records of offering Seto to burn, preparing to burn, and burning tea bowls in Nagato, indicating that tea drinking culture began to spread in Japan.
In short, in Nara and Heian period, the Japanese accepted and developed China's tea culture, and began to develop their own tea culture. Tea drinking was first spread and popular among court nobles, monks and upper class, and began to grow and make tea, imitating the method of frying tea in Tang Dynasty. Although Japan was formed in the early ninth century? Red tea ceremony? However, it once declined. The tea culture in heian period, Japan, can be said to be a complete copy of the Tea Classic, both in form and spirit.
Ercang, Muromachi, Anshi and Taoshan Times
(A) Kamakura era
Kamakura era (A.D. 1 192? 1333 in the early days, Rong Xi, an epoch-making figure at the turning point in history, wrote the first Japanese tea classic? Tea is good for health. Rong Hong entered the Song Dynasty twice, and the second time, he returned to China in four years and four months of the Song Dynasty. 1 19 1. Rong Xide's Zen Lin Ji Sect Huanglong sent a short message. He not only devoted himself to Zen, but also personally experienced the tea drinking culture and its influence in the Song Dynasty. When Rong returned to China, at the first stop where he landed? Tea seeds were planted in Fuchun Garden on Hirado Island in Kyushu. Rongxi also planted tea in Beizhen Mountain in Kyushu, and soon gave birth to a mountain, and there appeared a mountain called? Food is the source? Tea garden. He also planted tea in Fu Sheng Temple in Kyushu. Rongxi also gave Master Minghui five tea seeds at Thumb-tailed Tibetan Temple in Kyoto, and Minghui planted them beside the temple. The natural conditions there are very conducive to the growth of tea, and the tea produced has a pure taste and is cherished by future generations. People call it thumb-tailed alpine tea? This tea? This is called tea outside? Not tea? .
In the second year of Rong's return to China, the first shogunate regime? Kamakura shogunate was established. It is no longer the emperor who holds the supreme power, but the leader of the samurai regiment? Genji. The political center also moved from Kyoto to Kamakura era. In the second year of Jianbao (A.D. 12 14), the shogunate general Shuibenye Jordan was drunk, and Rongxi presented him with a cup of tea and another book called "Drinking Tea for Health", which was praised by Chad. Drinking Tea for Health is divided into two volumes, written in Chinese. It begins with this:? Tea, the last good medicine for health, is also a coup to prolong the age of interpersonal relationship? . Rong described the method of drinking tea at that time according to his experience and knowledge in China. Due to the publication of this book, Japanese tea drinking culture has been popularized and expanded, which led to the establishment of Japanese tea ceremony 300 years later. Rong is both the ancestor of Japanese Zen Buddhism and Japan? Tea ancestor? . When he returned to China from the Rong Dynasty, China tea, tea sets and tea ordering methods were imported again, and tea became popular among monks, nobles, warriors and civilians. Tea gardens are expanding and famous producing areas are increasing.
After Rongxi, the popularity of Japanese tea culture was divided into two systems, one was Zen and the other was Legalism. The Zen Department has honor and the later master of Xiaozang Temple, while the legal system has the respect of Xiwei and the forbearance of Gokurakuji. Tea-drinking activities centered on monasteries and spread from monasteries to the people, which was the mainstream of tea culture in Kamakura era.
In the fourth year of Wenyong in Japan (AD 1267), the founder of Chongfu Temple, Nanpu Shao Ming, returned from the Song Dynasty and received tea props from Jingshan Temple? Table? (Tea set rack) Seven tea books in duplicate. ? Table? Later, it was introduced to Dade Temple, and Meng Chuangshu, a Buddhist monk, took the lead in using tables in tea affairs, creating a precedent for tea ceremony etiquette. Since then, the style of Taizi tea has become popular in Japan.
At the end of Kamakura era, the new interest and entertainment of the upper martial arts society? Fight tea? It became popular, and the tea-fighting meeting to identify the origin of tea by tasting it later became the mainstream of Muromachi tea.
(2) Muromachi era
Muromachi era (A.D. 1333? 1573, influenced by the tea ceremony in Song and Yuan Dynasties, imitating the tea ceremony in Song Dynasty? Fight tea? There has been an entertaining tea-fighting craze. Especially in the early muromachi era, luxury? Fight tea? Become the mainstream of Japanese tea culture. However, unlike the tea fights of literati in Song Dynasty, the protagonist of Japanese tea fights is the samurai class, and the tea fights are a gathering to expand exchanges, show off imported goods from China, and have fun. In the middle and late Muromachi era, the content of fighting tea was more complicated and there were more kinds of prizes. According to records, there are tea bowls, pottery, fans, inkstones, sandalwood, candles, birds, knives, money and so on. Compared with China's fighting tea in Song Dynasty, the fighting tea in Muromachi era is more entertaining, which is determined by the entertaining characteristics of Japanese culture. It is an elegant thing to fiddle with imported goods and imitate the Song people to drink tea. Of course, there were some elegant tea parties in the Muramachi era. After the formation and heyday, the fighting tea in Muromachi era gradually developed to a high level, which prepared the conditions for the academy tea in Dongshan era.
In A.D. 1396, 38-year-old ashikaga yoshimitsu, the third generation general of Muromachi shogunate, gave way to his son Yoshiichi. The following year, he built the Golden Pavilion Temple in the north of Kyoto. With this as the center, have we started? Beishan culture? . Under his guidance and support, Kogasawara Chang Xiu, Imagawa Laishi and Yi Shi Manzhong Association presided over the completion of Wu Jiali's classic work "Three Righteousness and Unity of Big Double Paper", which was the basis of Japanese tea ceremony etiquette later, while Kanami and Simi and his son pioneered the strategy. In A.D. 1489, Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth generation general of Muromachi shogunate, lived in seclusion in Dongshan, Kyoto, where he built the Silver Pagoda and created Dongshan culture. Dongshan culture is another prosperous period of Muromachi culture after Beishan culture, and it is the representative of Japanese medieval culture. It was originally formed in Dongshan period, and the recreational tea fighting meeting developed into a religious tea ceremony. Among the buildings in Dongshan Temple built by Ashikaga Yoshimasa, the eighth generation general, there is a famous Tongren Zhai besides the representative silver tower. The floor of Tongren Zhai is covered with tatami, a * * *, with four and a half pieces. This four-and-a-half-collapsed rice area later became the standard area of Japanese tea rooms. The architectural design of the whole room collapsed rice has played a decisive role in the formation of the Japanese tea ceremony. Japan calls this kind of architectural design? College building? Put it here? College building? What is the name of the tea culture activity in the school? College tea? . Academy tea is a tea party held in an academy-style building. The host and the guest sit on their knees, and the host solemnly orders tea for the guests in front. There is no tea tasting contest and no prize. The teahouse is absolutely quiet, and the host and guests simply ask for tea, sweeping away the clutter and fetishism of Muromachi tea fighting. What is the procedure of ordering tea in Japanese tea ceremony? College tea? The time is basically fixed. The appearance of academy-style architecture makes the imported works of art from Tang and Song Dynasties integrated with the Japanese atrium, making the vertical Zen tea ceremony a pure Japanese kneeling tea ceremony. Academy tea, which combines foreign China culture and Japanese culture, occupies an important position in the history of Japanese tea ceremony.
In the Muromachi Academy tea culture centered on Dongshan culture, Ashikaga Yoshimasa's cultural attendant Noami (1397? 147 1 year) is an outstanding artist who is proficient in books, paintings and tea. Under the guidance of Noami, what was the way of ordering tea at that time? Extreme platform? Tea method. Wear samurai clothes when ordering tea? Clothes and tea-ordering utensils are placed on the table, and the location, hair collection, action sequence, moving route and steps of entering and leaving the teahouse are strictly stipulated. At that time, the current tea ordering procedure of Japanese tea ceremony was basically formed. Noguchi deserves to be an epoch-making artist in Muromachi era. He served three generations of generals: Yi Jiao, Yi Sheng and Yi Zheng, swept away the extravagance and noise of the tea party and created? Academy decoration? Table decoration? The new tea style has a great influence on the formation of tea ceremony. He recommended Zhuguang Murata as a tea ceremony teacher in Ashikaga Yoshimasa so that the latter could get in touch with him? Dongshan famous things? High-level works of art reached an opportunity for the contact between folk tea style and aristocratic culture, which enabled the aristocratic tea in the academy and the ordinary tea in Nara to be integrated and exchanged before the formal establishment of the Japanese tea ceremony, and provided a prerequisite for Zhuguang Murata to become the founder of the Japanese tea ceremony. If Zhuguang Murata is the originator of Japanese tea ceremony, Nobukuro is the pioneer of Japanese tea ceremony.
On June 5th, the 24th year of Yingyong (14 17), the people held an activity. Yunzu Tea Party? At the time of its birth, Jiao Yun Tea Party used coarse tea accompanied by booze activities, which was the beginning of Japanese folk tea activities. Jiao Yun Tea Party is free, open, relaxed and happy, and is very popular. In the late Muramachi era, it gradually replaced the cumbersome tea fighting party.
In the trend of popularization of tea culture, Nara's? Sweat tea? Remarkably, in the first year of civilization (1469), on May 23rd, Gumo, a believer of Joy in Nara, held a large-scale exhibition in his residence. Sweating tea party? Invited Jingjue monk from An Wei Temple as the chief guest. Sweaty tea party is a typical representative of Jiao Yun tea party. In this ancient city, Bomo himself later became a disciple of Zhuguang. The teahouse building soaked with sweat and tea adopted Cao An style, which later became the style of Japanese teahouse.
The originator of Japanese tea ceremony, Zhuguang Murata (1423? 1502), Zhuguang 1 1 entered the pure land Sect of Nara and became a monk. He was driven out of the famous temple because he neglected the service of the temple. Later, he came to Kyoto, and when 19 years old, he entered Dede Temple (now called Yixiuan), a famous Zen temple in Lin Ji. Pearl pure (1394? 148 1 year) participated in meditation and got a rest. He introduced Zen thought into the tea ceremony, which formed the unique style of Cao An tea ceremony. Zhuguang promoted the tea ceremony from a form of tea drinking entertainment to an art, a philosophy and a religion through Zen thought. Zhuguang completed the combination of tea and Zen, folk tea and aristocratic tea, which injected the core, consolidated the foundation and improved the form of Japanese tea culture, thus truly upgrading Japanese tea culture to? Tao? State.
Japanese tea ceremony master Takeno Shaoou (1502? 1555). In the fifth year of Dayong (1525), Shaoou Wuye came to Kyoto from Ding Jie, where he studied and sang songs with the first classical scholar, the highest authority of the music scene and courtiers at that time. At the same time, he studied tea ceremony with Li Zong of Fujita, Shi Wuzongwu and Shi Wuzongchen (three disciples of Zhuguang) who came to Beijing. He introduced the simple, pure and elegant thought of Japanese nation in Japanese song theory into the tea ceremony, supplemented and perfected the pearlescent tea ceremony, and made great contributions to the further nationalization and regularization of Japanese tea ceremony. Another achievement of Takeno Boys is his education and influence on his disciple Rihiro Xianyo.
At the end of Muromachi era, tea ceremony developed very rapidly in Japan.
(3) Antu and Taoshan times
After the disintegration of Muromachi shogunate, fierce struggles were launched among samurai groups. When Japan entered the Warring States Period, the strongest faction among heroes was Oda Shintai? Toyotomi Hideyoshi? Tokugawa Ieyasu system. The heroic war and social unrest have brought about the development of civic culture, and the tea ceremony, which integrates art, entertainment and diet, has received unprecedented attention. A quiet teahouse can soothe the souls of warriors, make them forget the battle on the battlefield and put aside the troubles of life and death. Therefore, calming down and ordering a bowl of tea has become an indispensable part of the soldiers' daily life. During the Warring States period, tea ceremony was a compulsory course for samurai.
Mori Norikyo (1522-1592) was passionate about tea ceremony when he was young. He first worshipped Chen Daowei to learn Academy Tea, and then introduced him to learn Cao 'an Tea from Wu Ye Shaoou. In the second year of Tianzheng (1574), he became a tea ceremony waiter of Nobunobunaga Oda and later became a tea ceremony waiter in Toyotomi Hideyoshi. On the basis of inheriting Zhuguang Murata and Takeno Boys, he made Cao An Tea go further, freed the tea ceremony from the bondage of material factors and returned to the original indifferent nature. Li Xiu is a Japanese tea ceremony master and a great tea ceremony artist. His influence on Japanese culture and art is unparalleled.
In the Kamakura era, Japanese accepted the tea ceremony culture of China. Since the early Kamakura era, Japanese culture has entered a period of independent rumination and digestion of China culture, and tea culture is no exception. In the last years of Kamakura, tea culture centered on temple tea margin spread to all parts of Japan, and famous tea producing areas appeared everywhere. Temple tea ceremony was established.
In short, during the periods of Kamakura, Muromachi, Anshi and Taoshan, Japan studied and popularized China tea culture, formed its own national characteristics and completed the Japanese tea ceremony.
The age of the Three Realms
Nobunaga and Toyotomi Hideyoshi initiated the cause of reunifying the whole country, which was finally completed by his successor, Tokugawa Ieyasu. In 1603, Tokugawa Ieyasu established a shogunate in edo, which lasted for more than 260 years until the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
After Mori Noriky was forced to commit suicide, his second son Shao An continued to revive the tea ceremony in Li Xiu. Qian Zongdan, the son of Shao 'an, inherited his father's legacy, served as an official all his life and devoted himself to tea ceremony. After Zongdan's death, his third son, Jiang Cenzong Zuo, inherited his teahouse and opened a thousand schools. His fourth son, Xian Sao's imperial clan, inherited the teahouse today's temple in retirement and opened thousands of schools. His second son, Weng Zongshou, founded Guan Anxiu in Mushahaoji, Kyoto, and started the tea ceremony in Bushido school. This is called three thousand. For 400 years, 3,000 years has been the pillar and center of Japanese tea ceremony.
Li Xiu's tea ceremony was not only 3,000, but also inherited by his seven disciples. They are: Pusheng Township, Hosokawa Miyake, Laitian Sweeping Department, Shan Zhi Jianwu, Gaoshan Eugene, Kimura Furniture Department and Gutian Weaving Department. What is this called? Seven philosophers in Li Xiu? . Among them, Gutian Weaving Department (1544- 16 15) is an accomplished tea man who transformed the ordinary tea method in Li Xiu into a samurai tea method. There are many disciples in Gutian Weaving Department, the most outstanding one is Xiao Duizhou (1579- 1647). Xiao Dui Yuanzhou is a versatile tea man. He designed and built many tea rooms in his life, among which the highest representative of Japanese garden art? Guiligong.
Pian Shizhou (1605- 1673) took over from Zheng Xiaoyuanzhou as the tea ceremony teacher of the fourth generation general of the Edo shogunate, and he made specific regulations on the samurai tea ceremony. Zhou Shi tea ceremony was very popular at that time, and there were successors. Among them, Songping Bumei (1751-1818) and Jingzhishu (18 15- 1860) are famous.
After Morino's death, his descendants and disciples respectively inherited his tea ceremony, which has formed many schools in the past 400 years. Mainly include: Li Ganjia School, Exterior Ganjia School, Mushahao School, Yuanzhou School, Yanei School, Zongpian School, Song Wei School, Weaving School, Yongxuan School, Cloth Aesthetics School, etc.
Japanese tea ceremony, also known as matcha road, is the mainstream of Japanese tea ceremony. It was founded by Zhuguang Murata, developed by Takeno Boys, and spread to Keno. Matcha Tea Ceremony was formed under the influence of Song and Yuan Tea Ceremony. When Japanese Matcha Road was formed, it was also the time when China Tea Road was formed and popular. Under the influence of China Tea-making Road in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Japanese tea drinkers tested some etiquette norms of Matcha Road, and formed what the Japanese called Fried Tea Ceremony. Recognized as the ancestor of fried tea ceremony? Yuan Yin Qi Long, a monk from China, went to Japan (1592- 1673). He introduced the pot-making tea art popular in China to Japan. After that? The ancestor of fried tea ceremony? With the efforts of Mr. Zhao Yuan Chaishan, a charcoal seller (1675- 1763), the fried tea ceremony has gained a firm foothold in Japan. Later, He Weng in Tanaka and Nana Ogawa in Jinke established the status of fried tea as a tea ceremony.
The edo period was the glorious period of Japanese tea ceremony. After Japan absorbed and digested China tea culture, it finally formed Japanese matcha and fried tea ceremony with its own national characteristics. Japanese tea ceremony originated from China tea ceremony, but developed China tea ceremony.