Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals "Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals" is a work of miscellaneous Confucianism (Confucianism, Taoism, etc.). ) was compiled by Lv Buwei, the prime minister of Qin at the end of the Warring States Period (around 239 BC), also known as Lu Lan. This book is divided into twelve chapters, eight readings and six theories, twelve volumes, one hundred and sixty articles and more than 200,000 words. It was written in 239 BC, just before Qin unified the six countries.

On Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is an ancient encyclopedic masterpiece edited by the Prime Minister of Qin State, with eight readings, six theories, twelve issues and more than 200,000 words. Lv Buwei himself thought it included the facts of the universe through the ages, so he called it Lv Chunqiu.

Lv Buwei was a famous figure in Qin State at the end of the Warring States Period. Lv Buwei made a great contribution to help Prince Qin Zhao and his grandson who were kidnapped to Zhao establish a new institution. After the new king succeeded Qin Zhuangxiang as king, he was appointed as prime minister.

At that time, Wei Youxin, Chu Youchun, Zhao Youyou and Qi Youyou. They were all polite and made friends. In this respect, we must strive for a high and low level. I think that Qin is so powerful that it is a shame to be inferior to them, so I also recruited a bachelor of arts and gave them generous treatment. There are as many as 3,000 diners. Unlike Four Children, Lv Buwei does not attach much importance to brave men and women, but attaches great importance to literary talent. Facts have proved that Lv Buwei has his own views. He has always been good at strategy and despises those brave people who are simple-minded. Besides, the state of Qin is like a cloud, with strong military strength. There is no need to raise, and there is no need to kill. There is another reason. At that time, many eloquent people wrote books in succession, which were widely circulated. They are not only world-famous, but also spread to future generations and go down in history, which makes Lv Buwei jealous. Businessman Lv Buwei has no condition to write a book, but he can realize his ambition and desire with the help of these masters who are good at writing and writing. At that time, talented people from various vassal States came forth in large numbers, such as Xun Qing and his colleagues, who wrote books and made statements, which were popular all over the world.

When everything was ready, Lv Buwei told everyone who could write, and everyone wrote down what they saw, heard and felt. When handing in articles, there are all kinds of things to write, from ancient times to the present, from all directions, from heaven to underground, from promoting waste to controlling chaos, from scholars, peasants, industry and commerce, from three religions to nine streams, all of which are discussed, and many articles are repetitive. Lv Buwei also selected several experts to screen, classify and abridge these articles, and compiled them into a book named Lv Chunqiu. For the sake of prudence, Lv Buwei asked his teacher to revise the book several times after it was written, until he was really satisfied. Lv Buwei attaches great importance to this book. He thinks this book called Lv Chunqiu is a masterpiece, boasting that it is a wonderful book covering "everything in the world, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign". For example, in the preface equivalent to the preface of the whole book, we can also see the exposition of the twelfth century: "Anyone born in the twelfth century knows the good or bad of life, and it is essential for him to go to heaven, the place where he is tried, and the middle trial."

In order to improve and expand the influence, Lv Buwei also came up with a wonderful way to publicize this book. He had the book copied neatly and hung it at the gate of Xianyang, claiming that anyone who could change the words would give it to his daughter. After the news spread, people swarmed, including tourists and guests from vassal countries, but no one could change the words in the book. Of course, this does not necessarily prove that Lu Chunqiu has reached the point of perfection, but it is probably because people are in awe of its greatness and no one wants to get ahead. However, the sensational effect of such a scheme is enormous. The name of Lu He in Spring and Autumn Annals is widely circulated in eastern countries. It is worth mentioning that this book is a masterpiece of the Warring States period, in which many ancient anecdotes and ideas are preserved, which has certain reference value.

Lu's "Spring and Autumn Annals" is a collection of theories of pre-Qin philosophers, which is called "miscellaneous family" in history. Although Lv Buwei borrowed the handwriting of Lv Chunqiu from passers-by, and mainly used the light of others to enhance his image, he did a great thing in cultural undertakings.

[Edit this paragraph] Lv Buwei's life

Lv Buwei (about 292-235 BC) was a native of Puyang, who defended the country at the end of the Warring States Period. Originally from Yangzhai (now Yuzhou, Henan).

Lv Buwei is a big businessman in Yangzhai. He ran around, buying at low prices and selling at high prices, so he accumulated thousands of dollars of wealth.

Forty years after the death of King Qin Zhao (267 BC), the prince died. In the forty-second year of Zhao Haoqi (265 BC), he married his second son, a Guo Jun and a prince. A Guo Jun has more than twenty sons. An Guojun has a very favorite concubine named Mrs. Huayang. Mrs. Huayang has no son. Ann has a second son named your son (later renamed Chu) ",and your son's mother is called, which is not loved by people. These aliens were sent to Zhao as hostages of Qin. Qin attacked Zhao many times, and Zhao did not treat Chu with courtesy.

Zi Chu, the grandson of the Princess of Qin, was taken hostage in Zhao. He doesn't have rich chariots and horses and daily wealth, and he feels embarrassed and dissatisfied. Lv Buwei went to Handan to do business. After meeting Zi Chu, he liked it very much. He said, "Different people are like a strange commodity that can be hoarded. To sell at a high price "(idiom" strange goods can live "). So he went to visit a stranger and said to him, "I can expand your family." The stranger smiled and said, "start your own family first, and then come to my house!" " Lv Buwei said, "You don't understand. My door won't light up until yours does." "Make people know what Lv Buwei said, so they took him to sit down and talk. Lv Buwei said, "The king of Qin is old, and Guo Jun is a prince. I heard privately that Ann Guo Jun dotes on Mrs. Huayang very much. Mrs. Huayang has no son, and only Mrs. Huayang can choose a prince. Now you have more than twenty brothers, and you are in the middle. You are not loved by the king of Qin, and have been held hostage by the vassal States for a long time. Even if the king of Qin dies and Ann Guo Jun succeeds to the throne, you can't expect to compete with your eldest brother and other brothers who will be around the king of Qin sooner or later. The stranger said, "Yes, but what should we do?" "Lv Buwei said," you are poor and embarrassed, and you are a guest living here, so you can't give your parents anything and make friends. Although I am not rich now, I am willing to use my daughter to lobby you to go west to Qin State and serve Mrs. An and Huayang, so that they can make you a prince. "The stranger kowtowed and said," If your plan comes true, I would like to share the land of Qin with you. "

Lv Buwei then took out five hundred gold and gave Zi Chu the expenses for his daily life and making friends. He also took out 500 gold to buy exotic toys and took the west to the state of Qin to lobby. The first time he met Mrs. Huayang's sister, he dedicated everything he brought to Mrs. Huayang. By the way, when it comes to the intelligence of different people, the princes and guests they make are the best in the world. They often say, "I miss my wife all day and cry for the prince and his wife day and night." Madame is very happy. Lv Buwei took the opportunity to ask Mrs. Huayang's sister to persuade Mrs. Huayang to say, "I heard that once a beauty is used to serve others, her goodwill will decrease. Now, madam, you serve the prince. You are favored, but you have no son. If you don't neutral a talented and filial person among the sons of the prince earlier, let him be the heir and treat him like your own son, then your husband will be respected when he is alive, and his son will inherit the throne after his death, and he will not lose power in the end. This is what people say: eternal benefits can be obtained. If you don't set up a foundation when your appearance is beautiful, if you wait until your appearance is exhausted and your love is lost, is it possible to say a word to the prince? Now different people have talents, and you know that you are in the middle, you can't be the heir in order, and his biological mother is not favored, so you will take the initiative to attach yourself to your wife. If your wife can really promote him as an heir at this time, then your wife will be honored to be in Qin in this life. " Mrs Huayang thinks so. At the convenience of the prince, she euphemistically talked about the talent of Zi Chu, who was taken hostage in Zhao State, and everyone who came and went praised him. Then he cried and said, "I am lucky to fill the harem, but unfortunately I don't have a son." I hope I can make Zichu my heir, so that I can have someone to rely on in the future. " Ann Guo Jun agreed, and his wife carved a jade symbol, and decided to let Zichu be the heir. Ann Guo Jun and Mrs Huayang sent many gifts to Zi Chu and asked Lv Buwei to be his teacher. Therefore, Zi Chu became more and more famous among the governors.

Lv Buwei chose a beautiful Handan woman who is good at dancing to live with and knew that she was pregnant. Once, he was drinking with Lv Buwei. He liked this girl very much, so he stood up to propose a toast to Lv Buwei and asked her to be betrothed to him. Lv Buwei was very angry, but on second thought, he had spent a lot of money on making people, so he gave it to this woman in order to catch strange goods. This woman concealed that she was pregnant. After full term, she gave birth to her son Zheng Ming. The stranger took this Ji as his wife.

In the 10th year of Wu Wang, Qin Zhao, Wang Kun was sent to besiege Handan. At that time, the situation was very urgent, and Zhao wanted to kill strangers. Makes conspired with Lv Buwei, took out six hundred catties of gold and gave it to the guarding city officials. They were able to escape to Qin Jun concentration camp, which enabled them to return to China smoothly. Mrs. Huayang, originally from Chu, was renamed stepson. Zhao wants to kill his wife and son, and his wife is the daughter of Zhao's rich family, so she can hide, so the mother and son have to survive. Zhao Haoqi, king of Qin, reigned for 56 years (the first 25 years1year) and finally died. Prince Ann Guo Jun succeeded to the throne as king, Mrs Huayang as queen and Zi Chu as prince. Zhao also escorted his wife and son back to Qin.

Ann Guo Jun died one year after he succeeded the king of Qin, and posthumous title was the filial king. The king of Chu succeeded to the throne and was the king of Qin Zhuang Xiang. Queen Huayang, regarded by King Xiang Zhuang as her mother, is the Queen Huayang, and her biological mother is the Queen Xia. In the first year of King Zhuangxiang (249 BC), he appointed Lv Buwei as Prime Minister, named him Wenxinhou, and took 100,000 households in Luoyang, Henan as food cities.

King Zhuang Xiang died three years after he ascended the throne, and Prince Zhao Zheng succeeded him, honoring Prime Minister Lv Buwei as "Guan Zhong". The King of Qin is still young, and the Empress Dowager often has an affair with Lv Buwei. The Lv Buwei family has 10,000 slaves.

Qin Shihuang is getting bigger and bigger, but the queen mother has been promiscuous. Lv Buwei was afraid that things would come out, so he secretly found a man with a particularly big penis-Lao Ai (Luo m: i, brand abbreviation). As a public guest, he let the actors sing and dance for fun from time to time, and ordered Lao Ai to put his penis on a paulownia wheel to make it turn, and tried every means to let the queen mother know about it and use it to seduce her. When the queen mother heard about it, she really wanted to possess him in the dark. Lv Buwei offered Lao Ai, pretending to be condemned for committing the crime of imprisonment. Lv Buwei secretly said to the Queen Mother, "You can make Lao Ai pretend to be imprisoned, and you can get him among the people who work in the palace." The Queen Mother secretly handed many things to the officials who presided over the castration, pretending to punish Ai, pulling out his beard and pretending to be a eunuch, so as to serve the Queen Mother. The queen mother secretly committed adultery with him and loved him very much. Later, the Empress Dowager became pregnant. I was afraid that others would know that pretending divination was unlucky and needed a change of environment to avoid it, so I moved to Yongdi Palace. Lao Ai has been following the Empress Dowager Cixi and received a very generous reward, and everything he did for Empress Dowager Cixi was in charge of Lao Ai. Lao Ai has thousands of servants who want to be Lao Ai's servants, and thousands of them volunteer to be eunuchs.

In the seventh year of Qin Shihuang (the first 240 years), the biological mother of King Xiang of Zhuang died. Empress Xiaowen was named Queen Huayang and buried with King Xiaowen in Shouling. The son of Empress Xia, King Zhuang Xiang, was buried in Zhiyang, so Empress Xia was buried alone in the east, saying, "You can see my son in the east and my husband in the west. A hundred years later, there will be a city of thousands of households next to it. "

In the ninth year of Qin Shihuang (238 BC), it was said that Lao Ai was actually not a eunuch. He often had an affair with the Queen Mother and gave birth to two sons, both of whom were hidden. He also conspired with the Queen Mother to say, "If the King of Qin dies, let this son inherit the throne.". Therefore, Qin Shihuang ordered the judge to investigate the matter and find out all the truth, which involved Premier Lv Buwei. In September this year, he killed all three members of Lao Ai's family, killed two sons born to the Queen Mother, and moved the Queen Mother to live in Yongdi. In October of the 10th year of Qin Shihuang (237 BC), Lv Buwei was dismissed from his post as prime minister. When Jiao persuaded the King of Qin, the King of Qin met the Queen Mother harmoniously and made her return to Xianyang, but he sent her out of the capital and went to a fief in Henan.

More than a year later, guests and envoys from various vassal states came to meet Lv Buwei in an endless stream. The king of Qin was afraid that he would launch a rebellion, so he wrote to Lv Buwei and said, "What contribution have you made to the State of Qin? Qin granted you 100,000 households in Henan. What is your blood relationship with the king of Qin? It is called Guanzhong. You and your family are moving to Shu! " Lv Buwei thought that he had been persecuted gradually and was afraid of being punished in the future, so he drank wine and committed suicide. Both Lao Ai, whom the King of Qin hated, died, so all the Lao Ai tourists who migrated to Sichuan returned to Beijing.

In the 19th year of Qin Shihuang (228 BC), the empress dowager died, and posthumous title was the empress dowager. Buried with King Xiang Zhuang in Zhiyang. Lv Buwei's Tomb is located in the east of Dazhongtou Village, Nancaizhuang, yanshi city, about 20 kilometers east of Luoyang.

[Edit this paragraph] "Lv Chunqiu"

Lv's Spring and Autumn Annals is divided into twelve periods, eight readings and six theories, with 26 volumes, 160 articles and more than 200,000 words. The content is complex, including Confucianism, Taoism, Mohism, France, military, agriculture, Zongheng, Yin and Yang, and so on. Therefore, Hanshu Yiwenzhi lists it as a miscellaneous family. Although the content is mixed, it is not without system in organization, theory in preparation and system in content. As the book "Users" said: "There is no white fox in the world, only white hair, which is taken from the public." Obviously, the purpose of Lu Chunqiu's compilation is to gather the essence of each school and form the thought of one school, that is, to integrate the theories of each school with Taoist thought as the center. According to Lv Buwei, this book treats all viewpoints from an objective perspective, and treats all families equally. Because "private vision makes the eyes blind, private hearing makes the ears deaf, and private consideration makes the heart crazy." If all three are private and have no essence, then there is no reason for wisdom. If wisdom is unfair, blessings will decline and disasters will increase. "("preface to Lu Chunqiu ")

The twelve issues of Lu Chunqiu are the gist and important part of the book, which are divided into spring, summer, autumn and winter. 5 articles per issue, ***60 articles. This book is edited on the basis of "Buddhist Heaven and Earth", and the twelfth issue is a day symbolizing "great happiness", so this part takes the December order as a clue to combine materials. Ji Chun mainly discusses the way of keeping in good health, The Last Month Of Summer discusses teaching principles and music theory, Qiu Ji mainly discusses military issues, and Donjui mainly discusses people's quality. Eight pages, now 63 pages, obviously take off a page. From the beginning of the world, the content has been talking about the way to be a man, the way to govern the country, how to distinguish things, how to use the people, and how to be a king. Six theories, ***36 articles, essays.

[Edit this paragraph] Lu's thought of Spring and Autumn Annals

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals made a summative criticism on the thoughts of the pre-Qin philosophers. The article "Parr" said: "It is expensive, Confucius is expensive, Guanyin is expensive, Liezi is expensive, Chen is expensive, Yang is expensive, Sun Bin is expensive, and Ni Liang is expensive." It believes that these different concepts should be unified. "One rule, the difference is chaotic; One is safe and the other is dangerous. " ("Bubu Er") Only when the thoughts are unified can we "go our own way, be clumsy, and do our best, like a hole. "The process of unification is actually the process of critical absorption. Therefore, Lu Chunqiu reformed, developed and sublated all his thoughts. For example, Confucianism advocated the maintenance of monarchical power, which was absorbed by Lv Chunqiu, but it appeared in a unique way. Advocating the new "son of heaven", that is, establishing a feudal centralized state. It reads: "This week's room disaster, the son of heaven is not seen, chaos is greater than no son of heaven." ("Listen"): "There must be a son of heaven in the world, so there is one, and the son of heaven must hold it, so it is also. One rule and two chaos. " (Zhi Yi)

Confucius advocated maintaining the unity of the Zhou Dynasty, but did not emphasize the issue of autocracy. Lu Chunqiu, on the other hand, has the concepts of "upholding one" and "keeping one". "Holding one" and "holding one" are centralization. This is the development of pre-Qin Confucianism. Another example is Mohist thought. Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals agreed with the concept of "festival burial" advocated by Mozi, so it criticized the atmosphere of heavy burial at that time: "The more extravagant, the more worried the dead are, and the living must respect each other." Luxury is glorious, frugality is humble, not to die, but to be praised by the living. But Mozi advocated "non-attack", that is, opposing war. "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" refuted this: "If you don't attack Tao, you won't punish injustice. If there is no way to attack, it will be a great blessing and benefit. Those who are forbidden are just and righteous, and Tang and Wu are also guilty. " (Zhen Luan) Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals advocates "righteous soldiers". "Just arrived, and the people of neighboring countries returned to the running water. If the people of the country respect their parents, they will win the people from afar, and the soldiers will not be ready, and the people will serve. " (Huai Chong) Lu Chunqiu believes that it is meaningless and wrong to blindly oppose war. A just war, that is, a war of "attacking injustice without morality", can not only eliminate violence, but also win the heartfelt support of the people. In fact, this is a defense for Qin's war to unify China.

On the issue of material origin, Lu Chunqiu accepted the "essence" theory of Song Yin School and reformed it. Song Yin School believes: "Everything is fine, and it is a profession. There are grains under it and stars on it." And "Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals" said: "Everything is made in Taiyi, and it is transformed into Yin and Yang." (Da Le) That is to say, "Taiyi" is the origin of all things, and everything in the world originates from "Taiyi" and changes from Yin and Yang. What is "Taiyi"? It said: "Those who are also Tao can't see, hear or form ... Those who are also Tao can't form or be named. Strong for it, it is called too one. " Tao is "Taiyi" and "Taiyi" is "refined". From the discussion here, we can clearly see the influence of Laozi. Lu's "Spring and Autumn Annals" holds that everything that comes from "essence" (Tao) is constantly moving, "changing with things, not ending in poverty". (Xiaxian) The sun, the moon and the stars in the sky and the spring water on the ground are constantly moving. "The sky is high and the sun, the moon and the stars never stop raining. The land is big, and the bare scales of spring grass never stop. "(Look at the watch) But it is worth noting that Lv Chunqiu regards the movement of matter as a cyclical process." When things move, they sprout; When they sprout, they grow, grow, grow; When they grow, they grow; When they grow up, they decline; When they decline, they kill; When they kill people, they hide; When they died, they were inspired. "("The Road to Love ")

In the view of social history, Lu Chunqiu thinks that history is constantly developing: "The present is the ancient, and the ancient is the later. What is today for future generations, and what is today for ancient times. Therefore, if you know today, you can know the ancient times, if you know the ancient times, you can know the past and present. " ("Long View") In other words, the development of history is a link, and people who look at today will still look at the present, and there is no such thing as the past. Understanding the past helps to understand today. However, understanding the past does not mean sticking to it. On the contrary, the times have changed, and the corresponding laws, regulations and policies have to be changed to meet the needs of the times: "If you can't, it will be chaotic, and if you obey the law, it will be contradictory; Rebellion can't protect the country. The world has changed, and it is appropriate to change the law ... so everything must be done according to law, and the reformers change with the times. " Two fables are also used to illustrate this truth: the Chu people waded into the river, and their swords fell into the water from the boat, saying, "It was my sword that fell." Stop the boat from where it has been signed and enter the water. The boat did it, but the sword couldn't. If you save the sword, it won't be chaotic! Jing people want to attack the song dynasty, so that people can show their water first. Those who drown are beneficial, and the Jing people know it. They follow the table and wade at night. More than 1000 people were drowned, and the army was surprised and bad. Both of these fables can be found in the Book of Tea. The former is the familiar "carving a boat for a sword". These two fables satirize the people who are stuck in the mud and don't know how to change, and also vividly show Lu's view of history in Spring and Autumn Annals.

Lv Chunqiu inherited Lao Zi and Zhuang Zi's thought of inaction, and advocated that the consolidation of political power lies in inaction, and that "there is a master of Tao, so don't do it" and "govern by inaction". ("knowledge"), only this kind of "inaction" and "virtual quietness" can achieve the free state of doing nothing and doing everything.

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals also embodies some musical aesthetic thoughts. It links the production of music with everything in the universe, and puts forward that "born in the test, born in Taiyi" (Tai Yue), and discusses the psychological process of music production from the inductive relationship between "mind" and "thing". The concept of "fitness" is put forward, emphasizing the "fitness" of voice and the "fitness" of mind to obtain the feeling of beauty.

[Edit this paragraph] Evaluation of Lv Chunqiu

Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals preserved the different theories of pre-Qin philosophers, and also recorded a large number of old stories, old sayings, lost articles in ancient books and some ancient scientific knowledge, many of which were not found in other books.

In the past, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals won people's praise. Sima Qian called it "the preparation of all things, ancient and modern, Chinese and foreign." In Baoren An Shu, it can even be compared with Zhouyi, Chunqiu, Guoyu and Lisao. Gaoyou in the Eastern Han Dynasty said that it was "out of the power of the philosophers". Objectively speaking, Lu's Spring and Autumn Annals is not a systematic philosophical work, but it has certain ideological value, but more importantly, information value. Some of its fables are still widely known and have educational significance. The book also puts forward the ideas of "observing heaven and earth" and "observing rumors", as well as the way to keep fit for the plot and exercise, which has materialistic factors. At the same time, many ancient rumors are preserved in the book, which has high theoretical and historical reference value. In addition, there are some superstitious ideas in the book, which should be distinguished.